How would you use pertussis toxin and/or cholera toxin to convince yourself that the S77 acted on a receptor which was a member of the $G$ protein - coupled receptor family AND required a $G$ protein to mediate downstream effects on cAMP?

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∻Answer∻ ⚹ To determine if S77 acts on a receptor that is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family and requires a G protein to mediate downstream effects on cAMP, you can use pertussis toxin and cholera toxin in the following steps: ⚹ ∻Solution∻ ‖ a ⋮ Treat cells expressing the receptor with pertussis toxin. Pertussis toxin inhibits Gi proteins by ADP-ribosylation, preventing them from inhibiting adenylate cyclase. If S77's effect on cAMP is reduced or abolished, it suggests that S77 acts through a Gi protein-coupled receptor. ‖ ‖ b ⋮ Treat cells expressing the receptor with cholera toxin. Cholera toxin ADP-ribosylates and activates Gs proteins, leading to persistent activation of adenylate cyclase and increased cAMP levels. If S77's effect on cAMP is enhanced, it suggests that S77 acts through a Gs protein-coupled receptor. ‖ ‖ c ⋮ Compare the cAMP levels in cells treated with S77 alone, S77 + pertussis toxin, and S77 + cholera toxin. This comparison will help determine if S77's action is mediated through Gi or Gs proteins. ‖ ∻Key Concept∻ ⚹ Pertussis toxin and cholera toxin can be used to identify the type of G protein involved in the receptor's signaling pathway. ⚹ ∻Explanation∻ ⚹ Pertussis toxin inhibits Gi proteins, while cholera toxin activates Gs proteins. By observing changes in cAMP levels in response to these toxins, you can determine if S77 acts through a Gi or Gs protein-coupled receptor. ⚹◊How would you demonstrate the involvement of $G$ protein-coupled receptors in the signaling pathway using pertussis toxin and cholera toxin?⍭ Generate me a similar question◊

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