ACCT90014

• 核心理念：期末是开卷，赢在“应用速度”，不是背诵；阅卷人最常扣分点是“引用了准则但没把准则扣到题干事实上”。所以你要把“答题骨架”练成条件反射。[1]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdfSTUDY BIBLE . ASKSIA FACULTY OF BUSINESS & ECONOMICS SEMESTER 1 . 2026 THE COMPLETE EXAM BIBLE Auditing & Assurance Services 审计与鉴证服务 IDENTIFY THE ISSUE, CITE THE STANDARD, APPLY IT TO THE FACTS, CONCLUDE, RESPOND - THE WHOLE SUBJECT AS ONE ANSWER SHAPE. 完整双语学习圣经 ACCT90014 . UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE . SEMESTER 1 2026 中英双语版 · BILINGUAL EDITION 英文主讲,中文随行 一考试要点与术语保留英文原词 Two exams carry 80% of your mark. The mid-semester (20%) is CLOSED-book and covers only Topics 1-4 - that canon must be memorised. The final (60%) is OPEN-book, three hours, all topics - so it does not reward what you can recite; it rewards how fast you can apply a standard to a messy scenario. This book is built to do both: lock the canon for the closed mid-sem, and be the bring-in map for the open final. Independent study companion. Not affiliated with or endorsed by the University of Melbourne. Corrections: takedowns@asksia. ai PREFACE - HOW TO USE THIS BOOK Apply, don't recite 应用,而非背诵 Memorise the canon for the closed mid-sem . navigate fast in the open final - marks live in applying to the facts 为闭卷期中背熟经典内容 · 在开卷期末中快速检索 -- 分数来自把原则应用到事实 This is not a transcript of the lecture decks or a re-run of the CaseWare assignment. It is a self-contained course in the auditing reasoning ACCT90014 examines - each standard stated plainly (ASA/ISA, APES 110, the Corporations Act), each idea shown on a worked scenario, each confused pair drilled. The mid-semester is effectively closed-book (Respondus lockdown, Topics 1-4); the final is open-book. Neither is won by memory alone: the markers note students "have been poor in linking the principle to the situation. " These pages drill the link. 这不是讲义课件的逐字记录,也不是 CaseWare 作业的重演。它是一门自成体系的课程,讲授 ACCT90014 所考查的审计推 理 -- 每条准则都平实陈述(ASA/ISA、APES 110、Corporations Act),每个观念都在演算情景中展示,每对易混淆概念都 反复演练。期中实际上是闭卷(Respondus 锁屏,主题1-4);期末是开卷。两场考试都不靠死记硬背取胜:评卷人指出学 生“在把原则与情境相联系方面表现欠佳”。这些篇页正是在演练这种联系。 A 1 . LEARN 1· 学习 You haven't done the topic yet. Read a chapter top to bottom. Every unit opens with a TL;DR, then diagram - explainer - steps - worked scenario - trap. The figures are original schematics of the standard models - the risk model, the opinion grid, the assertions map. Learn the picture cold. 你还没做过这个主题。从头到尾 读一章。每个单元以 TL;DR 开 头,然后是图示→讲解→ 步骤 →例题情景→陷阱。这些图是 准则模型的原创示意 -- 风险模 型、意见网格、认定地图。把图 记得滚瓜烂熟。 B 2 . DRILL 2 · 演练 You've seen the lecture and the tutorial. Cover the worked answer and re-build it from the facts: name the issue, cite the standard, apply to the exact detail (the dollar, the timing, the role), conclude, state the response. The exam pays for step 3, not the definition. 你已看过讲座和辅导课。遮住范 例答案,从事实重建它:点出问 题,援引准则,应用到确切细节 (金额、时点、角色),下结论, 陈述应对。考试为第3步付费, 而非定义。 C 3 · EXAM 3 · 考试 It's revision week. For the closed mid-sem the TL;DRs and trap boxes are your memory map. For the open final the tabs, grids and the answer-shape template let you find and apply a standard in seconds - speed of application is the whole game.[2]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf正值复习周。对于闭卷期中, TL;DR 和陷阱框是你的记忆地 图。对于开卷期末,标签、网格 和答案形状模板让你能在数秒内 找到并应用某条准则 -- 应用速 度才是全部胜负所在。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library i The single answer shape that runs every applied question 贯穿每道应用题的同一种答题形状 Master one skeleton and the whole subject collapses into a pattern. Whether the prompt is a threat, a negligence fact-pattern, a risk call, an assertion, or an opinion decision, the high-scoring answer walks the same five moves. Internalise it and a fresh scenario cannot surprise you - only the facts change, the move does not. 掌握一套骨架,整个科目就坍缩成一个模式。无论题目是一项威胁、一个过失事实模式、一次风险判断、一个认定,还 是一个意见决策,高分答案都走同样的五步。把它内化,全新情景便无法让你措手不及 -- 只有事实在变,动作不变。 THE ANSWER SHAPE IDENTIFY -> CITE -> APPLY -> CONCLUDE -> RESPOND ! Why APPLY beats DEFINE - the most important strategic fact 为何“应用”胜过“定义” -- 最重要的策略事实 Because the final is open-book, every definition is already in front of you, so a definition earns almost nothing. The marks sit in step 3 - tying the standard to the specific facts. "APES 110 self-interest threat" is worth little; "the $40k of shares the partner holds in the client is a self-interest threat because it ties the partner's wealth to the opinion" is worth the mark. Write the sentence that uses the fact. 因为期末是开卷,每个定义都已摆在你面前,所以定 义几乎不得分。分数落在第3步 -- 把准则与具体事 实联系起来。“APES 110 自身利益威胁”值不了什么; “合伙人持有客户 $40k的股票构成自身利益威胁,因 为它把合伙人的财富与意见捆绑在一起”才值这一分。 写出那句用上事实的话。 i How this book was built - the two-layer rule 本书是如何构建的 -- 双层规则 The standard canon is stated openly - ASA/ISA numbers, APES 110 principles and threats, the negligence elements, the case ratios (Kingston Cotton Mill, Pacific Acceptance, Caparo, Esanda) are public law and standards. The lecturer's own named teaching cases are paraphrased and re-numbered; every worked scenario here is our own fiction. Standards framing is Australian: ASA/ISA dual-numbering, AUASB / AASB / ASIC, the Corporations Act 2001, APES 110, CPA Australia / CA ANZ. Verify dates and weights on your own Canvas (canvas. lms. unimelb. edu. au). 标准正典是公开陈述的 -- ASA/ISA 编号、APES 110 的原则与威胁、过失要素、判例要旨(Kingston Cotton Mill, Pacific Acceptance, Caparo, Esanda) 皆为公开的法律与准则。讲师自己命名的教 学案例已被改写并重新编号;这里每个范例情景都是 我们自己的虚构。准则框架为澳大利亚式:ASA/ISA 双重编号、AUASB / AASB / ASIC、《公司法 2001》、APES 110、CPA Australia / CA ANZ。请在 你自己的 Canvas 上核实日期与权重 (canvas. Ims. unimelb. edu. au) . ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library THE BLUEPRINT EXAMS 80% . APPLY TO WIN - THE EXAM BLUEPRINT 80% sits in two exams 80% 的分数落在两场考试里 Mid-Sem 20% CLOSED (Topics 1-4). Group 20% CaseWare . Final 60% OPEN (all topics) 期中 20% 闭卷(主题1-4)· 小组 20% CaseWare · 期末 60% 开卷(全部主题) Three pieces, and the two exams dominate. The split is the key strategic fact: the mid-semester is closed- book on a locked-down browser and tests only Topics 1-4, so its canon must be in your head; the final is open-book, three hours, every topic - so it rewards application speed, not recall. 三项组成部分,而两场考试占据主导。这一分配是关键的策略事实:期中闭卷,在锁屏浏览器上进行,仅考主题 1-4,因此 其经典内容必须装在脑中;期末开卷,三小时,覆盖全部主题 -- 因此它奖励的是应用速度,而非记忆复述。 20% MID-SEM . CLOSED 期中 · 闭卷 20% GROUP . CASEWARE 小组 · CaseWare 60%[4]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdfFINAL . OPEN 期末 · 开卷 THE ANSWER-SHAPE MOVES 答案形状的各步动作 The three assessment pieces 三项考核组成部分 Component Weight When / detail Final examination - 3 hr, OPEN- book, digital, all topics 60% Formal exam period Mid-semester exam (CLOSED, 20% ~Week 5, 1 hr Respondus, Topics 1-4) Group assignment (real company, CaseWare, groups 4-5) 20% Due Mon 18 May 2026 Open vs closed - what each demands 开卷与闭卷 -- 各自要求什么 Paper What actually wins marks Mid-sem (closed) Canon cold - the 5 threats, the negligence elements, AR = IRxCRxDR, assertions Final (open) Speed of application - find the standard fast, then tie it to the facts Both Step 3 (APPLY) and step 4 (CONCLUDE) - a definite, fact-anchored call Neither Generic recitation - the open book already has the definitions ★ The exam format - scenario / short-answer, not recall 考试形式 -- 情景/简答,而非记忆复述 Both papers are scenario and short-answer. You are handed a messy fact-pattern - a gift, a fee dependence, a misstatement, a control narrative, a post-balance event - and asked to make the call and justify it. The same skeleton powers nearly every item: IDENTIFY - CITE - APPLY - CONCLUDE - RESPOND. Walk that on a fresh scenario and you have walked the exam.[15]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-acct90014.pdfREAD FIRST * Built for the ACCT90014 open-book 3-hr digital final (60%, all topics) - so this is a fast-application reference, not rote memory. Marks: Mid-sem 20% (Wk5, ~1hr, lockdown browser, effectively closed- book, Topics 1-4 only), Group assignment 20% (CaseWare, real company), Final 60% open-book. Confirm in your current Subject Guide. The lecturer's line: "having the materials may help, but your ability to apply concepts to practical situations is what matters most. " So drill the answer shape (Side 2) and the decision boxes, not paragraphs. SIA - Open-book # easy. Markers punish students who quote a standard but never link it to the facts. Speed comes from knowing where each rule lives - that's what this sheet gives you. 1 . Assurance Landscape T1 . ASA 200 Assurance engagement · a practitioner expresses a conclusion to enhance users' confidence about a subject matter vs criteria. 5 elements: 3-party relationship (practitioner · responsible party . users) . subject matter . criteria . evidence . written report. Objective of an audit (ASA/ISA 200. 11): obtain reasonable assurance the financial report as a whole is free of material misstatement (fraud or error) > express an opinion it complies with the framework (AU = AASB standards + Corporations Act 2001). 1b · Levels of Assurance EXAMINED AS A CONTRAST REASONABLE (AUDIT) LIMITED (REVIEW) HIGH, not absolute MODERATE / lower positive form ("presents fairly") negative ("nothing came to our attention") full procedures mainly enquiry + analytical Inherent limitations (sampling, judgement, estimates, fraud collusion) mean no audit is a guarantee . 1c . The Expectation LITIGATION Gap DRIVER The gap between what users think auditors do (detect all fraud, guarantee solvency, certify accuracy) and what auditors actually do - reasonable assurance on a historical report.[21]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-acct90014.pdf· Cash - existence/R&O. > bank confirmation, reperform bank rec, cut-off (kiting/window- dressing) Direction of bias matters: revenue tends to be overstated (test occurrence/existence) while payables tend to be understated (test completeness) - match the procedure to the likely error. Real-world hooks the decks cite: Wirecard (€1. 9bn fake cash), Wells Fargo, Tesco rebates, Parmalat (forged confirmations). Melbourne Electronics case (Wk9): the integrated I/S & B/S exercise - apply assertions, materiality & risk and design procedures across accounts. It mirrors the exam/assignment style: a scenario, not recall. Practise writing one full risk -> assertion -> procedure line per material account. 10 . Completion T11 . CH10 Misstatement Qualified Adverse (disagreement) "except for" Disclaimer Pervasive (705. 05): effects not confined to specific items; OR a substantial proportion of the FR; OR fundamental to users' understanding. Basis for [opinion] paragraph goes before the opinion. First take all reasonable steps (alt procedures) - a limit isn't a scope limit if alt evidence is obtainable. Frequency reality: qualified is rare in practice; adverse & disclaimer are very rare. Classic adverse = FR on a going-concern basis but the auditor concludes continuation is highly improbable. Comparatives (710): corresponding figures (opinion on current period) vs comparative reports - used in AU - (opinion on each period). Other info (720): read the annual report for material inconsistencies > Other Matter para if uncorrected. GS 006: electronic publication mustn't imply assurance over unaudited website content. 12 . The Exam Answer THE RUBRIC Shape Past students "have been poor at linking the principle to the situation. " Win marks with this skeleton for every scenario: I . C . A . C . R IDENTIFY the issue (threat / assertion / event) CITE the standard / principle / case APPLY it to the specific facts CONCLUDE (e. g. which opinion / liable?) RESPOND - the safeguard / procedure / action The APPLY step earns the marks - generic theory without facts scores low. Use professional scepticism & logical development, "not guesses and leaps of faith. " State your conclusion and the recommended response - markers reward the full chain, not a half- answer. SIA - For a legal/ethics vignette: name the threat/case + apply to facts - conclude - recommend the safeguard. For a reporting vignette: cause - material? - pervasive? ++ opinion. For a risk vignette: fact - IR/CR - RMM - DR - procedure. Same shape every time.

0）你最先要背下来的“唯一答题骨架”（全卷通用）

• IDENTIFY → CITE → APPLY → CONCLUDE → RESPOND
• 中文：识别问题 → 援引准则 → 应用到事实 → 下结论 → 给应对措施
• 战略要点：APPLY（应用）这一步才是分数所在；开卷下“定义几乎不值钱”，你要写出“带数字/角色/时点/具体事实”的那句话。[2]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf正值复习周。对于闭卷期中, TL;DR 和陷阱框是你的记忆地 图。对于开卷期末,标签、网格 和答案形状模板让你能在数秒内 找到并应用某条准则 -- 应用速 度才是全部胜负所在。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library i The single answer shape that runs every applied question 贯穿每道应用题的同一种答题形状 Master one skeleton and the whole subject collapses into a pattern. Whether the prompt is a threat, a negligence fact-pattern, a risk call, an assertion, or an opinion decision, the high-scoring answer walks the same five moves. Internalise it and a fresh scenario cannot surprise you - only the facts change, the move does not. 掌握一套骨架,整个科目就坍缩成一个模式。无论题目是一项威胁、一个过失事实模式、一次风险判断、一个认定,还 是一个意见决策,高分答案都走同样的五步。把它内化,全新情景便无法让你措手不及 -- 只有事实在变,动作不变。 THE ANSWER SHAPE IDENTIFY -> CITE -> APPLY -> CONCLUDE -> RESPOND ! Why APPLY beats DEFINE - the most important strategic fact 为何“应用”胜过“定义” -- 最重要的策略事实 Because the final is open-book, every definition is already in front of you, so a definition earns almost nothing. The marks sit in step 3 - tying the standard to the specific facts. "APES 110 self-interest threat" is worth little; "the $40k of shares the partner holds in the client is a self-interest threat because it ties the partner's wealth to the opinion" is worth the mark. Write the sentence that uses the fact. 因为期末是开卷,每个定义都已摆在你面前,所以定 义几乎不得分。分数落在第3步 -- 把准则与具体事 实联系起来。“APES 110 自身利益威胁”值不了什么; “合伙人持有客户 $40k的股票构成自身利益威胁,因 为它把合伙人的财富与意见捆绑在一起”才值这一分。 写出那句用上事实的话。 i How this book was built - the two-layer rule 本书是如何构建的 -- 双层规则 The standard canon is stated openly - ASA/ISA numbers, APES 110 principles and threats, the negligence elements, the case ratios (Kingston Cotton Mill, Pacific Acceptance, Caparo, Esanda) are public law and standards. The lecturer's own named teaching cases are paraphrased and re-numbered; every worked scenario here is our own fiction. Standards framing is Australian: ASA/ISA dual-numbering, AUASB / AASB / ASIC, the Corporations Act 2001, APES 110, CPA Australia / CA ANZ. Verify dates and weights on your own Canvas (canvas. lms. unimelb. edu. au). 标准正典是公开陈述的 -- ASA/ISA 编号、APES 110 的原则与威胁、过失要素、判例要旨(Kingston Cotton Mill, Pacific Acceptance, Caparo, Esanda) 皆为公开的法律与准则。讲师自己命名的教 学案例已被改写并重新编号;这里每个范例情景都是 我们自己的虚构。准则框架为澳大利亚式:ASA/ISA 双重编号、AUASB / AASB / ASIC、《公司法 2001》、APES 110、CPA Australia / CA ANZ。请在 你自己的 Canvas 上核实日期与权重 (canvas. Ims. unimelb. edu. au) . ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library THE BLUEPRINT EXAMS 80% . APPLY TO WIN - THE EXAM BLUEPRINT 80% sits in two exams 80% 的分数落在两场考试里 Mid-Sem 20% CLOSED (Topics 1-4). Group 20% CaseWare . Final 60% OPEN (all topics) 期中 20% 闭卷(主题1-4)· 小组 20% CaseWare · 期末 60% 开卷(全部主题) Three pieces, and the two exams dominate. The split is the key strategic fact: the mid-semester is closed- book on a locked-down browser and tests only Topics 1-4, so its canon must be in your head; the final is open-book, three hours, every topic - so it rewards application speed, not recall. 三项组成部分,而两场考试占据主导。这一分配是关键的策略事实:期中闭卷,在锁屏浏览器上进行,仅考主题 1-4,因此 其经典内容必须装在脑中;期末开卷,三小时,覆盖全部主题 -- 因此它奖励的是应用速度,而非记忆复述。 20% MID-SEM . CLOSED 期中 · 闭卷 20% GROUP . CASEWARE 小组 · CaseWare 60%[4]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdfFINAL . OPEN 期末 · 开卷 THE ANSWER-SHAPE MOVES 答案形状的各步动作 The three assessment pieces 三项考核组成部分 Component Weight When / detail Final examination - 3 hr, OPEN- book, digital, all topics 60% Formal exam period Mid-semester exam (CLOSED, 20% ~Week 5, 1 hr Respondus, Topics 1-4) Group assignment (real company, CaseWare, groups 4-5) 20% Due Mon 18 May 2026 Open vs closed - what each demands 开卷与闭卷 -- 各自要求什么 Paper What actually wins marks Mid-sem (closed) Canon cold - the 5 threats, the negligence elements, AR = IRxCRxDR, assertions Final (open) Speed of application - find the standard fast, then tie it to the facts Both Step 3 (APPLY) and step 4 (CONCLUDE) - a definite, fact-anchored call Neither Generic recitation - the open book already has the definitions ★ The exam format - scenario / short-answer, not recall 考试形式 -- 情景/简答,而非记忆复述 Both papers are scenario and short-answer. You are handed a messy fact-pattern - a gift, a fee dependence, a misstatement, a control narrative, a post-balance event - and asked to make the call and justify it. The same skeleton powers nearly every item: IDENTIFY - CITE - APPLY - CONCLUDE - RESPOND. Walk that on a fresh scenario and you have walked the exam.[21]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-acct90014.pdf· Cash - existence/R&O. > bank confirmation, reperform bank rec, cut-off (kiting/window- dressing) Direction of bias matters: revenue tends to be overstated (test occurrence/existence) while payables tend to be understated (test completeness) - match the procedure to the likely error. Real-world hooks the decks cite: Wirecard (€1. 9bn fake cash), Wells Fargo, Tesco rebates, Parmalat (forged confirmations). Melbourne Electronics case (Wk9): the integrated I/S & B/S exercise - apply assertions, materiality & risk and design procedures across accounts. It mirrors the exam/assignment style: a scenario, not recall. Practise writing one full risk -> assertion -> procedure line per material account. 10 . Completion T11 . CH10 Misstatement Qualified Adverse (disagreement) "except for" Disclaimer Pervasive (705. 05): effects not confined to specific items; OR a substantial proportion of the FR; OR fundamental to users' understanding. Basis for [opinion] paragraph goes before the opinion. First take all reasonable steps (alt procedures) - a limit isn't a scope limit if alt evidence is obtainable. Frequency reality: qualified is rare in practice; adverse & disclaimer are very rare. Classic adverse = FR on a going-concern basis but the auditor concludes continuation is highly improbable. Comparatives (710): corresponding figures (opinion on current period) vs comparative reports - used in AU - (opinion on each period). Other info (720): read the annual report for material inconsistencies > Other Matter para if uncorrected. GS 006: electronic publication mustn't imply assurance over unaudited website content. 12 . The Exam Answer THE RUBRIC Shape Past students "have been poor at linking the principle to the situation. " Win marks with this skeleton for every scenario: I . C . A . C . R IDENTIFY the issue (threat / assertion / event) CITE the standard / principle / case APPLY it to the specific facts CONCLUDE (e. g. which opinion / liable?) RESPOND - the safeguard / procedure / action The APPLY step earns the marks - generic theory without facts scores low. Use professional scepticism & logical development, "not guesses and leaps of faith. " State your conclusion and the recommended response - markers reward the full chain, not a half- answer. SIA - For a legal/ethics vignette: name the threat/case + apply to facts - conclude - recommend the safeguard. For a reporting vignette: cause - material? - pervasive? ++ opinion. For a risk vignette: fact - IR/CR - RMM - DR - procedure. Same shape every time.[30]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-acct90014.pdfShape Past students "have been poor at linking the principle to the situation. " Win marks with this skeleton for every scenario: I . C . A . C . R IDENTIFY the issue (threat / assertion / event) CITE the standard / principle / case APPLY it to the specific facts CONCLUDE (e. g. which opinion / liable?) RESPOND - the safeguard / procedure / action The APPLY step earns the marks - generic theory without facts scores low. Use professional scepticism & logical development, "not guesses and leaps of faith. " State your conclusion and the recommended response - markers reward the full chain, not a half- answer. SIA - For a legal/ethics vignette: name the threat/case + apply to facts - conclude - recommend the safeguard. For a reporting vignette: cause - material? - pervasive? ++ opinion. For a risk vignette: fact - IR/CR - RMM - DR - procedure. Same shape every time. 12b . Exam Traps DON'T LOSE THESE · Vouching vs tracing - vouch (record-> source) = occurrence/overstatement; trace (source->record) = completeness/understatement. Get the direction right. Qualified vs adverse vs disclaimer - adverse = misstatement material & pervasive; disclaimer = evidence limit material & pervasive. Qualified = "except for" (not pervasive). · Existence vs completeness - opposite directions; pin overstatement vs understatement. · Reasonable # absolute assurance; enquiry alone never sufficient. Worked shape - ethics vignette: auditor holds shares in the client -> I: self-interest threat -> C: APES 110 conceptual framework > A: financial interest impairs objectivity, a reasonable 3rd party would doubt independence -> C: significant, not at an acceptable level -> R: dispose of the interest or withdraw from the engagement. 13 . Contemporary & ESG T13-14 · Private-firm audit - Corporations Act thresholds; scalable assurance for SMES · Experts (ASA 620) - auditor stays responsible > assess the specialist's competence, capability & objectivity · SSCs & skills - offshoring low-risk tasks erodes junior skills (long-run quality concern) · Digital auditing / AI - full-population testing, anomaly detection (e. g. KPMG Clara); risk of over- reliance & black-box models AU bodies to name-drop: AUASB (sets ASA, harmonised with the ISA) . AASB (accounting standards) . ASIC (regulator) · CPA Australia / CA ANZ (via APESB > APES 110) . ASX (governance principles) . PCAOB (US comparison). Worked shape - reporting vignette: a material, isolated inventory misstatement management won't correct -> cause = misstatement; material but not pervasive -> Qualified "except for", with a Basis-for- Qualified paragraph before the opinion. If it were pervasive -> Adverse instead.

• “在本题事实中，（具体事实：金额/身份/行为/时间）构成（问题/风险/威胁/错报/范围受限），因为_____（为什么与准则冲突/为什么会导致错报/为什么证据不足）。”[2]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf正值复习周。对于闭卷期中, TL;DR 和陷阱框是你的记忆地 图。对于开卷期末,标签、网格 和答案形状模板让你能在数秒内 找到并应用某条准则 -- 应用速 度才是全部胜负所在。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library i The single answer shape that runs every applied question 贯穿每道应用题的同一种答题形状 Master one skeleton and the whole subject collapses into a pattern. Whether the prompt is a threat, a negligence fact-pattern, a risk call, an assertion, or an opinion decision, the high-scoring answer walks the same five moves. Internalise it and a fresh scenario cannot surprise you - only the facts change, the move does not. 掌握一套骨架,整个科目就坍缩成一个模式。无论题目是一项威胁、一个过失事实模式、一次风险判断、一个认定,还 是一个意见决策,高分答案都走同样的五步。把它内化,全新情景便无法让你措手不及 -- 只有事实在变,动作不变。 THE ANSWER SHAPE IDENTIFY -> CITE -> APPLY -> CONCLUDE -> RESPOND ! Why APPLY beats DEFINE - the most important strategic fact 为何“应用”胜过“定义” -- 最重要的策略事实 Because the final is open-book, every definition is already in front of you, so a definition earns almost nothing. The marks sit in step 3 - tying the standard to the specific facts. "APES 110 self-interest threat" is worth little; "the $40k of shares the partner holds in the client is a self-interest threat because it ties the partner's wealth to the opinion" is worth the mark. Write the sentence that uses the fact. 因为期末是开卷,每个定义都已摆在你面前,所以定 义几乎不得分。分数落在第3步 -- 把准则与具体事 实联系起来。“APES 110 自身利益威胁”值不了什么; “合伙人持有客户 $40k的股票构成自身利益威胁,因 为它把合伙人的财富与意见捆绑在一起”才值这一分。 写出那句用上事实的话。 i How this book was built - the two-layer rule 本书是如何构建的 -- 双层规则 The standard canon is stated openly - ASA/ISA numbers, APES 110 principles and threats, the negligence elements, the case ratios (Kingston Cotton Mill, Pacific Acceptance, Caparo, Esanda) are public law and standards. The lecturer's own named teaching cases are paraphrased and re-numbered; every worked scenario here is our own fiction. Standards framing is Australian: ASA/ISA dual-numbering, AUASB / AASB / ASIC, the Corporations Act 2001, APES 110, CPA Australia / CA ANZ. Verify dates and weights on your own Canvas (canvas. lms. unimelb. edu. au). 标准正典是公开陈述的 -- ASA/ISA 编号、APES 110 的原则与威胁、过失要素、判例要旨(Kingston Cotton Mill, Pacific Acceptance, Caparo, Esanda) 皆为公开的法律与准则。讲师自己命名的教 学案例已被改写并重新编号;这里每个范例情景都是 我们自己的虚构。准则框架为澳大利亚式:ASA/ISA 双重编号、AUASB / AASB / ASIC、《公司法 2001》、APES 110、CPA Australia / CA ANZ。请在 你自己的 Canvas 上核实日期与权重 (canvas. Ims. unimelb. edu. au) . ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library THE BLUEPRINT EXAMS 80% . APPLY TO WIN - THE EXAM BLUEPRINT 80% sits in two exams 80% 的分数落在两场考试里 Mid-Sem 20% CLOSED (Topics 1-4). Group 20% CaseWare . Final 60% OPEN (all topics) 期中 20% 闭卷(主题1-4)· 小组 20% CaseWare · 期末 60% 开卷(全部主题) Three pieces, and the two exams dominate. The split is the key strategic fact: the mid-semester is closed- book on a locked-down browser and tests only Topics 1-4, so its canon must be in your head; the final is open-book, three hours, every topic - so it rewards application speed, not recall. 三项组成部分,而两场考试占据主导。这一分配是关键的策略事实:期中闭卷,在锁屏浏览器上进行,仅考主题 1-4,因此 其经典内容必须装在脑中;期末开卷,三小时,覆盖全部主题 -- 因此它奖励的是应用速度,而非记忆复述。 20% MID-SEM . CLOSED 期中 · 闭卷 20% GROUP . CASEWARE 小组 · CaseWare 60%[4]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdfFINAL . OPEN 期末 · 开卷 THE ANSWER-SHAPE MOVES 答案形状的各步动作 The three assessment pieces 三项考核组成部分 Component Weight When / detail Final examination - 3 hr, OPEN- book, digital, all topics 60% Formal exam period Mid-semester exam (CLOSED, 20% ~Week 5, 1 hr Respondus, Topics 1-4) Group assignment (real company, CaseWare, groups 4-5) 20% Due Mon 18 May 2026 Open vs closed - what each demands 开卷与闭卷 -- 各自要求什么 Paper What actually wins marks Mid-sem (closed) Canon cold - the 5 threats, the negligence elements, AR = IRxCRxDR, assertions Final (open) Speed of application - find the standard fast, then tie it to the facts Both Step 3 (APPLY) and step 4 (CONCLUDE) - a definite, fact-anchored call Neither Generic recitation - the open book already has the definitions ★ The exam format - scenario / short-answer, not recall 考试形式 -- 情景/简答,而非记忆复述 Both papers are scenario and short-answer. You are handed a messy fact-pattern - a gift, a fee dependence, a misstatement, a control narrative, a post-balance event - and asked to make the call and justify it. The same skeleton powers nearly every item: IDENTIFY - CITE - APPLY - CONCLUDE - RESPOND. Walk that on a fresh scenario and you have walked the exam.

1）考试结构 & 复习策略（怎么分配精力）

• 不是“带很多资料”，而是“5 秒内能翻到你要的 ASA/概念，然后 30 秒把它扣到题干事实”。“一页能秒翻的索引”胜过“50 页你要读的笔记”。[3]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf两份试卷都是情景题与简答题。你拿到一个杂乱的事 实模式 -- 一份礼物、一笔收费依赖、一项错报、一 段控制叙述、一个资产负债表日后事项 -- 并被要求 做出判断并加以论证。同一套骨架几乎驱动每一道 题:识别→援引→应用→结论→ 应对。在全新情 景上走完它,你就走完了考试。 ✓ The strategy this dictates 由此决定的策略 For the closed mid-sem: memorise Topics 1-4 - assurance, ethics & independence, legal liability, client acceptance and the risk model. For the open final: do not over-copy notes; build a fast index and drill the application move until it is automatic. A page you can navigate in five seconds beats fifty pages you must read. 对于闭卷期中:背熟主题 1-4 -- 鉴证、伦理与独立 性、法律责任、客户承接与风险模型。对于开卷期 末:不要过度抄笔记;建一个快速索引,把应用动作 训练到自动化。一页你能在五秒内导航的内容,胜过 五十页你必须通读的内容。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library i The highest-yield distinctions to drill cold 最高产出、须练到滚瓜烂熟的区分点 Three things recur across both papers and decide easy marks: (1) the confused assertion pairs - completeness vs occurrence, accuracy vs valuation, existence vs rights&obligations, classification vs presentation; (2) vouching vs tracing - records-source tests occurrence (overstatement), source-records tests completeness (understatement); (3) the opinion grid - cause (misstatement vs scope limit) x effect (material vs material & pervasive) - qualified / adverse / disclaimer. Get these reflexive. 三件事贯穿两份试卷并决定了那些容易得到的分:(1)易混淆的成对认定 -- 完整性 vs 发生、准确性 vs 计价、存在 vs 权利和义务、分类 vs 列报;(2)顺查 vs 逆查 -- 账簿→源头测发生(高估),源头→账簿测完整性(低估);(3)意见网 格 -- 起因(错报 vs 范围受限)× 影响(重大 vs 重大且广泛)→保留/否定/无法表示意见。把这些变成条件反 射。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library CONTENTS - CONTENTS Canon first, then the engine 先记牢经典内容,再掌握运作引擎 Lock Topics 1-4 for the closed mid-sem - then the full pipeline for the open final 锁定主题 1-4 应对闭卷期中 -- 然后用完整流程应对开卷期末 Ch Topic Core ideas Closed-book core - Mid-Sem Topics 1-4 (memorise) 1 Assurance, ethics & legal reasonable vs limited . expectation gap . APES 110 . 5 threats . negligence & the case - canon liability 2 Risk & materiality AR = IRxCRxDR . the inverse DR+RMM . planning vs performance materiality → 3 Client acceptance & planning engagement letter ASA 210 · understanding the entity ASA 315 . scepticism → The audit engine - open-final topics 4 Internal control & assertions COSO 5 components . control types . the 6 assertions & the confused pairs → 5 Audit evidence sufficient & appropriate . 7 procedures . reliability ladder . vouching vs tracing → 6 Audit of the cycles revenue/receivables · purchases/payables · payroll · inventory . cash → Finishing & reporting 7 Completion & reporting subsequent events . going concern . the four opinions & the modification grid → 8 Contemporary issues specialists . SSCs & skills . digital auditing/Al . sustainability assurance →[15]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-acct90014.pdfREAD FIRST * Built for the ACCT90014 open-book 3-hr digital final (60%, all topics) - so this is a fast-application reference, not rote memory. Marks: Mid-sem 20% (Wk5, ~1hr, lockdown browser, effectively closed- book, Topics 1-4 only), Group assignment 20% (CaseWare, real company), Final 60% open-book. Confirm in your current Subject Guide. The lecturer's line: "having the materials may help, but your ability to apply concepts to practical situations is what matters most. " So drill the answer shape (Side 2) and the decision boxes, not paragraphs. SIA - Open-book # easy. Markers punish students who quote a standard but never link it to the facts. Speed comes from knowing where each rule lives - that's what this sheet gives you. 1 . Assurance Landscape T1 . ASA 200 Assurance engagement · a practitioner expresses a conclusion to enhance users' confidence about a subject matter vs criteria. 5 elements: 3-party relationship (practitioner · responsible party . users) . subject matter . criteria . evidence . written report. Objective of an audit (ASA/ISA 200. 11): obtain reasonable assurance the financial report as a whole is free of material misstatement (fraud or error) > express an opinion it complies with the framework (AU = AASB standards + Corporations Act 2001). 1b · Levels of Assurance EXAMINED AS A CONTRAST REASONABLE (AUDIT) LIMITED (REVIEW) HIGH, not absolute MODERATE / lower positive form ("presents fairly") negative ("nothing came to our attention") full procedures mainly enquiry + analytical Inherent limitations (sampling, judgement, estimates, fraud collusion) mean no audit is a guarantee . 1c . The Expectation LITIGATION Gap DRIVER The gap between what users think auditors do (detect all fraud, guarantee solvency, certify accuracy) and what auditors actually do - reasonable assurance on a historical report.[24]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-acct90014.pdfunderstand entity . RMM . assertions 320 / 450 materiality · misstatement eval responses . tests of controls 500 /530 evidence . sampling 560/570/580 subsequent . going concern . reps 700/701 unmodified report . KAM 705 /706 modified . EoM & Other Matter 265 /260 deficiencies · communication TCWG 620 using an expert SIA > Open-book reward = retrieval speed. Tab this index so you cite the right ASA in seconds, then spend your time on the APPLY step where the marks are. 15 . One-Line Recall DRILL COLD CUE ANSWER watchdog not bloodhound[27]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-acct90014.pdfSIA > Open-book reward = retrieval speed. Tab this index so you cite the right ASA in seconds, then spend your time on the APPLY step where the marks are. 15 . One-Line Recall DRILL COLD CUE ANSWER watchdog not bloodhound Kingston Cotton Mill AU 3rd-party duty test Esanda Finance auditor-controlled risk detection risk (DR) overstatement test vouch . existence/occurrence understatement test trace . completeness misstatement + pervasive adverse scope limit + pervasive disclaimer doesn't modify opinion

2）闭眼都要会的“高产出三件套”（最容易拿分，也最容易错）

2.1 认定（Assertions）+ 四对易混淆（必背一行定义 + 必会判别）

• 先问一句：这是“高估（overstatement）”还是“低估（understatement）”？
• 高估倾向 → 多半是 存在/发生（existence/occurrence）；低估倾向 → 多半是 完整性（completeness）。[11]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf! Existence vs Completeness point in OPPOSITE directions 存在与完整性指向相反方向 Existence/Occurrence guard against overstatement (recorded but not real). Completeness guards against understatement (real but not recorded). Asking "which way could this go wrong?" usually settles the assertion: a fraud that inflates assets is existence; an omitted liability is completeness. 存在/发生防范高估(已入账但不真实)。完整性防范 低估(真实但未入账)。问“这件事可能往哪个方向出 错?”通常就能定下认定:一项抬高资产的舞弊是存 在;一项遗漏的负债是完整性。 ✓ Occurrence vs Accuracy 发生与准确性 A recorded sale can occur (it's real) yet be inaccurate (wrong price or quantity). Occurrence asks "did it happen?"; accuracy asks "is the amount right?" A fictitious sale fails occurrence; a real sale booked at the wrong price fails accuracy. 一笔已入账的销售可以发生(真实)却不准确(价格 或数量错)。发生问“它发生了吗?”;准确性问“金额 对吗?”一笔虚构销售不满足发生;一笔以错误价格入 账的真实销售不满足准确性。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library "For any misstatement, first ask - overstatement or understatement? That single question routes you to existence/occurrence vs completeness, where most students go wrong. " “对任何错报,先问 -- 高估还是低估?这一个问题就把你导向 存在/发生 vs 完整性,而多数学生正是在这里出错。” THE ROUTING QUESTION FOR ASSERTIONS ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library WORKED . HARBOURLINE BREWING - WORKED SCENARIO - CONTROLS + ASSERTION MAPPING CENTREPIECE Harbourline Brewing Co - evaluate controls, map the assertions Harbourline Brewing Co -- 评估控制、映射认定 our own fictional client . the 3-column control-TOC-assertion table 我们自创的虚构客户 · 控制一控制测试一认定三栏表 The staple Topics 4-5 exam question gives a cycle narrative and asks for the controls, the test of control for each, and the assertion each protects - the lecturer's model answer is literally a three-column table. Below is the full move on our own fictional client. 主题4-5 的常考题给出一段循环叙述,要求列出控制、对每项控制的控制测试,以及各自所保护的认定 -- 讲师的标准答案 实际上就是一张三栏表。下面是在我们自创的虚构客户上完整走一遍。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library EG 5A Harbourline Brewing Co - sales & despatch cycle Type D - control evaluation Facts. Harbourline, a mid-size craft brewery, despatches kegs to bars and bottle-shops. Its controls: (i) a credit check is run before any despatch; (ii) goods leave only on a pre-numbered, sequence-checked despatch note signed by both the warehouse and the customer; (iii) each invoice is matched to the signed despatch note and an authorised order, then signed off before it is billed. 事实。Harbourline 是一家中型精酿啤酒厂,向酒吧和酒类专卖店发运啤酒桶。它的控制:(i)任何发运之前都要做一次 信用检查;(ii)货物只凭一张预先编号、经顺序核对、并由仓库和客户双方签字的发运单放行;(ii)每张发票在开票前都 要与已签字的发运单和经授权的订单相匹配,然后签字确认。 1 IDENTIFY. Evaluate the sales/despatch controls, design a test of control for each, and name the assertion each protects. 识别。评价销售/发货控制,为每项设计一个控制测试,并命名各自所保护的认定。 2 CITE. COSO control activities ASA 315 ; assertions for transactions (occurrence/completeness/accuracy); TOC techniques ASA 330 援引。COSO 控制活动 ASA 315 ;交易类认定(发生/完整性/准确性);控制测试技术 ASA 330 。[26]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-acct90014.pdfweak alone - must corroborate Inspection records or physical asset (existence) watch a process; point-in-time only Reperformance redo the control - strong Recalculation redo the numbers - strong Confirmation Analytical relationships vs expectation Confirmation: positive (reply always - reliable) vs negative (reply only if disagree - weak; low-risk small homogeneous balances only). Confirmations can still fail - they may be forged or intercepted (Parmalat). 7c . Vouching vs Tracing DIRECTION = ASSERTION THE DIRECTION RULE VOUCH: record - source doc = tests OCCURRENCE (overstatement) TRACE: source doc - record = tests COMPLETENESS (understatement) Lecturer drills the contrasts: inspect (examine evidence/asset) vs observe (watch process); reperform (redo control) vs recalculate (redo numbers); enquiry (broad) vs confirmation (formal written 3rd-party verify). Data analytics / digital auditing (T5/9/14) - full- population testing, anomaly detection (e. g. KPMG Clara) raises coverage & efficiency but adds over- reliance & evidence-reliability concerns. It supplements, not replaces, professional judgement. 8 · Controls vs Substantive T7-9- CH7-9 · Risk-assessment procedures - understand entity & assess RMM (not enough alone) · Substantive procedures - detect misstatement at assertion level; always required for material classes, balances & disclosures regardless of control reliance Two substantive sub-types: substantive analytical (efficient for large predictable relationships) . tests of details (vouch, trace, confirm, recalculate for high-risk or less-predictable balances).[30]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-acct90014.pdfShape Past students "have been poor at linking the principle to the situation. " Win marks with this skeleton for every scenario: I . C . A . C . R IDENTIFY the issue (threat / assertion / event) CITE the standard / principle / case APPLY it to the specific facts CONCLUDE (e. g. which opinion / liable?) RESPOND - the safeguard / procedure / action The APPLY step earns the marks - generic theory without facts scores low. Use professional scepticism & logical development, "not guesses and leaps of faith. " State your conclusion and the recommended response - markers reward the full chain, not a half- answer. SIA - For a legal/ethics vignette: name the threat/case + apply to facts - conclude - recommend the safeguard. For a reporting vignette: cause - material? - pervasive? ++ opinion. For a risk vignette: fact - IR/CR - RMM - DR - procedure. Same shape every time. 12b . Exam Traps DON'T LOSE THESE · Vouching vs tracing - vouch (record-> source) = occurrence/overstatement; trace (source->record) = completeness/understatement. Get the direction right. Qualified vs adverse vs disclaimer - adverse = misstatement material & pervasive; disclaimer = evidence limit material & pervasive. Qualified = "except for" (not pervasive). · Existence vs completeness - opposite directions; pin overstatement vs understatement. · Reasonable # absolute assurance; enquiry alone never sufficient. Worked shape - ethics vignette: auditor holds shares in the client -> I: self-interest threat -> C: APES 110 conceptual framework > A: financial interest impairs objectivity, a reasonable 3rd party would doubt independence -> C: significant, not at an acceptable level -> R: dispose of the interest or withdraw from the engagement. 13 . Contemporary & ESG T13-14 · Private-firm audit - Corporations Act thresholds; scalable assurance for SMES · Experts (ASA 620) - auditor stays responsible > assess the specialist's competence, capability & objectivity · SSCs & skills - offshoring low-risk tasks erodes junior skills (long-run quality concern) · Digital auditing / AI - full-population testing, anomaly detection (e. g. KPMG Clara); risk of over- reliance & black-box models AU bodies to name-drop: AUASB (sets ASA, harmonised with the ISA) . AASB (accounting standards) . ASIC (regulator) · CPA Australia / CA ANZ (via APESB > APES 110) . ASX (governance principles) . PCAOB (US comparison). Worked shape - reporting vignette: a material, isolated inventory misstatement management won't correct -> cause = misstatement; material but not pervasive -> Qualified "except for", with a Basis-for- Qualified paragraph before the opinion. If it were pervasive -> Adverse instead.

• Completeness vs Occurrence
  • Completeness：有没有漏记（缺少的）？
  • Occurrence：有没有“记了但根本没发生”的虚构？[7]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf· Completeness - "nothing is missing" · Accuracy/Valuation - "the amount is right / recoverable" i Direction of testing - the signature drill 测试方向 -- 标志性演练 Vouching = from the recorded entry back to the source document - tests Occurrence ("is it real?", catches overstatement). Tracing = from the source document forward to the records - tests Completeness ("is anything missing?", catches understatement). 顺查=从已入账分录反向追查到源单据→ 测发生 (“它真实吗?”,查高估)。逆查=从源单据正向追查 到账簿→测完整性(“是否有遗漏?”,查低估)。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library ASSERTIONS . CONFUSED PAIRS THE COMMONLY - CONFUSED PAIRS Drill these four - the lecturer plants every one of them 把这四对练熟 -- 讲师每一对都会埋进题目 existence vs completeness . occurrence vs accuracy . and two more 存在与完整性 · 发生与准确性 · 还有两项 Most assertion-mapping marks are lost on four pairs that sound similar but test opposite or different things. Learn the one-line distinction and the worked tell for each - then you can pick the right assertion under exam pressure. 大多数认定映射的失分都出在四对听起来相似、却检验相反或不同事项的概念上。学会每一对的一句话区别和演算中的判别要 点 -- 然后你就能在考试压力下挑出正确的认定。 Pair The distinction (one-liner) The tell Completeness vs Occurrence Completeness = is anything missing (unrecorded)? Occurrence = is anything recorded that didn't happen (fictitious)? "Did it all happen - and did we record all of it?" Existence vs Completeness Existence = is the recorded balance really there (overstatement)? Completeness = is an existing item left out (understatement)? opposite directions - existence catches too-much, completeness catches too-little Accuracy vs Valuation Accuracy = are the numbers recorded right (price x qty, postings)? Valuation = is the carrying value reasonable/recoverable (NRV, doubtful debts)? "Accuracy checks the numbers; valuation checks the judgement. " Existence vs Rights & Obligations Existence = it physically/legally exists? R&O = does it belong to the entity (vs consignment)? "Just because it's there doesn't mean it's yours. " Classification vs Presentation Classification = recorded in the right account? Presentation = how it's shown/grouped/disclosed? "Not just where you record it - how you present it. "
• Existence vs Completeness（方向相反）
  • Existence 防高估：账上写着的东西真的在吗？
  • Completeness 防低估：现实存在的东西有没有没入账？[7]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf· Completeness - "nothing is missing" · Accuracy/Valuation - "the amount is right / recoverable" i Direction of testing - the signature drill 测试方向 -- 标志性演练 Vouching = from the recorded entry back to the source document - tests Occurrence ("is it real?", catches overstatement). Tracing = from the source document forward to the records - tests Completeness ("is anything missing?", catches understatement). 顺查=从已入账分录反向追查到源单据→ 测发生 (“它真实吗?”,查高估)。逆查=从源单据正向追查 到账簿→测完整性(“是否有遗漏?”,查低估)。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library ASSERTIONS . CONFUSED PAIRS THE COMMONLY - CONFUSED PAIRS Drill these four - the lecturer plants every one of them 把这四对练熟 -- 讲师每一对都会埋进题目 existence vs completeness . occurrence vs accuracy . and two more 存在与完整性 · 发生与准确性 · 还有两项 Most assertion-mapping marks are lost on four pairs that sound similar but test opposite or different things. Learn the one-line distinction and the worked tell for each - then you can pick the right assertion under exam pressure. 大多数认定映射的失分都出在四对听起来相似、却检验相反或不同事项的概念上。学会每一对的一句话区别和演算中的判别要 点 -- 然后你就能在考试压力下挑出正确的认定。 Pair The distinction (one-liner) The tell Completeness vs Occurrence Completeness = is anything missing (unrecorded)? Occurrence = is anything recorded that didn't happen (fictitious)? "Did it all happen - and did we record all of it?" Existence vs Completeness Existence = is the recorded balance really there (overstatement)? Completeness = is an existing item left out (understatement)? opposite directions - existence catches too-much, completeness catches too-little Accuracy vs Valuation Accuracy = are the numbers recorded right (price x qty, postings)? Valuation = is the carrying value reasonable/recoverable (NRV, doubtful debts)? "Accuracy checks the numbers; valuation checks the judgement. " Existence vs Rights & Obligations Existence = it physically/legally exists? R&O = does it belong to the entity (vs consignment)? "Just because it's there doesn't mean it's yours. " Classification vs Presentation Classification = recorded in the right account? Presentation = how it's shown/grouped/disclosed? "Not just where you record it - how you present it. "[11]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf! Existence vs Completeness point in OPPOSITE directions 存在与完整性指向相反方向 Existence/Occurrence guard against overstatement (recorded but not real). Completeness guards against understatement (real but not recorded). Asking "which way could this go wrong?" usually settles the assertion: a fraud that inflates assets is existence; an omitted liability is completeness. 存在/发生防范高估(已入账但不真实)。完整性防范 低估(真实但未入账)。问“这件事可能往哪个方向出 错?”通常就能定下认定:一项抬高资产的舞弊是存 在;一项遗漏的负债是完整性。 ✓ Occurrence vs Accuracy 发生与准确性 A recorded sale can occur (it's real) yet be inaccurate (wrong price or quantity). Occurrence asks "did it happen?"; accuracy asks "is the amount right?" A fictitious sale fails occurrence; a real sale booked at the wrong price fails accuracy. 一笔已入账的销售可以发生(真实)却不准确(价格 或数量错)。发生问“它发生了吗?”;准确性问“金额 对吗?”一笔虚构销售不满足发生;一笔以错误价格入 账的真实销售不满足准确性。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library "For any misstatement, first ask - overstatement or understatement? That single question routes you to existence/occurrence vs completeness, where most students go wrong. " “对任何错报,先问 -- 高估还是低估?这一个问题就把你导向 存在/发生 vs 完整性,而多数学生正是在这里出错。” THE ROUTING QUESTION FOR ASSERTIONS ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library WORKED . HARBOURLINE BREWING - WORKED SCENARIO - CONTROLS + ASSERTION MAPPING CENTREPIECE Harbourline Brewing Co - evaluate controls, map the assertions Harbourline Brewing Co -- 评估控制、映射认定 our own fictional client . the 3-column control-TOC-assertion table 我们自创的虚构客户 · 控制一控制测试一认定三栏表 The staple Topics 4-5 exam question gives a cycle narrative and asks for the controls, the test of control for each, and the assertion each protects - the lecturer's model answer is literally a three-column table. Below is the full move on our own fictional client. 主题4-5 的常考题给出一段循环叙述,要求列出控制、对每项控制的控制测试,以及各自所保护的认定 -- 讲师的标准答案 实际上就是一张三栏表。下面是在我们自创的虚构客户上完整走一遍。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library EG 5A Harbourline Brewing Co - sales & despatch cycle Type D - control evaluation Facts. Harbourline, a mid-size craft brewery, despatches kegs to bars and bottle-shops. Its controls: (i) a credit check is run before any despatch; (ii) goods leave only on a pre-numbered, sequence-checked despatch note signed by both the warehouse and the customer; (iii) each invoice is matched to the signed despatch note and an authorised order, then signed off before it is billed. 事实。Harbourline 是一家中型精酿啤酒厂,向酒吧和酒类专卖店发运啤酒桶。它的控制:(i)任何发运之前都要做一次 信用检查;(ii)货物只凭一张预先编号、经顺序核对、并由仓库和客户双方签字的发运单放行;(ii)每张发票在开票前都 要与已签字的发运单和经授权的订单相匹配,然后签字确认。 1 IDENTIFY. Evaluate the sales/despatch controls, design a test of control for each, and name the assertion each protects. 识别。评价销售/发货控制,为每项设计一个控制测试,并命名各自所保护的认定。 2 CITE. COSO control activities ASA 315 ; assertions for transactions (occurrence/completeness/accuracy); TOC techniques ASA 330 援引。COSO 控制活动 ASA 315 ;交易类认定(发生/完整性/准确性);控制测试技术 ASA 330 。
• Accuracy vs Valuation
  • Accuracy：数字算得对不对（价×量、过账、录入）
  • Valuation：账面价值是否“合理/可收回”（NRV、坏账、减值——偏判断）[7]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf· Completeness - "nothing is missing" · Accuracy/Valuation - "the amount is right / recoverable" i Direction of testing - the signature drill 测试方向 -- 标志性演练 Vouching = from the recorded entry back to the source document - tests Occurrence ("is it real?", catches overstatement). Tracing = from the source document forward to the records - tests Completeness ("is anything missing?", catches understatement). 顺查=从已入账分录反向追查到源单据→ 测发生 (“它真实吗?”,查高估)。逆查=从源单据正向追查 到账簿→测完整性(“是否有遗漏?”,查低估)。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library ASSERTIONS . CONFUSED PAIRS THE COMMONLY - CONFUSED PAIRS Drill these four - the lecturer plants every one of them 把这四对练熟 -- 讲师每一对都会埋进题目 existence vs completeness . occurrence vs accuracy . and two more 存在与完整性 · 发生与准确性 · 还有两项 Most assertion-mapping marks are lost on four pairs that sound similar but test opposite or different things. Learn the one-line distinction and the worked tell for each - then you can pick the right assertion under exam pressure. 大多数认定映射的失分都出在四对听起来相似、却检验相反或不同事项的概念上。学会每一对的一句话区别和演算中的判别要 点 -- 然后你就能在考试压力下挑出正确的认定。 Pair The distinction (one-liner) The tell Completeness vs Occurrence Completeness = is anything missing (unrecorded)? Occurrence = is anything recorded that didn't happen (fictitious)? "Did it all happen - and did we record all of it?" Existence vs Completeness Existence = is the recorded balance really there (overstatement)? Completeness = is an existing item left out (understatement)? opposite directions - existence catches too-much, completeness catches too-little Accuracy vs Valuation Accuracy = are the numbers recorded right (price x qty, postings)? Valuation = is the carrying value reasonable/recoverable (NRV, doubtful debts)? "Accuracy checks the numbers; valuation checks the judgement. " Existence vs Rights & Obligations Existence = it physically/legally exists? R&O = does it belong to the entity (vs consignment)? "Just because it's there doesn't mean it's yours. " Classification vs Presentation Classification = recorded in the right account? Presentation = how it's shown/grouped/disclosed? "Not just where you record it - how you present it. "
• Existence vs Rights & Obligations（R&O）
  • Existence：东西在不在
  • R&O：是不是“你的”（寄售存货存在但不属于你）[7]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf· Completeness - "nothing is missing" · Accuracy/Valuation - "the amount is right / recoverable" i Direction of testing - the signature drill 测试方向 -- 标志性演练 Vouching = from the recorded entry back to the source document - tests Occurrence ("is it real?", catches overstatement). Tracing = from the source document forward to the records - tests Completeness ("is anything missing?", catches understatement). 顺查=从已入账分录反向追查到源单据→ 测发生 (“它真实吗?”,查高估)。逆查=从源单据正向追查 到账簿→测完整性(“是否有遗漏?”,查低估)。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library ASSERTIONS . CONFUSED PAIRS THE COMMONLY - CONFUSED PAIRS Drill these four - the lecturer plants every one of them 把这四对练熟 -- 讲师每一对都会埋进题目 existence vs completeness . occurrence vs accuracy . and two more 存在与完整性 · 发生与准确性 · 还有两项 Most assertion-mapping marks are lost on four pairs that sound similar but test opposite or different things. Learn the one-line distinction and the worked tell for each - then you can pick the right assertion under exam pressure. 大多数认定映射的失分都出在四对听起来相似、却检验相反或不同事项的概念上。学会每一对的一句话区别和演算中的判别要 点 -- 然后你就能在考试压力下挑出正确的认定。 Pair The distinction (one-liner) The tell Completeness vs Occurrence Completeness = is anything missing (unrecorded)? Occurrence = is anything recorded that didn't happen (fictitious)? "Did it all happen - and did we record all of it?" Existence vs Completeness Existence = is the recorded balance really there (overstatement)? Completeness = is an existing item left out (understatement)? opposite directions - existence catches too-much, completeness catches too-little Accuracy vs Valuation Accuracy = are the numbers recorded right (price x qty, postings)? Valuation = is the carrying value reasonable/recoverable (NRV, doubtful debts)? "Accuracy checks the numbers; valuation checks the judgement. " Existence vs Rights & Obligations Existence = it physically/legally exists? R&O = does it belong to the entity (vs consignment)? "Just because it's there doesn't mean it's yours. " Classification vs Presentation Classification = recorded in the right account? Presentation = how it's shown/grouped/disclosed? "Not just where you record it - how you present it. "[12]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf4 marks . ASA 500 For receivables, the auditor has only (i) a verbal assurance from the CFO that debtors are collectible and (ii) a client-prepared aged-debtors schedule. Is this sufficient appropriate evidence for existence and valuation? What more is needed? Q8-Q11 Worked solutions - assertions, direction & evidence 1 Q8. APPLY: for maturing cheese stock the at-risk assertions are existence (does the recorded stock physically exist / overstatement?) and valuation (NRV / spoilage / obsolescence). Procedures: existence - attend the stocktake, select recorded lines and count to the floor (vouch); valuation - recalculate cost vs NRV and inspect post-year-end selling prices and any spoilage write-offs. Q8. 应用:对成熟中的奶酪存货,处于风险中的认定是存在(已入账存货是否实物存在/是否高估?)和计价(可变现净 值/腐坏/陈旧化)。程序:存在→监盘,选取已入账的行项目并盘点至实物(顺查);计价→重算成本 vs 可变现净值 并检查年后售价和任何腐坏冲销。 2 Q9. (a) Vouch recorded sales back to dispatch docs/invoices - tests Occurrence (is it real? - catches overstatement, the year-end-spike risk). (b) Trace dispatch records forward to recorded sales - tests Completeness (is anything missing?). - Q9. (a)把已入账销售顺查回发货单/发票 →测发生(它真实吗 ?-- 查高估,即年末骤增风险)。(b)把发货记录逆查 至已入账销售→ 测完整性(是否有遗漏?)。 - 3 Q10. The stock exists - existence is satisfied. The problem is Rights & Obligations: consignment stock is not owned by Meadow Dairy and should not sit in its inventory. "Just because it's there doesn't mean it's yours. " Q10. 该存货存在 -- 存在得到满足。问题在于权利和义务:寄售存货不属于 Meadow Dairy 所有,不应列入其存货。 “东西在那儿,不代表它就是你的。” 4 Q11. CITE ASA 500 (sufficient = quantity; appropriate = relevance + reliability; hierarchy). APPLY: a CFO's verbal assurance is internal + oral (lowest reliability) and the schedule is client-generated; neither is sufficient or relevant for existence. CONCLUDE: insufficient/inappropriate. RESPOND: positive external confirmation of debtors (existence/accuracy) + review post-year-end receipts and recompute the doubtful-debt allowance (valuation). If confirmations cannot be obtained & no alternative - a scope limitation feeding the opinion. Q11. 援引 ASA 500 (充分=数量;适当=相关性+可靠性;层级)。应用:CFO 的口头保证是内部+口头(可靠性最 低),明细表是客户生成;二者对存在既不充分也不相关。结论:不充分/不适当。应对:对债务人作肯定式外部函证 (存在/准确性)+复核年后收款并重算坏账准备(计价)。若无法取得函证且无替代程序→一项范围受限,影响意见。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library PRACTICE Q12-013 - PRACTICE BANK (CONT. ) TOPICS 5-7 Final - internal control & tests of controls 期末 -- 内部控制与控制测试 Q12-Q13: evaluate a purchases-cycle control set and design tests of controls (the lecturer's 3-column table) Q12-Q13:评估一组采购循环控制并设计控制测试(讲师的三栏表) Q12 CONTROL EVALUATION + TOC DESIGN 6 marks . COSO / ASA 330 Northwind Manufacturing Ltd operates this purchases cycle: (a) purchase orders are pre-numbered and require a department head's authorisation; (b) goods received are matched to a signed receiving report; (c) before payment, a clerk performs a 3-way match (PO <> receiving report >> supplier invoice) and a senior accountant signs off; (d) the person who authorises payments does not record them. For three controls, name the assertion each protects and design a test of control. 013 DEFICIENCY & CONSEQUENCE 3 marks . ASA 265/330 On testing, Northwind's 3-way-match sign-off was missing on 40% of the sample. State the consequence for control risk, the substantive plan, and the auditor's communication duty. ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library Worked solution - control evaluation & ToC table 6 marks . COSO / ASA 330 1 IDENTIFY & CITE. These are control activities (COSO); tests of controls assess operating effectiveness (ASA 330) using Observe / Inspect / Enquire / Reperform. Each control protects a specific assertion. APPLY (table form - the marks live in matching the verb to the action and naming the assertion + reason): 识别与援引。这些是控制活动(COSO);控制测试评估运行有效性(ASA 330),采用观察/检查/询问/重新执行。每项 控制保护一个具体认定。应用(表格形式 -- 分数在于把动词配到动作并命名认定+理由): - 2 Control (a) pre-numbered, authorised PO - ToC: inspect a sample of POs for sequence completeness and an authorising signature; enquire on remediation of sequence gaps - Completeness (all orders captured) + Occurrence (purchases authorised). 控制(a)预先编号、经授权的采购订单→控制测试:检查一个采购订单样本的序号完整性和授权签名;就序号缺口的整 改作询问→完整性(所有订单都被捕获)+发生(采购经授权)。
• （再加一对也常考）Classification vs Presentation
  • Classification：记到对的科目了吗
  • Presentation：披露/列报方式是否恰当（怎么展示、怎么分组、怎么披露）[7]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf· Completeness - "nothing is missing" · Accuracy/Valuation - "the amount is right / recoverable" i Direction of testing - the signature drill 测试方向 -- 标志性演练 Vouching = from the recorded entry back to the source document - tests Occurrence ("is it real?", catches overstatement). Tracing = from the source document forward to the records - tests Completeness ("is anything missing?", catches understatement). 顺查=从已入账分录反向追查到源单据→ 测发生 (“它真实吗?”,查高估)。逆查=从源单据正向追查 到账簿→测完整性(“是否有遗漏?”,查低估)。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library ASSERTIONS . CONFUSED PAIRS THE COMMONLY - CONFUSED PAIRS Drill these four - the lecturer plants every one of them 把这四对练熟 -- 讲师每一对都会埋进题目 existence vs completeness . occurrence vs accuracy . and two more 存在与完整性 · 发生与准确性 · 还有两项 Most assertion-mapping marks are lost on four pairs that sound similar but test opposite or different things. Learn the one-line distinction and the worked tell for each - then you can pick the right assertion under exam pressure. 大多数认定映射的失分都出在四对听起来相似、却检验相反或不同事项的概念上。学会每一对的一句话区别和演算中的判别要 点 -- 然后你就能在考试压力下挑出正确的认定。 Pair The distinction (one-liner) The tell Completeness vs Occurrence Completeness = is anything missing (unrecorded)? Occurrence = is anything recorded that didn't happen (fictitious)? "Did it all happen - and did we record all of it?" Existence vs Completeness Existence = is the recorded balance really there (overstatement)? Completeness = is an existing item left out (understatement)? opposite directions - existence catches too-much, completeness catches too-little Accuracy vs Valuation Accuracy = are the numbers recorded right (price x qty, postings)? Valuation = is the carrying value reasonable/recoverable (NRV, doubtful debts)? "Accuracy checks the numbers; valuation checks the judgement. " Existence vs Rights & Obligations Existence = it physically/legally exists? R&O = does it belong to the entity (vs consignment)? "Just because it's there doesn't mean it's yours. " Classification vs Presentation Classification = recorded in the right account? Presentation = how it's shown/grouped/disclosed? "Not just where you record it - how you present it. "

• “存在/发生”与“完整性”是相反方向；大多数人就是在这里丢分。[11]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf! Existence vs Completeness point in OPPOSITE directions 存在与完整性指向相反方向 Existence/Occurrence guard against overstatement (recorded but not real). Completeness guards against understatement (real but not recorded). Asking "which way could this go wrong?" usually settles the assertion: a fraud that inflates assets is existence; an omitted liability is completeness. 存在/发生防范高估(已入账但不真实)。完整性防范 低估(真实但未入账)。问“这件事可能往哪个方向出 错?”通常就能定下认定:一项抬高资产的舞弊是存 在;一项遗漏的负债是完整性。 ✓ Occurrence vs Accuracy 发生与准确性 A recorded sale can occur (it's real) yet be inaccurate (wrong price or quantity). Occurrence asks "did it happen?"; accuracy asks "is the amount right?" A fictitious sale fails occurrence; a real sale booked at the wrong price fails accuracy. 一笔已入账的销售可以发生(真实)却不准确(价格 或数量错)。发生问“它发生了吗?”;准确性问“金额 对吗?”一笔虚构销售不满足发生;一笔以错误价格入 账的真实销售不满足准确性。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library "For any misstatement, first ask - overstatement or understatement? That single question routes you to existence/occurrence vs completeness, where most students go wrong. " “对任何错报,先问 -- 高估还是低估?这一个问题就把你导向 存在/发生 vs 完整性,而多数学生正是在这里出错。” THE ROUTING QUESTION FOR ASSERTIONS ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library WORKED . HARBOURLINE BREWING - WORKED SCENARIO - CONTROLS + ASSERTION MAPPING CENTREPIECE Harbourline Brewing Co - evaluate controls, map the assertions Harbourline Brewing Co -- 评估控制、映射认定 our own fictional client . the 3-column control-TOC-assertion table 我们自创的虚构客户 · 控制一控制测试一认定三栏表 The staple Topics 4-5 exam question gives a cycle narrative and asks for the controls, the test of control for each, and the assertion each protects - the lecturer's model answer is literally a three-column table. Below is the full move on our own fictional client. 主题4-5 的常考题给出一段循环叙述,要求列出控制、对每项控制的控制测试,以及各自所保护的认定 -- 讲师的标准答案 实际上就是一张三栏表。下面是在我们自创的虚构客户上完整走一遍。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library EG 5A Harbourline Brewing Co - sales & despatch cycle Type D - control evaluation Facts. Harbourline, a mid-size craft brewery, despatches kegs to bars and bottle-shops. Its controls: (i) a credit check is run before any despatch; (ii) goods leave only on a pre-numbered, sequence-checked despatch note signed by both the warehouse and the customer; (iii) each invoice is matched to the signed despatch note and an authorised order, then signed off before it is billed. 事实。Harbourline 是一家中型精酿啤酒厂,向酒吧和酒类专卖店发运啤酒桶。它的控制:(i)任何发运之前都要做一次 信用检查;(ii)货物只凭一张预先编号、经顺序核对、并由仓库和客户双方签字的发运单放行;(ii)每张发票在开票前都 要与已签字的发运单和经授权的订单相匹配,然后签字确认。 1 IDENTIFY. Evaluate the sales/despatch controls, design a test of control for each, and name the assertion each protects. 识别。评价销售/发货控制,为每项设计一个控制测试,并命名各自所保护的认定。 2 CITE. COSO control activities ASA 315 ; assertions for transactions (occurrence/completeness/accuracy); TOC techniques ASA 330 援引。COSO 控制活动 ASA 315 ;交易类认定(发生/完整性/准确性);控制测试技术 ASA 330 。[30]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-acct90014.pdfShape Past students "have been poor at linking the principle to the situation. " Win marks with this skeleton for every scenario: I . C . A . C . R IDENTIFY the issue (threat / assertion / event) CITE the standard / principle / case APPLY it to the specific facts CONCLUDE (e. g. which opinion / liable?) RESPOND - the safeguard / procedure / action The APPLY step earns the marks - generic theory without facts scores low. Use professional scepticism & logical development, "not guesses and leaps of faith. " State your conclusion and the recommended response - markers reward the full chain, not a half- answer. SIA - For a legal/ethics vignette: name the threat/case + apply to facts - conclude - recommend the safeguard. For a reporting vignette: cause - material? - pervasive? ++ opinion. For a risk vignette: fact - IR/CR - RMM - DR - procedure. Same shape every time. 12b . Exam Traps DON'T LOSE THESE · Vouching vs tracing - vouch (record-> source) = occurrence/overstatement; trace (source->record) = completeness/understatement. Get the direction right. Qualified vs adverse vs disclaimer - adverse = misstatement material & pervasive; disclaimer = evidence limit material & pervasive. Qualified = "except for" (not pervasive). · Existence vs completeness - opposite directions; pin overstatement vs understatement. · Reasonable # absolute assurance; enquiry alone never sufficient. Worked shape - ethics vignette: auditor holds shares in the client -> I: self-interest threat -> C: APES 110 conceptual framework > A: financial interest impairs objectivity, a reasonable 3rd party would doubt independence -> C: significant, not at an acceptable level -> R: dispose of the interest or withdraw from the engagement. 13 . Contemporary & ESG T13-14 · Private-firm audit - Corporations Act thresholds; scalable assurance for SMES · Experts (ASA 620) - auditor stays responsible > assess the specialist's competence, capability & objectivity · SSCs & skills - offshoring low-risk tasks erodes junior skills (long-run quality concern) · Digital auditing / AI - full-population testing, anomaly detection (e. g. KPMG Clara); risk of over- reliance & black-box models AU bodies to name-drop: AUASB (sets ASA, harmonised with the ISA) . AASB (accounting standards) . ASIC (regulator) · CPA Australia / CA ANZ (via APESB > APES 110) . ASX (governance principles) . PCAOB (US comparison). Worked shape - reporting vignette: a material, isolated inventory misstatement management won't correct -> cause = misstatement; material but not pervasive -> Qualified "except for", with a Basis-for- Qualified paragraph before the opinion. If it were pervasive -> Adverse instead.

2.2 顺查 vouching vs 逆查 tracing（方向 = 认定）

• 收入常见偏差：高估 → 用顺查测发生
• 应付常见偏差：低估 → 用逆查/搜寻漏记测完整性[5]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdfi Scandal anchors (named only, paraphrased) 丑闻锚点(仅列名,意译) Several large groups have understated supplier liabilities or stretched payment timing to flatter the period - the recurring lesson is the completeness bias of payables, met by the search for unrecorded liabilities. High-profile wage-underpayment cases show payroll is also a compliance exposure, not just a numbers one. 若干大型集团曾低估供应商负债或拉长付款时间以美化当期 -- 反复出现的教训是应付款的完整性偏向,通过搜寻未入 账负债来应对。高调的欠薪案例表明薪酬也是一种合规风险敞口,而不仅是数字问题。 - ! Trap - vouch vs trace flips between revenue and payables 陷阱 -- 顺查与逆查在收入与应付账款之间互换 For overstated revenue you vouch (occurrence). For understated payables you trace / search for the missing entry (completeness). Same toolkit, opposite direction - driven entirely by the cycle's dominant bias. 对于高估的收入,你顺查(发生)。对于低估的应付款,你逆查/搜寻遗漏的分录(完整性)。同一套工具,方向相反 完全由循环的主导偏向驱动。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library INVENTORY & CASH - INVENTORY AND CASH Count it, value it; confirm it, reconcile it 盘点它、计价它;函证它、调节它 Inventory: existence & valuation . Cash: existence via bank confirmation + reconciliation 存货:存在与计价 · 现金:通过银行函证+调节来验证存在 Two balances with signature procedures the exam loves. Inventory risks existence (overstated quantities) and valuation (cost vs net realisable value, obsolescence) - met by attending the stocktake. Cash looks simple but is where fabricated balances hide - met by the bank confirmation and reperforming the reconciliation. 两个余额带着考试钟爱的标志性程序。存货的风险是存在(数量高估)和计价(成本 vs可变现净值、陈旧化) -- 通过监盘 应对。现金看似简单,却是虚构余额藏身之处 -- 通过银行函证和重新执行调节表应对。 Inventory - attend the stocktake 存货 -- 参加监盘 Risk / assertion What to do Direction / note Existence - quantities overstated attend the stocktake; select recorded lines and count them on the floor VOUCH records - floor (existence) Completeness - stock omitted select items on the floor and trace to the count records TRACE floor - records (completeness) Valuation - cost > NRV, obsolescence test cost vs net realisable value; inspect slow-moving / damaged lines; review post-year-end sale prices valuation is judgement - separate from existence[23]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-acct90014.pdfCycles For each: dominant risk/assertion -> key control -> substantive procedure. · Revenue & receivables - occurrence/cut-off (overstatement bias, channel stuffing) + valuation (doubtful debts). - > positive confirmation (existence), cut-off, recompute allowance, analytical · Purchases & payables - completeness (understatement, unrecorded liabilities). > search for unrecorded liabilities , supplier-statement recon, 3-way match · Payroll - occurrence (ghost employees), accuracy (rates/hours). > HR/payroll SoD, authorised rates · Inventory - existence & valuation (NRV, obsolescence), R&O (consignment), cut-off. - > attend stocktake (count both directions), NRV testing · Cash - existence/R&O. > bank confirmation, reperform bank rec, cut-off (kiting/window- dressing) Direction of bias matters: revenue tends to be overstated (test occurrence/existence) while payables tend to be understated (test completeness) - match the procedure to the likely error. Real-world hooks the decks cite: Wirecard (€1. 9bn fake cash), Wells Fargo, Tesco rebates, Parmalat (forged confirmations). Melbourne Electronics case (Wk9): the integrated I/S & B/S exercise - apply assertions, materiality & risk and design procedures across accounts. It mirrors the exam/assignment style: a scenario, not recall. Practise writing one full risk -> assertion -> procedure line per material account. 10 . Completion T11 . CH10 Misstatement Qualified Adverse (disagreement) "except for" Disclaimer Pervasive (705. 05): effects not confined to specific items; OR a substantial proportion of the FR; OR fundamental to users' understanding. Basis for [opinion] paragraph goes before the opinion. First take all reasonable steps (alt procedures) - a limit isn't a scope limit if alt evidence is obtainable. Frequency reality: qualified is rare in practice; adverse & disclaimer are very rare. Classic adverse = FR on a going-concern basis but the auditor concludes continuation is highly improbable. Comparatives (710): corresponding figures (opinion on current period) vs comparative reports - used in AU - (opinion on each period). Other info (720): read the annual report for material inconsistencies > Other Matter para if uncorrected. GS 006: electronic publication mustn't imply assurance over unaudited website content. 12 . The Exam Answer THE RUBRIC

2.3 意见（Opinion）2×2 网格（最常考“完成阶段判断题”）

• (1) 这是 错报（misstatement） 还是 范围受限（scope limitation：拿不到充分适当证据）？
• (2) 它 重大（material）吗？广泛（pervasive）吗？[16]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdfOPINION DECISION / ASA 705 - TOPIC 11 . THE OPINION DECISION THE STAPLE EXAM QUESTION The four opinions & the modification decision 四种意见与修改决策 Misstatement or scope limit? - > material? - > pervasive? - the material x pervasive 2x2 错报还是范围限制?→重大吗?→广泛吗 ?-- 重大×广泛2×2 矩阵 The single most-examined move in the subject. Given a problem at completion, two questions decide everything. (1) What is the problem? A misstatement (you disagree with management) or an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate evidence (a scope limitation)? (2) How bad? Is it material, and if so is it pervasive? 本科目考得最多的一步。给定一个完成阶段的问题,两个问题决定一切。(1)问题是什么?是错报(你不同意管理层)还是无 法获取充分、适当的证据(审计范围受限)?(2)有多严重?它是否重大,若是,是否广泛? Material x Pervasive no not pervasive pervasive Misstatement or scope limitation? UNMODIFIED yes misstmt Qualified Adverse no Material? Unmodified yes no Pervasive? QUALIFIED scope Qualified Disclaimer 'except for' yes ADVERSE / DISCLAIMER

• 错报 + 重大但不广泛 → Qualified（保留，“except for”）
• 错报 + 重大且广泛 → Adverse（否定）
• 范围受限 + 重大但不广泛 → Qualified（保留，“except for”）
• 范围受限 + 重大且广泛 → Disclaimer（无法表示意见）

3）Topic 3：风险模型 + 重要性（Final 常见“计划题”模板）

3.1 你必须会写的“公式/关系”

• $$AR = IR \times CR \times DR$$
• 你会在题里做的动作是：设定 AR 目标 → 评估 IR/CR → 推导需要的 DR。[9]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf● AR=IRx CR x DR ;。 ● 你设定 AR,评估 IR 与 CR,推导并控制 DR。● 反向关系:↑ RMM→ ↓ DR → 更多实质性证据(性质/时点/范围)。● 重要性:计 划>执行;既看基准百分比也看性质;小金额项目可 因性质而重大。● 重要性越低→证据越多;重大未更 正错报→修改意见。 i Answer-shape reminder 答题形状提醒 Every Topic 3 scenario follows IDENTIFY - CITE -> APPLY - CONCLUDE - RESPOND. The APPLY step - tying IR/CR/materiality to the specific facts - is where the marks live. 每个主题 3 的情景都走识别→援引 → 应用→结论 → 应对。应用一步 -- 把 IR/CR/重要性与具体事实 挂钩 -- 才是分数所在。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library ! "Below the % so immaterial" - wrong “低于百分比所以不重大” -- 错误 The percentage said immaterial; the nature said material. Whenever a small item is a related-party, fraud, covenant-breach or just-misses-a-threshold item, conclude material and explain why on nature. 百分比说不重大;性质说重大。每当一个小项目属于 关联方、舞弊、违反契约条款或刚好擦过阈值的项目 时,结论重大,并就性质解释为何。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library INTERNAL CONTROL . COSO INTERNAL CONTROL & COSO TOPICS 4-5 . CH7 . ASA 315 The five components - and the one layer auditors test 五个组成部分 -- 以及审计师测试的那一层 control environment . risk assessment . control activities . info & communication . monitoring 控制环境 · 风险评估 · 控制活动 · 信息与沟通 · 监督 Internal control is the set of processes management uses to give reasonable assurance over reliable financial reporting, effective operations and compliance. The auditor must understand it ASA 315 to assess control risk, and may test it to rely on it. The COSO Integrated Framework names its five components - strong components mean lower control risk and more reliance possible. 内部控制是管理层用以对可靠的财务报告、有效的经营和合规提供合理保证的一整套流程。审计师必须了解它 ASA 315 以评 估控制风险,并可测试它以加以依赖。COSO 整合框架列出其五个组成部分 -- 组成部分越强,控制风险越低,可依赖的程 度越高。 MONITORS the whole stack Monitoring ongoing + separate evaluations Information & Communication capture & share relevant info Control Activities authorisation, SoD, physical (testable) Risk Assessment identify & analyse risks Control Environment tone at the top; integrity & governance FOUNDATION[14]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdfWORKED SCENARIO - RISK & MATERIALITY TOGETHER CENTREPIECE Northwind Robotics Ltd - set materiality, assess IR/CR, derive DR Northwind Robotics Ltd -- 设定重要性、评估 IR/CR、推导 DR our own fictional client . the answer shape: IDENTIFY-> CITE-> APPLY- CONCLUDE- RESPOND 我们自创的虚构客户 · 答题形状:识别→援引→ 应用→结论→ 应对 A planning vignette is the staple Topic 3 exam question. Below is the full move on an entirely fictional client - pick a benchmark, set materiality, assess IR and CR with reasons, then derive the required detection risk and the evidence consequence. Every step is paraphrased standard reasoning; the numbers and facts are our own. 计划类小情景是主题3的常考题。下面是在一个完全虚构的客户上完整走一遍 -- 选择基准、设定重要性、带理由评估 IR 和 CR,然后推导出所需的检查风险及证据后果。每一步都是对准则推理的意译;数字和事实是我们自创的。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library A + B combined EG 3A Northwind Robotics Ltd - revenue & receivables Facts. Northwind is a fast-growing listed maker of warehouse robots. FY26: revenue $180m, profit before tax $9. 0m, total assets $240m. It books revenue on long-term install contracts using percentage-of- completion estimates; management has an aggressive sales-growth bonus; a new ERP went live mid-year and the finance team is stretched. The auditor targets a low audit risk. Focus: the revenue / receivables cycle. 事实。Northwind 是一家快速增长的上市仓储机器人制造商。FY26:收入 $180m,税前利润 $9. 0m,总资产 $240m。它在长期安装合同上按完工百分比估计确认收入;管理层有激进的销售增长奖金;一套新的ERP 在年中上 线,财务团队人手紧张。审计师瞄准低审计风险。重点:收入/应收账款循环。 1 IDENTIFY. This is a detection-risk planning question for the revenue/receivables cycle, with a materiality call. RMM = IR x CR. 识别。这是收入/应收款循环的检查风险计划题,附带一个重要性判断 。。 2 CITE. AR = IR x CR x DR; ASA 315 (assess RMM), ASA 320 (materiality), ASA 330 (responses). 援引 。; ASA 315 (评估 RMM)、 ASA 320 (重要性)、 ASA 330 (应对)。 3 APPLY - materiality. PBT is a sensible benchmark for a profit-focused listed entity. Overall materiality ~ 5% x $9. 0m = $450,000; performance materiality at a 70% haircut ~ $315,000. 应用 -- 重要性。对于以盈利为重的上市实体,税前利润(PBT)是合理基准。整体重要性 ~; 按70% 折减的执行重 要性 ~。 4 APPLY - IR (high). Revenue relies on percentage-of-completion estimates (judgement), there is a growth-bonus incentive to overstate, and the industry is fast-moving - high inherent risk for the occurrence/cut-off and valuation assertions of revenue/receivables. 应用 -- IR(高)。收入依赖完工百分比估计(判断),存在增长奖金的高估动机,且行业变动迅速 -- 收入/应收款的发 生/截止与计价认定具有高固有风险。 5 APPLY - CR (high). A mid-year ERP cutover plus a stretched finance team means controls have not stabilised - control risk is high; the auditor cannot yet rely on controls. 应用 -- CR(高)。年中ERP切换加上吃紧的财务团队,意味着控制尚未稳定 -- 控制风险高;审计师暂时无法依赖控 制。 6 CONCLUDE. IR high x CR high => RMM is high. To hold AR at the acceptable low level, the acceptable DR must be low. 结论。IR 高× CR 高⇒高。要把它压在可接受的低水平,可接受的必须低。 7 RESPOND. Plan more, better, later substantive evidence: positive external confirmations of receivables (existence/accuracy), cut-off testing of contracts straddling year-end, recalculation of percentage-of-completion and the doubtful-debt allowance (valuation), larger samples, year-end (not interim) timing, and experienced staff. Treat uncorrected errors against the $450k / $315k thresholds. 应对。计划更多、更好、更晚的实质性证据:应收款的肯定式外部函证(存在/准确性)、对跨年合同的截止测试、对完 工百分比和坏账准备的重新计算(计价)、更大的样本、年末(而非期中)时点,以及经验丰富的人员。把未更正错误对 照 $450k / $315k 阈值处理。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library ✓ Why the numbers are not the point 为何数字本身不是重点 Notice no precise multiplication was needed - the marks are in the directional reasoning (high IR, high CR - high RMM - low DR - more evidence) and in justifying each assessment with the specific facts. That is the apply-to- facts move markers reward.

• IR 高、CR 高 → RMM 高 → 为了把 AR 压低，需要 DR 低 → 更多/更好/更晚 的实质性证据（性质/时点/范围）。[8]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf注意,并不需要精确的乘法运算 -- 分数在于方向性推理(高 IR、高 CR→高 RMM→低 DR→更多证据),以及用 具体事实论证每项评估。这就是阅卷人奖赏的应用到事实的动作。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library MATERIALITY . RECAP - MATERIALITY IN ACTION - AND THE RECAP The small-dollar-but-material item, then everything on one screen 金额虽小但具实质重要性的项目,然后把全部内容浓缩到一屏 qualitative override worked . link to the opinion . Topic 3 recall 定性凌驾的演算 · 与意见的衔接 · 主题 3回顾 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library EG 3B Northwind - the $40k related-party item qualitative override Facts. At completion the auditor finds a $40,000 sale recorded to a company owned by a Northwind director, not separately disclosed. $40k is only about 0. 44% of the $9. 0m PBT - well below overall materiality. Is it material? 事实。在完成阶段,审计师发现一笔 $40,000 的销售 记入一家由 Northwind 某董事拥有的公司,未单独披 露。$40k 仅约为 $9. 0m 税前利润的 0. 44% -- 远低 于总体重要性。它重大吗? 1 IDENTIFY. Is this misstatement material - quantitatively and/or qualitatively? 识别。这项错报是否重大 -- 定量和/或定性? 2 CITE. ASA 320 (materiality), ASA 450 (evaluating misstatements). 援引。 ASA 320 (重要性) ASA 450 (评价错报)。 APPLY. Quantitatively $40k ~ 0. 44% of PBT - immaterial on size. BUT it is a related-party transaction that is not separately disclosed - a sensitive item users care about regardless of dollar size. 应用。从数量看占 PBT -- 按规模不重大。但它是一 项未单独披露的关联方交易 -- 一个无论金额大小使 用者都关心的敏感项目。 4 CONCLUDE. Material by nature, despite being immaterial by amount - the qualitative override applies. 结论。尽管按金额不重大,却因性质而重大 -- 定性 凌驾适用。 5 RESPOND. Request correction (separate related-party disclosure); if management refuses, this is an uncorrected misstatement - communicate to those charged with governance and carry it into the opinion decision (toward a modification). 应对。要求更正(单独披露关联方);若管理层拒绝, 则这是一项未更正错报→传达给治理层,并带入意见 决策(趋向修改)。 3. 6 Materiality - the opinion 3. 6 重要性→ 意见 Materiality is the hinge into reporting. Aggregate the uncorrected misstatements (factual + judgemental + projected) and test them, individually and together, against overall materiality - quantitatively AND qualitatively ASA 450 重要性是通向报告的枢纽。把未更正错报(事实性+判断 性+推断性)汇总起来,单独地和合计地,针对总体重要 性进行检验 -- 既定量又定性 ASA 450 THE HINGE TO REPORTING uncorrected misstatements immaterial → unmodified opinion material (by $ OR by nature) & uncorrected - modified opinion (Topic 12 grid) ★ Topic 3 recap - say these in any planning answer 主题 3 回顾 -- 任何计划类答题都要说出这些[9]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf● AR=IRx CR x DR ;。 ● 你设定 AR,评估 IR 与 CR,推导并控制 DR。● 反向关系:↑ RMM→ ↓ DR → 更多实质性证据(性质/时点/范围)。● 重要性:计 划>执行;既看基准百分比也看性质;小金额项目可 因性质而重大。● 重要性越低→证据越多;重大未更 正错报→修改意见。 i Answer-shape reminder 答题形状提醒 Every Topic 3 scenario follows IDENTIFY - CITE -> APPLY - CONCLUDE - RESPOND. The APPLY step - tying IR/CR/materiality to the specific facts - is where the marks live. 每个主题 3 的情景都走识别→援引 → 应用→结论 → 应对。应用一步 -- 把 IR/CR/重要性与具体事实 挂钩 -- 才是分数所在。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library ! "Below the % so immaterial" - wrong “低于百分比所以不重大” -- 错误 The percentage said immaterial; the nature said material. Whenever a small item is a related-party, fraud, covenant-breach or just-misses-a-threshold item, conclude material and explain why on nature. 百分比说不重大;性质说重大。每当一个小项目属于 关联方、舞弊、违反契约条款或刚好擦过阈值的项目 时,结论重大,并就性质解释为何。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library INTERNAL CONTROL . COSO INTERNAL CONTROL & COSO TOPICS 4-5 . CH7 . ASA 315 The five components - and the one layer auditors test 五个组成部分 -- 以及审计师测试的那一层 control environment . risk assessment . control activities . info & communication . monitoring 控制环境 · 风险评估 · 控制活动 · 信息与沟通 · 监督 Internal control is the set of processes management uses to give reasonable assurance over reliable financial reporting, effective operations and compliance. The auditor must understand it ASA 315 to assess control risk, and may test it to rely on it. The COSO Integrated Framework names its five components - strong components mean lower control risk and more reliance possible. 内部控制是管理层用以对可靠的财务报告、有效的经营和合规提供合理保证的一整套流程。审计师必须了解它 ASA 315 以评 估控制风险,并可测试它以加以依赖。COSO 整合框架列出其五个组成部分 -- 组成部分越强,控制风险越低,可依赖的程 度越高。 MONITORS the whole stack Monitoring ongoing + separate evaluations Information & Communication capture & share relevant info Control Activities authorisation, SoD, physical (testable) Risk Assessment identify & analyse risks Control Environment tone at the top; integrity & governance FOUNDATION[14]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdfWORKED SCENARIO - RISK & MATERIALITY TOGETHER CENTREPIECE Northwind Robotics Ltd - set materiality, assess IR/CR, derive DR Northwind Robotics Ltd -- 设定重要性、评估 IR/CR、推导 DR our own fictional client . the answer shape: IDENTIFY-> CITE-> APPLY- CONCLUDE- RESPOND 我们自创的虚构客户 · 答题形状:识别→援引→ 应用→结论→ 应对 A planning vignette is the staple Topic 3 exam question. Below is the full move on an entirely fictional client - pick a benchmark, set materiality, assess IR and CR with reasons, then derive the required detection risk and the evidence consequence. Every step is paraphrased standard reasoning; the numbers and facts are our own. 计划类小情景是主题3的常考题。下面是在一个完全虚构的客户上完整走一遍 -- 选择基准、设定重要性、带理由评估 IR 和 CR,然后推导出所需的检查风险及证据后果。每一步都是对准则推理的意译;数字和事实是我们自创的。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library A + B combined EG 3A Northwind Robotics Ltd - revenue & receivables Facts. Northwind is a fast-growing listed maker of warehouse robots. FY26: revenue $180m, profit before tax $9. 0m, total assets $240m. It books revenue on long-term install contracts using percentage-of- completion estimates; management has an aggressive sales-growth bonus; a new ERP went live mid-year and the finance team is stretched. The auditor targets a low audit risk. Focus: the revenue / receivables cycle. 事实。Northwind 是一家快速增长的上市仓储机器人制造商。FY26:收入 $180m,税前利润 $9. 0m,总资产 $240m。它在长期安装合同上按完工百分比估计确认收入;管理层有激进的销售增长奖金;一套新的ERP 在年中上 线,财务团队人手紧张。审计师瞄准低审计风险。重点:收入/应收账款循环。 1 IDENTIFY. This is a detection-risk planning question for the revenue/receivables cycle, with a materiality call. RMM = IR x CR. 识别。这是收入/应收款循环的检查风险计划题,附带一个重要性判断 。。 2 CITE. AR = IR x CR x DR; ASA 315 (assess RMM), ASA 320 (materiality), ASA 330 (responses). 援引 。; ASA 315 (评估 RMM)、 ASA 320 (重要性)、 ASA 330 (应对)。 3 APPLY - materiality. PBT is a sensible benchmark for a profit-focused listed entity. Overall materiality ~ 5% x $9. 0m = $450,000; performance materiality at a 70% haircut ~ $315,000. 应用 -- 重要性。对于以盈利为重的上市实体,税前利润(PBT)是合理基准。整体重要性 ~; 按70% 折减的执行重 要性 ~。 4 APPLY - IR (high). Revenue relies on percentage-of-completion estimates (judgement), there is a growth-bonus incentive to overstate, and the industry is fast-moving - high inherent risk for the occurrence/cut-off and valuation assertions of revenue/receivables. 应用 -- IR(高)。收入依赖完工百分比估计(判断),存在增长奖金的高估动机,且行业变动迅速 -- 收入/应收款的发 生/截止与计价认定具有高固有风险。 5 APPLY - CR (high). A mid-year ERP cutover plus a stretched finance team means controls have not stabilised - control risk is high; the auditor cannot yet rely on controls. 应用 -- CR(高)。年中ERP切换加上吃紧的财务团队,意味着控制尚未稳定 -- 控制风险高;审计师暂时无法依赖控 制。 6 CONCLUDE. IR high x CR high => RMM is high. To hold AR at the acceptable low level, the acceptable DR must be low. 结论。IR 高× CR 高⇒高。要把它压在可接受的低水平,可接受的必须低。 7 RESPOND. Plan more, better, later substantive evidence: positive external confirmations of receivables (existence/accuracy), cut-off testing of contracts straddling year-end, recalculation of percentage-of-completion and the doubtful-debt allowance (valuation), larger samples, year-end (not interim) timing, and experienced staff. Treat uncorrected errors against the $450k / $315k thresholds. 应对。计划更多、更好、更晚的实质性证据:应收款的肯定式外部函证(存在/准确性)、对跨年合同的截止测试、对完 工百分比和坏账准备的重新计算(计价)、更大的样本、年末(而非期中)时点,以及经验丰富的人员。把未更正错误对 照 $450k / $315k 阈值处理。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library ✓ Why the numbers are not the point 为何数字本身不是重点 Notice no precise multiplication was needed - the marks are in the directional reasoning (high IR, high CR - high RMM - low DR - more evidence) and in justifying each assessment with the specific facts. That is the apply-to- facts move markers reward.

• “低于百分比所以不重大”是错的：有些事项金额小但性质重大（例如关联方、舞弊、契约条款、擦边阈值）。[8]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf注意,并不需要精确的乘法运算 -- 分数在于方向性推理(高 IR、高 CR→高 RMM→低 DR→更多证据),以及用 具体事实论证每项评估。这就是阅卷人奖赏的应用到事实的动作。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library MATERIALITY . RECAP - MATERIALITY IN ACTION - AND THE RECAP The small-dollar-but-material item, then everything on one screen 金额虽小但具实质重要性的项目,然后把全部内容浓缩到一屏 qualitative override worked . link to the opinion . Topic 3 recall 定性凌驾的演算 · 与意见的衔接 · 主题 3回顾 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library EG 3B Northwind - the $40k related-party item qualitative override Facts. At completion the auditor finds a $40,000 sale recorded to a company owned by a Northwind director, not separately disclosed. $40k is only about 0. 44% of the $9. 0m PBT - well below overall materiality. Is it material? 事实。在完成阶段,审计师发现一笔 $40,000 的销售 记入一家由 Northwind 某董事拥有的公司,未单独披 露。$40k 仅约为 $9. 0m 税前利润的 0. 44% -- 远低 于总体重要性。它重大吗? 1 IDENTIFY. Is this misstatement material - quantitatively and/or qualitatively? 识别。这项错报是否重大 -- 定量和/或定性? 2 CITE. ASA 320 (materiality), ASA 450 (evaluating misstatements). 援引。 ASA 320 (重要性) ASA 450 (评价错报)。 APPLY. Quantitatively $40k ~ 0. 44% of PBT - immaterial on size. BUT it is a related-party transaction that is not separately disclosed - a sensitive item users care about regardless of dollar size. 应用。从数量看占 PBT -- 按规模不重大。但它是一 项未单独披露的关联方交易 -- 一个无论金额大小使 用者都关心的敏感项目。 4 CONCLUDE. Material by nature, despite being immaterial by amount - the qualitative override applies. 结论。尽管按金额不重大,却因性质而重大 -- 定性 凌驾适用。 5 RESPOND. Request correction (separate related-party disclosure); if management refuses, this is an uncorrected misstatement - communicate to those charged with governance and carry it into the opinion decision (toward a modification). 应对。要求更正(单独披露关联方);若管理层拒绝, 则这是一项未更正错报→传达给治理层,并带入意见 决策(趋向修改)。 3. 6 Materiality - the opinion 3. 6 重要性→ 意见 Materiality is the hinge into reporting. Aggregate the uncorrected misstatements (factual + judgemental + projected) and test them, individually and together, against overall materiality - quantitatively AND qualitatively ASA 450 重要性是通向报告的枢纽。把未更正错报(事实性+判断 性+推断性)汇总起来,单独地和合计地,针对总体重要 性进行检验 -- 既定量又定性 ASA 450 THE HINGE TO REPORTING uncorrected misstatements immaterial → unmodified opinion material (by $ OR by nature) & uncorrected - modified opinion (Topic 12 grid) ★ Topic 3 recap - say these in any planning answer 主题 3 回顾 -- 任何计划类答题都要说出这些[9]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf● AR=IRx CR x DR ;。 ● 你设定 AR,评估 IR 与 CR,推导并控制 DR。● 反向关系:↑ RMM→ ↓ DR → 更多实质性证据(性质/时点/范围)。● 重要性:计 划>执行;既看基准百分比也看性质;小金额项目可 因性质而重大。● 重要性越低→证据越多;重大未更 正错报→修改意见。 i Answer-shape reminder 答题形状提醒 Every Topic 3 scenario follows IDENTIFY - CITE -> APPLY - CONCLUDE - RESPOND. The APPLY step - tying IR/CR/materiality to the specific facts - is where the marks live. 每个主题 3 的情景都走识别→援引 → 应用→结论 → 应对。应用一步 -- 把 IR/CR/重要性与具体事实 挂钩 -- 才是分数所在。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library ! "Below the % so immaterial" - wrong “低于百分比所以不重大” -- 错误 The percentage said immaterial; the nature said material. Whenever a small item is a related-party, fraud, covenant-breach or just-misses-a-threshold item, conclude material and explain why on nature. 百分比说不重大;性质说重大。每当一个小项目属于 关联方、舞弊、违反契约条款或刚好擦过阈值的项目 时,结论重大,并就性质解释为何。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library INTERNAL CONTROL . COSO INTERNAL CONTROL & COSO TOPICS 4-5 . CH7 . ASA 315 The five components - and the one layer auditors test 五个组成部分 -- 以及审计师测试的那一层 control environment . risk assessment . control activities . info & communication . monitoring 控制环境 · 风险评估 · 控制活动 · 信息与沟通 · 监督 Internal control is the set of processes management uses to give reasonable assurance over reliable financial reporting, effective operations and compliance. The auditor must understand it ASA 315 to assess control risk, and may test it to rely on it. The COSO Integrated Framework names its five components - strong components mean lower control risk and more reliance possible. 内部控制是管理层用以对可靠的财务报告、有效的经营和合规提供合理保证的一整套流程。审计师必须了解它 ASA 315 以评 估控制风险,并可测试它以加以依赖。COSO 整合框架列出其五个组成部分 -- 组成部分越强,控制风险越低,可依赖的程 度越高。 MONITORS the whole stack Monitoring ongoing + separate evaluations Information & Communication capture & share relevant info Control Activities authorisation, SoD, physical (testable) Risk Assessment identify & analyse risks Control Environment tone at the top; integrity & governance FOUNDATION

• 汇总未更正错报（事实性+判断性+推断性），分别与合计都要对照总体重要性，既看定量也看定性；重大未更正错报会把你推向修改意见。[8]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf注意,并不需要精确的乘法运算 -- 分数在于方向性推理(高 IR、高 CR→高 RMM→低 DR→更多证据),以及用 具体事实论证每项评估。这就是阅卷人奖赏的应用到事实的动作。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library MATERIALITY . RECAP - MATERIALITY IN ACTION - AND THE RECAP The small-dollar-but-material item, then everything on one screen 金额虽小但具实质重要性的项目,然后把全部内容浓缩到一屏 qualitative override worked . link to the opinion . Topic 3 recall 定性凌驾的演算 · 与意见的衔接 · 主题 3回顾 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library EG 3B Northwind - the $40k related-party item qualitative override Facts. At completion the auditor finds a $40,000 sale recorded to a company owned by a Northwind director, not separately disclosed. $40k is only about 0. 44% of the $9. 0m PBT - well below overall materiality. Is it material? 事实。在完成阶段,审计师发现一笔 $40,000 的销售 记入一家由 Northwind 某董事拥有的公司,未单独披 露。$40k 仅约为 $9. 0m 税前利润的 0. 44% -- 远低 于总体重要性。它重大吗? 1 IDENTIFY. Is this misstatement material - quantitatively and/or qualitatively? 识别。这项错报是否重大 -- 定量和/或定性? 2 CITE. ASA 320 (materiality), ASA 450 (evaluating misstatements). 援引。 ASA 320 (重要性) ASA 450 (评价错报)。 APPLY. Quantitatively $40k ~ 0. 44% of PBT - immaterial on size. BUT it is a related-party transaction that is not separately disclosed - a sensitive item users care about regardless of dollar size. 应用。从数量看占 PBT -- 按规模不重大。但它是一 项未单独披露的关联方交易 -- 一个无论金额大小使 用者都关心的敏感项目。 4 CONCLUDE. Material by nature, despite being immaterial by amount - the qualitative override applies. 结论。尽管按金额不重大,却因性质而重大 -- 定性 凌驾适用。 5 RESPOND. Request correction (separate related-party disclosure); if management refuses, this is an uncorrected misstatement - communicate to those charged with governance and carry it into the opinion decision (toward a modification). 应对。要求更正(单独披露关联方);若管理层拒绝, 则这是一项未更正错报→传达给治理层,并带入意见 决策(趋向修改)。 3. 6 Materiality - the opinion 3. 6 重要性→ 意见 Materiality is the hinge into reporting. Aggregate the uncorrected misstatements (factual + judgemental + projected) and test them, individually and together, against overall materiality - quantitatively AND qualitatively ASA 450 重要性是通向报告的枢纽。把未更正错报(事实性+判断 性+推断性)汇总起来,单独地和合计地,针对总体重要 性进行检验 -- 既定量又定性 ASA 450 THE HINGE TO REPORTING uncorrected misstatements immaterial → unmodified opinion material (by $ OR by nature) & uncorrected - modified opinion (Topic 12 grid) ★ Topic 3 recap - say these in any planning answer 主题 3 回顾 -- 任何计划类答题都要说出这些

3.2 计划题“标准作答模板”（你按这个背一题就能套所有题）

• IDENTIFY：这是某循环的 RMM/DR 计划题 + 重要性判断。[14]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdfWORKED SCENARIO - RISK & MATERIALITY TOGETHER CENTREPIECE Northwind Robotics Ltd - set materiality, assess IR/CR, derive DR Northwind Robotics Ltd -- 设定重要性、评估 IR/CR、推导 DR our own fictional client . the answer shape: IDENTIFY-> CITE-> APPLY- CONCLUDE- RESPOND 我们自创的虚构客户 · 答题形状:识别→援引→ 应用→结论→ 应对 A planning vignette is the staple Topic 3 exam question. Below is the full move on an entirely fictional client - pick a benchmark, set materiality, assess IR and CR with reasons, then derive the required detection risk and the evidence consequence. Every step is paraphrased standard reasoning; the numbers and facts are our own. 计划类小情景是主题3的常考题。下面是在一个完全虚构的客户上完整走一遍 -- 选择基准、设定重要性、带理由评估 IR 和 CR,然后推导出所需的检查风险及证据后果。每一步都是对准则推理的意译;数字和事实是我们自创的。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library A + B combined EG 3A Northwind Robotics Ltd - revenue & receivables Facts. Northwind is a fast-growing listed maker of warehouse robots. FY26: revenue $180m, profit before tax $9. 0m, total assets $240m. It books revenue on long-term install contracts using percentage-of- completion estimates; management has an aggressive sales-growth bonus; a new ERP went live mid-year and the finance team is stretched. The auditor targets a low audit risk. Focus: the revenue / receivables cycle. 事实。Northwind 是一家快速增长的上市仓储机器人制造商。FY26:收入 $180m,税前利润 $9. 0m,总资产 $240m。它在长期安装合同上按完工百分比估计确认收入;管理层有激进的销售增长奖金;一套新的ERP 在年中上 线,财务团队人手紧张。审计师瞄准低审计风险。重点:收入/应收账款循环。 1 IDENTIFY. This is a detection-risk planning question for the revenue/receivables cycle, with a materiality call. RMM = IR x CR. 识别。这是收入/应收款循环的检查风险计划题,附带一个重要性判断 。。 2 CITE. AR = IR x CR x DR; ASA 315 (assess RMM), ASA 320 (materiality), ASA 330 (responses). 援引 。; ASA 315 (评估 RMM)、 ASA 320 (重要性)、 ASA 330 (应对)。 3 APPLY - materiality. PBT is a sensible benchmark for a profit-focused listed entity. Overall materiality ~ 5% x $9. 0m = $450,000; performance materiality at a 70% haircut ~ $315,000. 应用 -- 重要性。对于以盈利为重的上市实体,税前利润(PBT)是合理基准。整体重要性 ~; 按70% 折减的执行重 要性 ~。 4 APPLY - IR (high). Revenue relies on percentage-of-completion estimates (judgement), there is a growth-bonus incentive to overstate, and the industry is fast-moving - high inherent risk for the occurrence/cut-off and valuation assertions of revenue/receivables. 应用 -- IR(高)。收入依赖完工百分比估计(判断),存在增长奖金的高估动机,且行业变动迅速 -- 收入/应收款的发 生/截止与计价认定具有高固有风险。 5 APPLY - CR (high). A mid-year ERP cutover plus a stretched finance team means controls have not stabilised - control risk is high; the auditor cannot yet rely on controls. 应用 -- CR(高)。年中ERP切换加上吃紧的财务团队,意味着控制尚未稳定 -- 控制风险高;审计师暂时无法依赖控 制。 6 CONCLUDE. IR high x CR high => RMM is high. To hold AR at the acceptable low level, the acceptable DR must be low. 结论。IR 高× CR 高⇒高。要把它压在可接受的低水平,可接受的必须低。 7 RESPOND. Plan more, better, later substantive evidence: positive external confirmations of receivables (existence/accuracy), cut-off testing of contracts straddling year-end, recalculation of percentage-of-completion and the doubtful-debt allowance (valuation), larger samples, year-end (not interim) timing, and experienced staff. Treat uncorrected errors against the $450k / $315k thresholds. 应对。计划更多、更好、更晚的实质性证据:应收款的肯定式外部函证(存在/准确性)、对跨年合同的截止测试、对完 工百分比和坏账准备的重新计算(计价)、更大的样本、年末(而非期中)时点,以及经验丰富的人员。把未更正错误对 照 $450k / $315k 阈值处理。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library ✓ Why the numbers are not the point 为何数字本身不是重点 Notice no precise multiplication was needed - the marks are in the directional reasoning (high IR, high CR - high RMM - low DR - more evidence) and in justifying each assessment with the specific facts. That is the apply-to- facts move markers reward.
• CITE：$AR = IR \times CR \times DR$；ASA 315（评估 RMM/认定）；ASA 320（重要性）；ASA 330（应对）。[14]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdfWORKED SCENARIO - RISK & MATERIALITY TOGETHER CENTREPIECE Northwind Robotics Ltd - set materiality, assess IR/CR, derive DR Northwind Robotics Ltd -- 设定重要性、评估 IR/CR、推导 DR our own fictional client . the answer shape: IDENTIFY-> CITE-> APPLY- CONCLUDE- RESPOND 我们自创的虚构客户 · 答题形状:识别→援引→ 应用→结论→ 应对 A planning vignette is the staple Topic 3 exam question. Below is the full move on an entirely fictional client - pick a benchmark, set materiality, assess IR and CR with reasons, then derive the required detection risk and the evidence consequence. Every step is paraphrased standard reasoning; the numbers and facts are our own. 计划类小情景是主题3的常考题。下面是在一个完全虚构的客户上完整走一遍 -- 选择基准、设定重要性、带理由评估 IR 和 CR,然后推导出所需的检查风险及证据后果。每一步都是对准则推理的意译;数字和事实是我们自创的。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library A + B combined EG 3A Northwind Robotics Ltd - revenue & receivables Facts. Northwind is a fast-growing listed maker of warehouse robots. FY26: revenue $180m, profit before tax $9. 0m, total assets $240m. It books revenue on long-term install contracts using percentage-of- completion estimates; management has an aggressive sales-growth bonus; a new ERP went live mid-year and the finance team is stretched. The auditor targets a low audit risk. Focus: the revenue / receivables cycle. 事实。Northwind 是一家快速增长的上市仓储机器人制造商。FY26:收入 $180m,税前利润 $9. 0m,总资产 $240m。它在长期安装合同上按完工百分比估计确认收入;管理层有激进的销售增长奖金;一套新的ERP 在年中上 线,财务团队人手紧张。审计师瞄准低审计风险。重点:收入/应收账款循环。 1 IDENTIFY. This is a detection-risk planning question for the revenue/receivables cycle, with a materiality call. RMM = IR x CR. 识别。这是收入/应收款循环的检查风险计划题,附带一个重要性判断 。。 2 CITE. AR = IR x CR x DR; ASA 315 (assess RMM), ASA 320 (materiality), ASA 330 (responses). 援引 。; ASA 315 (评估 RMM)、 ASA 320 (重要性)、 ASA 330 (应对)。 3 APPLY - materiality. PBT is a sensible benchmark for a profit-focused listed entity. Overall materiality ~ 5% x $9. 0m = $450,000; performance materiality at a 70% haircut ~ $315,000. 应用 -- 重要性。对于以盈利为重的上市实体,税前利润(PBT)是合理基准。整体重要性 ~; 按70% 折减的执行重 要性 ~。 4 APPLY - IR (high). Revenue relies on percentage-of-completion estimates (judgement), there is a growth-bonus incentive to overstate, and the industry is fast-moving - high inherent risk for the occurrence/cut-off and valuation assertions of revenue/receivables. 应用 -- IR(高)。收入依赖完工百分比估计(判断),存在增长奖金的高估动机,且行业变动迅速 -- 收入/应收款的发 生/截止与计价认定具有高固有风险。 5 APPLY - CR (high). A mid-year ERP cutover plus a stretched finance team means controls have not stabilised - control risk is high; the auditor cannot yet rely on controls. 应用 -- CR(高)。年中ERP切换加上吃紧的财务团队,意味着控制尚未稳定 -- 控制风险高;审计师暂时无法依赖控 制。 6 CONCLUDE. IR high x CR high => RMM is high. To hold AR at the acceptable low level, the acceptable DR must be low. 结论。IR 高× CR 高⇒高。要把它压在可接受的低水平,可接受的必须低。 7 RESPOND. Plan more, better, later substantive evidence: positive external confirmations of receivables (existence/accuracy), cut-off testing of contracts straddling year-end, recalculation of percentage-of-completion and the doubtful-debt allowance (valuation), larger samples, year-end (not interim) timing, and experienced staff. Treat uncorrected errors against the $450k / $315k thresholds. 应对。计划更多、更好、更晚的实质性证据:应收款的肯定式外部函证(存在/准确性)、对跨年合同的截止测试、对完 工百分比和坏账准备的重新计算(计价)、更大的样本、年末(而非期中)时点,以及经验丰富的人员。把未更正错误对 照 $450k / $315k 阈值处理。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library ✓ Why the numbers are not the point 为何数字本身不是重点 Notice no precise multiplication was needed - the marks are in the directional reasoning (high IR, high CR - high RMM - low DR - more evidence) and in justifying each assessment with the specific facts. That is the apply-to- facts move markers reward.
• APPLY：
  • 选基准（如 PBT）→给总体重要性、执行重要性；
  • 给 IR 理由（例如估计多、激励强、行业快）
  • 给 CR 理由（例如 ERP 切换、团队吃紧、控制不稳）
  • 推出 DR 必须低。[14]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdfWORKED SCENARIO - RISK & MATERIALITY TOGETHER CENTREPIECE Northwind Robotics Ltd - set materiality, assess IR/CR, derive DR Northwind Robotics Ltd -- 设定重要性、评估 IR/CR、推导 DR our own fictional client . the answer shape: IDENTIFY-> CITE-> APPLY- CONCLUDE- RESPOND 我们自创的虚构客户 · 答题形状:识别→援引→ 应用→结论→ 应对 A planning vignette is the staple Topic 3 exam question. Below is the full move on an entirely fictional client - pick a benchmark, set materiality, assess IR and CR with reasons, then derive the required detection risk and the evidence consequence. Every step is paraphrased standard reasoning; the numbers and facts are our own. 计划类小情景是主题3的常考题。下面是在一个完全虚构的客户上完整走一遍 -- 选择基准、设定重要性、带理由评估 IR 和 CR,然后推导出所需的检查风险及证据后果。每一步都是对准则推理的意译;数字和事实是我们自创的。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library A + B combined EG 3A Northwind Robotics Ltd - revenue & receivables Facts. Northwind is a fast-growing listed maker of warehouse robots. FY26: revenue $180m, profit before tax $9. 0m, total assets $240m. It books revenue on long-term install contracts using percentage-of- completion estimates; management has an aggressive sales-growth bonus; a new ERP went live mid-year and the finance team is stretched. The auditor targets a low audit risk. Focus: the revenue / receivables cycle. 事实。Northwind 是一家快速增长的上市仓储机器人制造商。FY26:收入 $180m,税前利润 $9. 0m,总资产 $240m。它在长期安装合同上按完工百分比估计确认收入;管理层有激进的销售增长奖金;一套新的ERP 在年中上 线,财务团队人手紧张。审计师瞄准低审计风险。重点:收入/应收账款循环。 1 IDENTIFY. This is a detection-risk planning question for the revenue/receivables cycle, with a materiality call. RMM = IR x CR. 识别。这是收入/应收款循环的检查风险计划题,附带一个重要性判断 。。 2 CITE. AR = IR x CR x DR; ASA 315 (assess RMM), ASA 320 (materiality), ASA 330 (responses). 援引 。; ASA 315 (评估 RMM)、 ASA 320 (重要性)、 ASA 330 (应对)。 3 APPLY - materiality. PBT is a sensible benchmark for a profit-focused listed entity. Overall materiality ~ 5% x $9. 0m = $450,000; performance materiality at a 70% haircut ~ $315,000. 应用 -- 重要性。对于以盈利为重的上市实体,税前利润(PBT)是合理基准。整体重要性 ~; 按70% 折减的执行重 要性 ~。 4 APPLY - IR (high). Revenue relies on percentage-of-completion estimates (judgement), there is a growth-bonus incentive to overstate, and the industry is fast-moving - high inherent risk for the occurrence/cut-off and valuation assertions of revenue/receivables. 应用 -- IR(高)。收入依赖完工百分比估计(判断),存在增长奖金的高估动机,且行业变动迅速 -- 收入/应收款的发 生/截止与计价认定具有高固有风险。 5 APPLY - CR (high). A mid-year ERP cutover plus a stretched finance team means controls have not stabilised - control risk is high; the auditor cannot yet rely on controls. 应用 -- CR(高)。年中ERP切换加上吃紧的财务团队,意味着控制尚未稳定 -- 控制风险高;审计师暂时无法依赖控 制。 6 CONCLUDE. IR high x CR high => RMM is high. To hold AR at the acceptable low level, the acceptable DR must be low. 结论。IR 高× CR 高⇒高。要把它压在可接受的低水平,可接受的必须低。 7 RESPOND. Plan more, better, later substantive evidence: positive external confirmations of receivables (existence/accuracy), cut-off testing of contracts straddling year-end, recalculation of percentage-of-completion and the doubtful-debt allowance (valuation), larger samples, year-end (not interim) timing, and experienced staff. Treat uncorrected errors against the $450k / $315k thresholds. 应对。计划更多、更好、更晚的实质性证据:应收款的肯定式外部函证(存在/准确性)、对跨年合同的截止测试、对完 工百分比和坏账准备的重新计算(计价)、更大的样本、年末(而非期中)时点,以及经验丰富的人员。把未更正错误对 照 $450k / $315k 阈值处理。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library ✓ Why the numbers are not the point 为何数字本身不是重点 Notice no precise multiplication was needed - the marks are in the directional reasoning (high IR, high CR - high RMM - low DR - more evidence) and in justifying each assessment with the specific facts. That is the apply-to- facts move markers reward.
• RESPOND：写“更多/更好/更晚”的证据计划（例如肯定式函证、截止测试、重算估计、更大样本、年末时点、经验员工）。[14]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdfWORKED SCENARIO - RISK & MATERIALITY TOGETHER CENTREPIECE Northwind Robotics Ltd - set materiality, assess IR/CR, derive DR Northwind Robotics Ltd -- 设定重要性、评估 IR/CR、推导 DR our own fictional client . the answer shape: IDENTIFY-> CITE-> APPLY- CONCLUDE- RESPOND 我们自创的虚构客户 · 答题形状:识别→援引→ 应用→结论→ 应对 A planning vignette is the staple Topic 3 exam question. Below is the full move on an entirely fictional client - pick a benchmark, set materiality, assess IR and CR with reasons, then derive the required detection risk and the evidence consequence. Every step is paraphrased standard reasoning; the numbers and facts are our own. 计划类小情景是主题3的常考题。下面是在一个完全虚构的客户上完整走一遍 -- 选择基准、设定重要性、带理由评估 IR 和 CR,然后推导出所需的检查风险及证据后果。每一步都是对准则推理的意译;数字和事实是我们自创的。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library A + B combined EG 3A Northwind Robotics Ltd - revenue & receivables Facts. Northwind is a fast-growing listed maker of warehouse robots. FY26: revenue $180m, profit before tax $9. 0m, total assets $240m. It books revenue on long-term install contracts using percentage-of- completion estimates; management has an aggressive sales-growth bonus; a new ERP went live mid-year and the finance team is stretched. The auditor targets a low audit risk. Focus: the revenue / receivables cycle. 事实。Northwind 是一家快速增长的上市仓储机器人制造商。FY26:收入 $180m,税前利润 $9. 0m,总资产 $240m。它在长期安装合同上按完工百分比估计确认收入;管理层有激进的销售增长奖金;一套新的ERP 在年中上 线,财务团队人手紧张。审计师瞄准低审计风险。重点:收入/应收账款循环。 1 IDENTIFY. This is a detection-risk planning question for the revenue/receivables cycle, with a materiality call. RMM = IR x CR. 识别。这是收入/应收款循环的检查风险计划题,附带一个重要性判断 。。 2 CITE. AR = IR x CR x DR; ASA 315 (assess RMM), ASA 320 (materiality), ASA 330 (responses). 援引 。; ASA 315 (评估 RMM)、 ASA 320 (重要性)、 ASA 330 (应对)。 3 APPLY - materiality. PBT is a sensible benchmark for a profit-focused listed entity. Overall materiality ~ 5% x $9. 0m = $450,000; performance materiality at a 70% haircut ~ $315,000. 应用 -- 重要性。对于以盈利为重的上市实体,税前利润(PBT)是合理基准。整体重要性 ~; 按70% 折减的执行重 要性 ~。 4 APPLY - IR (high). Revenue relies on percentage-of-completion estimates (judgement), there is a growth-bonus incentive to overstate, and the industry is fast-moving - high inherent risk for the occurrence/cut-off and valuation assertions of revenue/receivables. 应用 -- IR(高)。收入依赖完工百分比估计(判断),存在增长奖金的高估动机,且行业变动迅速 -- 收入/应收款的发 生/截止与计价认定具有高固有风险。 5 APPLY - CR (high). A mid-year ERP cutover plus a stretched finance team means controls have not stabilised - control risk is high; the auditor cannot yet rely on controls. 应用 -- CR(高)。年中ERP切换加上吃紧的财务团队,意味着控制尚未稳定 -- 控制风险高;审计师暂时无法依赖控 制。 6 CONCLUDE. IR high x CR high => RMM is high. To hold AR at the acceptable low level, the acceptable DR must be low. 结论。IR 高× CR 高⇒高。要把它压在可接受的低水平,可接受的必须低。 7 RESPOND. Plan more, better, later substantive evidence: positive external confirmations of receivables (existence/accuracy), cut-off testing of contracts straddling year-end, recalculation of percentage-of-completion and the doubtful-debt allowance (valuation), larger samples, year-end (not interim) timing, and experienced staff. Treat uncorrected errors against the $450k / $315k thresholds. 应对。计划更多、更好、更晚的实质性证据:应收款的肯定式外部函证(存在/准确性)、对跨年合同的截止测试、对完 工百分比和坏账准备的重新计算(计价)、更大的样本、年末(而非期中)时点,以及经验丰富的人员。把未更正错误对 照 $450k / $315k 阈值处理。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library ✓ Why the numbers are not the point 为何数字本身不是重点 Notice no precise multiplication was needed - the marks are in the directional reasoning (high IR, high CR - high RMM - low DR - more evidence) and in justifying each assessment with the specific facts. That is the apply-to- facts move markers reward.

4）证据（ASA 500）——“充分 & 适当”怎么写才得分

• Sufficient = 数量（quantity）
• Appropriate = 相关性 + 可靠性（relevance + reliability）[12]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf4 marks . ASA 500 For receivables, the auditor has only (i) a verbal assurance from the CFO that debtors are collectible and (ii) a client-prepared aged-debtors schedule. Is this sufficient appropriate evidence for existence and valuation? What more is needed? Q8-Q11 Worked solutions - assertions, direction & evidence 1 Q8. APPLY: for maturing cheese stock the at-risk assertions are existence (does the recorded stock physically exist / overstatement?) and valuation (NRV / spoilage / obsolescence). Procedures: existence - attend the stocktake, select recorded lines and count to the floor (vouch); valuation - recalculate cost vs NRV and inspect post-year-end selling prices and any spoilage write-offs. Q8. 应用:对成熟中的奶酪存货,处于风险中的认定是存在(已入账存货是否实物存在/是否高估?)和计价(可变现净 值/腐坏/陈旧化)。程序:存在→监盘,选取已入账的行项目并盘点至实物(顺查);计价→重算成本 vs 可变现净值 并检查年后售价和任何腐坏冲销。 2 Q9. (a) Vouch recorded sales back to dispatch docs/invoices - tests Occurrence (is it real? - catches overstatement, the year-end-spike risk). (b) Trace dispatch records forward to recorded sales - tests Completeness (is anything missing?). - Q9. (a)把已入账销售顺查回发货单/发票 →测发生(它真实吗 ?-- 查高估,即年末骤增风险)。(b)把发货记录逆查 至已入账销售→ 测完整性(是否有遗漏?)。 - 3 Q10. The stock exists - existence is satisfied. The problem is Rights & Obligations: consignment stock is not owned by Meadow Dairy and should not sit in its inventory. "Just because it's there doesn't mean it's yours. " Q10. 该存货存在 -- 存在得到满足。问题在于权利和义务:寄售存货不属于 Meadow Dairy 所有,不应列入其存货。 “东西在那儿,不代表它就是你的。” 4 Q11. CITE ASA 500 (sufficient = quantity; appropriate = relevance + reliability; hierarchy). APPLY: a CFO's verbal assurance is internal + oral (lowest reliability) and the schedule is client-generated; neither is sufficient or relevant for existence. CONCLUDE: insufficient/inappropriate. RESPOND: positive external confirmation of debtors (existence/accuracy) + review post-year-end receipts and recompute the doubtful-debt allowance (valuation). If confirmations cannot be obtained & no alternative - a scope limitation feeding the opinion. Q11. 援引 ASA 500 (充分=数量;适当=相关性+可靠性;层级)。应用:CFO 的口头保证是内部+口头(可靠性最 低),明细表是客户生成;二者对存在既不充分也不相关。结论:不充分/不适当。应对:对债务人作肯定式外部函证 (存在/准确性)+复核年后收款并重算坏账准备(计价)。若无法取得函证且无替代程序→一项范围受限,影响意见。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library PRACTICE Q12-013 - PRACTICE BANK (CONT. ) TOPICS 5-7 Final - internal control & tests of controls 期末 -- 内部控制与控制测试 Q12-Q13: evaluate a purchases-cycle control set and design tests of controls (the lecturer's 3-column table) Q12-Q13:评估一组采购循环控制并设计控制测试(讲师的三栏表) Q12 CONTROL EVALUATION + TOC DESIGN 6 marks . COSO / ASA 330 Northwind Manufacturing Ltd operates this purchases cycle: (a) purchase orders are pre-numbered and require a department head's authorisation; (b) goods received are matched to a signed receiving report; (c) before payment, a clerk performs a 3-way match (PO <> receiving report >> supplier invoice) and a senior accountant signs off; (d) the person who authorises payments does not record them. For three controls, name the assertion each protects and design a test of control. 013 DEFICIENCY & CONSEQUENCE 3 marks . ASA 265/330 On testing, Northwind's 3-way-match sign-off was missing on 40% of the sample. State the consequence for control risk, the substantive plan, and the auditor's communication duty. ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library Worked solution - control evaluation & ToC table 6 marks . COSO / ASA 330 1 IDENTIFY & CITE. These are control activities (COSO); tests of controls assess operating effectiveness (ASA 330) using Observe / Inspect / Enquire / Reperform. Each control protects a specific assertion. APPLY (table form - the marks live in matching the verb to the action and naming the assertion + reason): 识别与援引。这些是控制活动(COSO);控制测试评估运行有效性(ASA 330),采用观察/检查/询问/重新执行。每项 控制保护一个具体认定。应用(表格形式 -- 分数在于把动词配到动作并命名认定+理由): - 2 Control (a) pre-numbered, authorised PO - ToC: inspect a sample of POs for sequence completeness and an authorising signature; enquire on remediation of sequence gaps - Completeness (all orders captured) + Occurrence (purchases authorised). 控制(a)预先编号、经授权的采购订单→控制测试:检查一个采购订单样本的序号完整性和授权签名;就序号缺口的整 改作询问→完整性(所有订单都被捕获)+发生(采购经授权)。[22]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-acct90014.pdfRelevant assertions differ by account: receivables -> existence & valuation; payables -> completeness; inventory -> existence, valuation & R&O; cash -> existence & R&O; revenue -> occurrence & cut-off; payroll > occurrence (ghost employees) & accuracy. Exam staple: "which assertion is at risk?" for a described misstatement, then "map a procedure to it. " Each procedure tests a specific assertion - confirmation = existence, search-for-unrecorded = completeness, recalculation = valuation, attend-stocktake = existence + completeness. open-book final . 80% exams . check your current Subject Guide . @ 2026 flip - for side 2 . evidence, sampling, completion & opinions asksia. ai/cheatsheet/ unimelb-acct90014 . side 1/2 AskSia CHEAT SHEET SERIES · 60% Compiled by AskSia . mapped to the ACCT90014 syllabus . asksia. ai/cheatsheet/unimelb-acct90014 · · ACCT90014 Auditing & Assurance Services UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE . POSTGRADUATE EXAM CHEAT SHEET Sem 1 2026 . SIDE 2 OF 2 evidence . cycles . opinions SIDE 2/2 exam answer shape . traps 7 . Audit Evidence ASA 500 * Audit evidence . info used to test assertions. Must be sufficient AND appropriate. Relevance - does it address the specific assertion? (confirming receivables tests existence, not completeness). The two interrelate: higher RMM or lower-quality evidence = more evidence needed; more-reliable evidence = less of it needed. RELIABILITY HIERARCHY External > internal auditor-generated > client-generated written > oral . original > copy strong controls > weak controls So a bank confirmation or reperformed control beats an enquiry; enquiry alone always needs corroboration. Evidence is usually persuasive rather than conclusive - the auditor weighs cost vs the assurance gained, gathering more where risk is higher. 7b . The 7 Procedures PROCEDURE NOTE

• 外部 > 内部审计师生成 > 客户生成书面 > 口头；原件 > 复印件；强控制环境 > 弱控制环境。[22]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-acct90014.pdfRelevant assertions differ by account: receivables -> existence & valuation; payables -> completeness; inventory -> existence, valuation & R&O; cash -> existence & R&O; revenue -> occurrence & cut-off; payroll > occurrence (ghost employees) & accuracy. Exam staple: "which assertion is at risk?" for a described misstatement, then "map a procedure to it. " Each procedure tests a specific assertion - confirmation = existence, search-for-unrecorded = completeness, recalculation = valuation, attend-stocktake = existence + completeness. open-book final . 80% exams . check your current Subject Guide . @ 2026 flip - for side 2 . evidence, sampling, completion & opinions asksia. ai/cheatsheet/ unimelb-acct90014 . side 1/2 AskSia CHEAT SHEET SERIES · 60% Compiled by AskSia . mapped to the ACCT90014 syllabus . asksia. ai/cheatsheet/unimelb-acct90014 · · ACCT90014 Auditing & Assurance Services UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE . POSTGRADUATE EXAM CHEAT SHEET Sem 1 2026 . SIDE 2 OF 2 evidence . cycles . opinions SIDE 2/2 exam answer shape . traps 7 . Audit Evidence ASA 500 * Audit evidence . info used to test assertions. Must be sufficient AND appropriate. Relevance - does it address the specific assertion? (confirming receivables tests existence, not completeness). The two interrelate: higher RMM or lower-quality evidence = more evidence needed; more-reliable evidence = less of it needed. RELIABILITY HIERARCHY External > internal auditor-generated > client-generated written > oral . original > copy strong controls > weak controls So a bank confirmation or reperformed control beats an enquiry; enquiry alone always needs corroboration. Evidence is usually persuasive rather than conclusive - the auditor weighs cost vs the assurance gained, gathering more where risk is higher. 7b . The 7 Procedures PROCEDURE NOTE

• 例：只有 CFO 口头保证 + 客户自制应收账龄表 → 可靠性低，不足以支持存在/计价。应对：肯定式外部函证 + 年后收款复核 + 重算坏账准备；若无替代程序 → 可能构成范围受限并影响意见。[12]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf4 marks . ASA 500 For receivables, the auditor has only (i) a verbal assurance from the CFO that debtors are collectible and (ii) a client-prepared aged-debtors schedule. Is this sufficient appropriate evidence for existence and valuation? What more is needed? Q8-Q11 Worked solutions - assertions, direction & evidence 1 Q8. APPLY: for maturing cheese stock the at-risk assertions are existence (does the recorded stock physically exist / overstatement?) and valuation (NRV / spoilage / obsolescence). Procedures: existence - attend the stocktake, select recorded lines and count to the floor (vouch); valuation - recalculate cost vs NRV and inspect post-year-end selling prices and any spoilage write-offs. Q8. 应用:对成熟中的奶酪存货,处于风险中的认定是存在(已入账存货是否实物存在/是否高估?)和计价(可变现净 值/腐坏/陈旧化)。程序:存在→监盘,选取已入账的行项目并盘点至实物(顺查);计价→重算成本 vs 可变现净值 并检查年后售价和任何腐坏冲销。 2 Q9. (a) Vouch recorded sales back to dispatch docs/invoices - tests Occurrence (is it real? - catches overstatement, the year-end-spike risk). (b) Trace dispatch records forward to recorded sales - tests Completeness (is anything missing?). - Q9. (a)把已入账销售顺查回发货单/发票 →测发生(它真实吗 ?-- 查高估,即年末骤增风险)。(b)把发货记录逆查 至已入账销售→ 测完整性(是否有遗漏?)。 - 3 Q10. The stock exists - existence is satisfied. The problem is Rights & Obligations: consignment stock is not owned by Meadow Dairy and should not sit in its inventory. "Just because it's there doesn't mean it's yours. " Q10. 该存货存在 -- 存在得到满足。问题在于权利和义务:寄售存货不属于 Meadow Dairy 所有,不应列入其存货。 “东西在那儿,不代表它就是你的。” 4 Q11. CITE ASA 500 (sufficient = quantity; appropriate = relevance + reliability; hierarchy). APPLY: a CFO's verbal assurance is internal + oral (lowest reliability) and the schedule is client-generated; neither is sufficient or relevant for existence. CONCLUDE: insufficient/inappropriate. RESPOND: positive external confirmation of debtors (existence/accuracy) + review post-year-end receipts and recompute the doubtful-debt allowance (valuation). If confirmations cannot be obtained & no alternative - a scope limitation feeding the opinion. Q11. 援引 ASA 500 (充分=数量;适当=相关性+可靠性;层级)。应用:CFO 的口头保证是内部+口头(可靠性最 低),明细表是客户生成;二者对存在既不充分也不相关。结论:不充分/不适当。应对:对债务人作肯定式外部函证 (存在/准确性)+复核年后收款并重算坏账准备(计价)。若无法取得函证且无替代程序→一项范围受限,影响意见。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library PRACTICE Q12-013 - PRACTICE BANK (CONT. ) TOPICS 5-7 Final - internal control & tests of controls 期末 -- 内部控制与控制测试 Q12-Q13: evaluate a purchases-cycle control set and design tests of controls (the lecturer's 3-column table) Q12-Q13:评估一组采购循环控制并设计控制测试(讲师的三栏表) Q12 CONTROL EVALUATION + TOC DESIGN 6 marks . COSO / ASA 330 Northwind Manufacturing Ltd operates this purchases cycle: (a) purchase orders are pre-numbered and require a department head's authorisation; (b) goods received are matched to a signed receiving report; (c) before payment, a clerk performs a 3-way match (PO <> receiving report >> supplier invoice) and a senior accountant signs off; (d) the person who authorises payments does not record them. For three controls, name the assertion each protects and design a test of control. 013 DEFICIENCY & CONSEQUENCE 3 marks . ASA 265/330 On testing, Northwind's 3-way-match sign-off was missing on 40% of the sample. State the consequence for control risk, the substantive plan, and the auditor's communication duty. ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library Worked solution - control evaluation & ToC table 6 marks . COSO / ASA 330 1 IDENTIFY & CITE. These are control activities (COSO); tests of controls assess operating effectiveness (ASA 330) using Observe / Inspect / Enquire / Reperform. Each control protects a specific assertion. APPLY (table form - the marks live in matching the verb to the action and naming the assertion + reason): 识别与援引。这些是控制活动(COSO);控制测试评估运行有效性(ASA 330),采用观察/检查/询问/重新执行。每项 控制保护一个具体认定。应用(表格形式 -- 分数在于把动词配到动作并命名认定+理由): - 2 Control (a) pre-numbered, authorised PO - ToC: inspect a sample of POs for sequence completeness and an authorising signature; enquire on remediation of sequence gaps - Completeness (all orders captured) + Occurrence (purchases authorised). 控制(a)预先编号、经授权的采购订单→控制测试:检查一个采购订单样本的序号完整性和授权签名;就序号缺口的整 改作询问→完整性(所有订单都被捕获)+发生(采购经授权)。

5）内部控制（COSO + ASA 315/330）——“三栏表”是你要练的肌肉记忆

• 控制环境、风险评估、控制活动、信息与沟通、监督。[9]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf● AR=IRx CR x DR ;。 ● 你设定 AR,评估 IR 与 CR,推导并控制 DR。● 反向关系:↑ RMM→ ↓ DR → 更多实质性证据(性质/时点/范围)。● 重要性:计 划>执行;既看基准百分比也看性质;小金额项目可 因性质而重大。● 重要性越低→证据越多;重大未更 正错报→修改意见。 i Answer-shape reminder 答题形状提醒 Every Topic 3 scenario follows IDENTIFY - CITE -> APPLY - CONCLUDE - RESPOND. The APPLY step - tying IR/CR/materiality to the specific facts - is where the marks live. 每个主题 3 的情景都走识别→援引 → 应用→结论 → 应对。应用一步 -- 把 IR/CR/重要性与具体事实 挂钩 -- 才是分数所在。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library ! "Below the % so immaterial" - wrong “低于百分比所以不重大” -- 错误 The percentage said immaterial; the nature said material. Whenever a small item is a related-party, fraud, covenant-breach or just-misses-a-threshold item, conclude material and explain why on nature. 百分比说不重大;性质说重大。每当一个小项目属于 关联方、舞弊、违反契约条款或刚好擦过阈值的项目 时,结论重大,并就性质解释为何。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library INTERNAL CONTROL . COSO INTERNAL CONTROL & COSO TOPICS 4-5 . CH7 . ASA 315 The five components - and the one layer auditors test 五个组成部分 -- 以及审计师测试的那一层 control environment . risk assessment . control activities . info & communication . monitoring 控制环境 · 风险评估 · 控制活动 · 信息与沟通 · 监督 Internal control is the set of processes management uses to give reasonable assurance over reliable financial reporting, effective operations and compliance. The auditor must understand it ASA 315 to assess control risk, and may test it to rely on it. The COSO Integrated Framework names its five components - strong components mean lower control risk and more reliance possible. 内部控制是管理层用以对可靠的财务报告、有效的经营和合规提供合理保证的一整套流程。审计师必须了解它 ASA 315 以评 估控制风险,并可测试它以加以依赖。COSO 整合框架列出其五个组成部分 -- 组成部分越强,控制风险越低,可依赖的程 度越高。 MONITORS the whole stack Monitoring ongoing + separate evaluations Information & Communication capture & share relevant info Control Activities authorisation, SoD, physical (testable) Risk Assessment identify & analyse risks Control Environment tone at the top; integrity & governance FOUNDATION

• 控制（control）
• 控制测试（test of control，TOC，常用 Observe/Inspect/Enquire/Reperform）
• 该控制保护的认定（assertion）
• 讲师模型答案就是三栏表。[11]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf! Existence vs Completeness point in OPPOSITE directions 存在与完整性指向相反方向 Existence/Occurrence guard against overstatement (recorded but not real). Completeness guards against understatement (real but not recorded). Asking "which way could this go wrong?" usually settles the assertion: a fraud that inflates assets is existence; an omitted liability is completeness. 存在/发生防范高估(已入账但不真实)。完整性防范 低估(真实但未入账)。问“这件事可能往哪个方向出 错?”通常就能定下认定:一项抬高资产的舞弊是存 在;一项遗漏的负债是完整性。 ✓ Occurrence vs Accuracy 发生与准确性 A recorded sale can occur (it's real) yet be inaccurate (wrong price or quantity). Occurrence asks "did it happen?"; accuracy asks "is the amount right?" A fictitious sale fails occurrence; a real sale booked at the wrong price fails accuracy. 一笔已入账的销售可以发生(真实)却不准确(价格 或数量错)。发生问“它发生了吗?”;准确性问“金额 对吗?”一笔虚构销售不满足发生;一笔以错误价格入 账的真实销售不满足准确性。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library "For any misstatement, first ask - overstatement or understatement? That single question routes you to existence/occurrence vs completeness, where most students go wrong. " “对任何错报,先问 -- 高估还是低估?这一个问题就把你导向 存在/发生 vs 完整性,而多数学生正是在这里出错。” THE ROUTING QUESTION FOR ASSERTIONS ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library WORKED . HARBOURLINE BREWING - WORKED SCENARIO - CONTROLS + ASSERTION MAPPING CENTREPIECE Harbourline Brewing Co - evaluate controls, map the assertions Harbourline Brewing Co -- 评估控制、映射认定 our own fictional client . the 3-column control-TOC-assertion table 我们自创的虚构客户 · 控制一控制测试一认定三栏表 The staple Topics 4-5 exam question gives a cycle narrative and asks for the controls, the test of control for each, and the assertion each protects - the lecturer's model answer is literally a three-column table. Below is the full move on our own fictional client. 主题4-5 的常考题给出一段循环叙述,要求列出控制、对每项控制的控制测试,以及各自所保护的认定 -- 讲师的标准答案 实际上就是一张三栏表。下面是在我们自创的虚构客户上完整走一遍。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library EG 5A Harbourline Brewing Co - sales & despatch cycle Type D - control evaluation Facts. Harbourline, a mid-size craft brewery, despatches kegs to bars and bottle-shops. Its controls: (i) a credit check is run before any despatch; (ii) goods leave only on a pre-numbered, sequence-checked despatch note signed by both the warehouse and the customer; (iii) each invoice is matched to the signed despatch note and an authorised order, then signed off before it is billed. 事实。Harbourline 是一家中型精酿啤酒厂,向酒吧和酒类专卖店发运啤酒桶。它的控制:(i)任何发运之前都要做一次 信用检查;(ii)货物只凭一张预先编号、经顺序核对、并由仓库和客户双方签字的发运单放行;(ii)每张发票在开票前都 要与已签字的发运单和经授权的订单相匹配,然后签字确认。 1 IDENTIFY. Evaluate the sales/despatch controls, design a test of control for each, and name the assertion each protects. 识别。评价销售/发货控制,为每项设计一个控制测试,并命名各自所保护的认定。 2 CITE. COSO control activities ASA 315 ; assertions for transactions (occurrence/completeness/accuracy); TOC techniques ASA 330 援引。COSO 控制活动 ASA 315 ;交易类认定(发生/完整性/准确性);控制测试技术 ASA 330 。[12]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf4 marks . ASA 500 For receivables, the auditor has only (i) a verbal assurance from the CFO that debtors are collectible and (ii) a client-prepared aged-debtors schedule. Is this sufficient appropriate evidence for existence and valuation? What more is needed? Q8-Q11 Worked solutions - assertions, direction & evidence 1 Q8. APPLY: for maturing cheese stock the at-risk assertions are existence (does the recorded stock physically exist / overstatement?) and valuation (NRV / spoilage / obsolescence). Procedures: existence - attend the stocktake, select recorded lines and count to the floor (vouch); valuation - recalculate cost vs NRV and inspect post-year-end selling prices and any spoilage write-offs. Q8. 应用:对成熟中的奶酪存货,处于风险中的认定是存在(已入账存货是否实物存在/是否高估?)和计价(可变现净 值/腐坏/陈旧化)。程序:存在→监盘,选取已入账的行项目并盘点至实物(顺查);计价→重算成本 vs 可变现净值 并检查年后售价和任何腐坏冲销。 2 Q9. (a) Vouch recorded sales back to dispatch docs/invoices - tests Occurrence (is it real? - catches overstatement, the year-end-spike risk). (b) Trace dispatch records forward to recorded sales - tests Completeness (is anything missing?). - Q9. (a)把已入账销售顺查回发货单/发票 →测发生(它真实吗 ?-- 查高估,即年末骤增风险)。(b)把发货记录逆查 至已入账销售→ 测完整性(是否有遗漏?)。 - 3 Q10. The stock exists - existence is satisfied. The problem is Rights & Obligations: consignment stock is not owned by Meadow Dairy and should not sit in its inventory. "Just because it's there doesn't mean it's yours. " Q10. 该存货存在 -- 存在得到满足。问题在于权利和义务:寄售存货不属于 Meadow Dairy 所有,不应列入其存货。 “东西在那儿,不代表它就是你的。” 4 Q11. CITE ASA 500 (sufficient = quantity; appropriate = relevance + reliability; hierarchy). APPLY: a CFO's verbal assurance is internal + oral (lowest reliability) and the schedule is client-generated; neither is sufficient or relevant for existence. CONCLUDE: insufficient/inappropriate. RESPOND: positive external confirmation of debtors (existence/accuracy) + review post-year-end receipts and recompute the doubtful-debt allowance (valuation). If confirmations cannot be obtained & no alternative - a scope limitation feeding the opinion. Q11. 援引 ASA 500 (充分=数量;适当=相关性+可靠性;层级)。应用:CFO 的口头保证是内部+口头(可靠性最 低),明细表是客户生成;二者对存在既不充分也不相关。结论:不充分/不适当。应对:对债务人作肯定式外部函证 (存在/准确性)+复核年后收款并重算坏账准备(计价)。若无法取得函证且无替代程序→一项范围受限,影响意见。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library PRACTICE Q12-013 - PRACTICE BANK (CONT. ) TOPICS 5-7 Final - internal control & tests of controls 期末 -- 内部控制与控制测试 Q12-Q13: evaluate a purchases-cycle control set and design tests of controls (the lecturer's 3-column table) Q12-Q13:评估一组采购循环控制并设计控制测试(讲师的三栏表) Q12 CONTROL EVALUATION + TOC DESIGN 6 marks . COSO / ASA 330 Northwind Manufacturing Ltd operates this purchases cycle: (a) purchase orders are pre-numbered and require a department head's authorisation; (b) goods received are matched to a signed receiving report; (c) before payment, a clerk performs a 3-way match (PO <> receiving report >> supplier invoice) and a senior accountant signs off; (d) the person who authorises payments does not record them. For three controls, name the assertion each protects and design a test of control. 013 DEFICIENCY & CONSEQUENCE 3 marks . ASA 265/330 On testing, Northwind's 3-way-match sign-off was missing on 40% of the sample. State the consequence for control risk, the substantive plan, and the auditor's communication duty. ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library Worked solution - control evaluation & ToC table 6 marks . COSO / ASA 330 1 IDENTIFY & CITE. These are control activities (COSO); tests of controls assess operating effectiveness (ASA 330) using Observe / Inspect / Enquire / Reperform. Each control protects a specific assertion. APPLY (table form - the marks live in matching the verb to the action and naming the assertion + reason): 识别与援引。这些是控制活动(COSO);控制测试评估运行有效性(ASA 330),采用观察/检查/询问/重新执行。每项 控制保护一个具体认定。应用(表格形式 -- 分数在于把动词配到动作并命名认定+理由): - 2 Control (a) pre-numbered, authorised PO - ToC: inspect a sample of POs for sequence completeness and an authorising signature; enquire on remediation of sequence gaps - Completeness (all orders captured) + Occurrence (purchases authorised). 控制(a)预先编号、经授权的采购订单→控制测试:检查一个采购订单样本的序号完整性和授权签名;就序号缺口的整 改作询问→完整性(所有订单都被捕获)+发生(采购经授权)。

• “预编号 + 授权的 PO” → TOC：抽样检查序号连续性 + 授权签名；认定：完整性（订单都被捕获）/发生（采购经授权）。[12]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf4 marks . ASA 500 For receivables, the auditor has only (i) a verbal assurance from the CFO that debtors are collectible and (ii) a client-prepared aged-debtors schedule. Is this sufficient appropriate evidence for existence and valuation? What more is needed? Q8-Q11 Worked solutions - assertions, direction & evidence 1 Q8. APPLY: for maturing cheese stock the at-risk assertions are existence (does the recorded stock physically exist / overstatement?) and valuation (NRV / spoilage / obsolescence). Procedures: existence - attend the stocktake, select recorded lines and count to the floor (vouch); valuation - recalculate cost vs NRV and inspect post-year-end selling prices and any spoilage write-offs. Q8. 应用:对成熟中的奶酪存货,处于风险中的认定是存在(已入账存货是否实物存在/是否高估?)和计价(可变现净 值/腐坏/陈旧化)。程序:存在→监盘,选取已入账的行项目并盘点至实物(顺查);计价→重算成本 vs 可变现净值 并检查年后售价和任何腐坏冲销。 2 Q9. (a) Vouch recorded sales back to dispatch docs/invoices - tests Occurrence (is it real? - catches overstatement, the year-end-spike risk). (b) Trace dispatch records forward to recorded sales - tests Completeness (is anything missing?). - Q9. (a)把已入账销售顺查回发货单/发票 →测发生(它真实吗 ?-- 查高估,即年末骤增风险)。(b)把发货记录逆查 至已入账销售→ 测完整性(是否有遗漏?)。 - 3 Q10. The stock exists - existence is satisfied. The problem is Rights & Obligations: consignment stock is not owned by Meadow Dairy and should not sit in its inventory. "Just because it's there doesn't mean it's yours. " Q10. 该存货存在 -- 存在得到满足。问题在于权利和义务:寄售存货不属于 Meadow Dairy 所有,不应列入其存货。 “东西在那儿,不代表它就是你的。” 4 Q11. CITE ASA 500 (sufficient = quantity; appropriate = relevance + reliability; hierarchy). APPLY: a CFO's verbal assurance is internal + oral (lowest reliability) and the schedule is client-generated; neither is sufficient or relevant for existence. CONCLUDE: insufficient/inappropriate. RESPOND: positive external confirmation of debtors (existence/accuracy) + review post-year-end receipts and recompute the doubtful-debt allowance (valuation). If confirmations cannot be obtained & no alternative - a scope limitation feeding the opinion. Q11. 援引 ASA 500 (充分=数量;适当=相关性+可靠性;层级)。应用:CFO 的口头保证是内部+口头(可靠性最 低),明细表是客户生成;二者对存在既不充分也不相关。结论:不充分/不适当。应对:对债务人作肯定式外部函证 (存在/准确性)+复核年后收款并重算坏账准备(计价)。若无法取得函证且无替代程序→一项范围受限,影响意见。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library PRACTICE Q12-013 - PRACTICE BANK (CONT. ) TOPICS 5-7 Final - internal control & tests of controls 期末 -- 内部控制与控制测试 Q12-Q13: evaluate a purchases-cycle control set and design tests of controls (the lecturer's 3-column table) Q12-Q13:评估一组采购循环控制并设计控制测试(讲师的三栏表) Q12 CONTROL EVALUATION + TOC DESIGN 6 marks . COSO / ASA 330 Northwind Manufacturing Ltd operates this purchases cycle: (a) purchase orders are pre-numbered and require a department head's authorisation; (b) goods received are matched to a signed receiving report; (c) before payment, a clerk performs a 3-way match (PO <> receiving report >> supplier invoice) and a senior accountant signs off; (d) the person who authorises payments does not record them. For three controls, name the assertion each protects and design a test of control. 013 DEFICIENCY & CONSEQUENCE 3 marks . ASA 265/330 On testing, Northwind's 3-way-match sign-off was missing on 40% of the sample. State the consequence for control risk, the substantive plan, and the auditor's communication duty. ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library Worked solution - control evaluation & ToC table 6 marks . COSO / ASA 330 1 IDENTIFY & CITE. These are control activities (COSO); tests of controls assess operating effectiveness (ASA 330) using Observe / Inspect / Enquire / Reperform. Each control protects a specific assertion. APPLY (table form - the marks live in matching the verb to the action and naming the assertion + reason): 识别与援引。这些是控制活动(COSO);控制测试评估运行有效性(ASA 330),采用观察/检查/询问/重新执行。每项 控制保护一个具体认定。应用(表格形式 -- 分数在于把动词配到动作并命名认定+理由): - 2 Control (a) pre-numbered, authorised PO - ToC: inspect a sample of POs for sequence completeness and an authorising signature; enquire on remediation of sequence gaps - Completeness (all orders captured) + Occurrence (purchases authorised). 控制(a)预先编号、经授权的采购订单→控制测试:检查一个采购订单样本的序号完整性和授权签名;就序号缺口的整 改作询问→完整性(所有订单都被捕获)+发生(采购经授权)。

6）各循环（Cycles）“主导风险/认定 → 标志性程序”速记（期末高频）

• 常见偏差：收入高估（发生/截止），应收计价问题（坏账）
• 程序：肯定式函证（存在/准确性）、截止测试、重算坏账准备、分析程序。[14]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdfWORKED SCENARIO - RISK & MATERIALITY TOGETHER CENTREPIECE Northwind Robotics Ltd - set materiality, assess IR/CR, derive DR Northwind Robotics Ltd -- 设定重要性、评估 IR/CR、推导 DR our own fictional client . the answer shape: IDENTIFY-> CITE-> APPLY- CONCLUDE- RESPOND 我们自创的虚构客户 · 答题形状:识别→援引→ 应用→结论→ 应对 A planning vignette is the staple Topic 3 exam question. Below is the full move on an entirely fictional client - pick a benchmark, set materiality, assess IR and CR with reasons, then derive the required detection risk and the evidence consequence. Every step is paraphrased standard reasoning; the numbers and facts are our own. 计划类小情景是主题3的常考题。下面是在一个完全虚构的客户上完整走一遍 -- 选择基准、设定重要性、带理由评估 IR 和 CR,然后推导出所需的检查风险及证据后果。每一步都是对准则推理的意译;数字和事实是我们自创的。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library A + B combined EG 3A Northwind Robotics Ltd - revenue & receivables Facts. Northwind is a fast-growing listed maker of warehouse robots. FY26: revenue $180m, profit before tax $9. 0m, total assets $240m. It books revenue on long-term install contracts using percentage-of- completion estimates; management has an aggressive sales-growth bonus; a new ERP went live mid-year and the finance team is stretched. The auditor targets a low audit risk. Focus: the revenue / receivables cycle. 事实。Northwind 是一家快速增长的上市仓储机器人制造商。FY26:收入 $180m,税前利润 $9. 0m,总资产 $240m。它在长期安装合同上按完工百分比估计确认收入;管理层有激进的销售增长奖金;一套新的ERP 在年中上 线,财务团队人手紧张。审计师瞄准低审计风险。重点:收入/应收账款循环。 1 IDENTIFY. This is a detection-risk planning question for the revenue/receivables cycle, with a materiality call. RMM = IR x CR. 识别。这是收入/应收款循环的检查风险计划题,附带一个重要性判断 。。 2 CITE. AR = IR x CR x DR; ASA 315 (assess RMM), ASA 320 (materiality), ASA 330 (responses). 援引 。; ASA 315 (评估 RMM)、 ASA 320 (重要性)、 ASA 330 (应对)。 3 APPLY - materiality. PBT is a sensible benchmark for a profit-focused listed entity. Overall materiality ~ 5% x $9. 0m = $450,000; performance materiality at a 70% haircut ~ $315,000. 应用 -- 重要性。对于以盈利为重的上市实体,税前利润(PBT)是合理基准。整体重要性 ~; 按70% 折减的执行重 要性 ~。 4 APPLY - IR (high). Revenue relies on percentage-of-completion estimates (judgement), there is a growth-bonus incentive to overstate, and the industry is fast-moving - high inherent risk for the occurrence/cut-off and valuation assertions of revenue/receivables. 应用 -- IR(高)。收入依赖完工百分比估计(判断),存在增长奖金的高估动机,且行业变动迅速 -- 收入/应收款的发 生/截止与计价认定具有高固有风险。 5 APPLY - CR (high). A mid-year ERP cutover plus a stretched finance team means controls have not stabilised - control risk is high; the auditor cannot yet rely on controls. 应用 -- CR(高)。年中ERP切换加上吃紧的财务团队,意味着控制尚未稳定 -- 控制风险高;审计师暂时无法依赖控 制。 6 CONCLUDE. IR high x CR high => RMM is high. To hold AR at the acceptable low level, the acceptable DR must be low. 结论。IR 高× CR 高⇒高。要把它压在可接受的低水平,可接受的必须低。 7 RESPOND. Plan more, better, later substantive evidence: positive external confirmations of receivables (existence/accuracy), cut-off testing of contracts straddling year-end, recalculation of percentage-of-completion and the doubtful-debt allowance (valuation), larger samples, year-end (not interim) timing, and experienced staff. Treat uncorrected errors against the $450k / $315k thresholds. 应对。计划更多、更好、更晚的实质性证据:应收款的肯定式外部函证(存在/准确性)、对跨年合同的截止测试、对完 工百分比和坏账准备的重新计算(计价)、更大的样本、年末(而非期中)时点,以及经验丰富的人员。把未更正错误对 照 $450k / $315k 阈值处理。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library ✓ Why the numbers are not the point 为何数字本身不是重点 Notice no precise multiplication was needed - the marks are in the directional reasoning (high IR, high CR - high RMM - low DR - more evidence) and in justifying each assessment with the specific facts. That is the apply-to- facts move markers reward.[18]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf- - WORKED SCENARIO Revenue cut-off + receivables confirmation 收入截止 +应收账款函证 Our own client - run IDENTIFY- CITE- APPLY- CONCLUDE- RESPOND 我们自创的客户 -- 运行 识别→援引→ 应用→结论→ 应对 A messy, judgement-heavy scenario of the kind the open-book final rewards. Resist reciting definitions - the marks are in linking the standard to these facts. 一个杂乱、判断密集的情景,正是开卷期末所奖赏的那种。别急着背定义 -- 分数在于把准则与这些事实联系起来。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library EX 8. 1 Meridian Outdoor Co - year-end revenue push and a disputed debtor Full IDENTIFY-RESPOND Facts (our own). Meridian Outdoor Co, a wholesaler of camping gear, has a 30 June year-end and a bank covenant requiring revenue growth of at least 8%. In the last week of June, recorded sales spiked: $620k of goods were invoiced and booked as June sales, but the despatch dockets show the goods left the warehouse in early July. Separately, the largest debtor, Alpine Retail ($310k), is in a billing dispute and has stopped paying. Planning materiality is $250k. 事实(我们自己的)。Meridian Outdoor Co 是一家露营装备批发商,6月30 日为年结日,并有一项要求收入增长至少 8% 的银行契约条款。6 月最后一周,已入账销售骤增:价值 $620k 的货物被开票并记为 6 月销售,但发货单显示货物 是在7月初离开仓库的。另外,最大的债务人 Alpine Retail ($310k)陷入计费纠纷并已停止付款。计划重要性为 $250k. 1 IDENTIFY. Two issues. (a) A cut-off / occurrence risk on revenue - sales of goods not yet despatched at year-end may be recorded in the wrong period (overstatement, motivated by the covenant). (b) A valuation (and existence/accuracy) risk on the Alpine receivable - a disputed, non-paying balance. 识别。两个问题。(a)收入上的截止/发生风险 -- 年末尚未发货的商品销售可能被记入错误期间(高估,受契约条款驱 动)。(b) Alpine 应收款上的计价(以及存在/准确性)风险 -- 一笔有争议、未付款的余额。 2 CITE. ASA 315 (assertions: cut-off, occurrence, existence, valuation); ASA 500 (procedures); ASA 505 (external confirmations); ASA 320 (materiality - $250k threshold). 援引。ASA 315 (认定:截止、发生、存在、计价);ASA 500(程序);ASA 505(外部函证);ASA 320(重要性 -- $250k 阈值)。 3 APPLY - cut-off. Revenue is recognised when control passes, i. e. on despatch. The $620k shipped in July belongs to the next period. $620k > $250k materiality - material overstatement of revenue and receivables. Procedure: sales cut-off test - examine the last despatch dockets before and the first after year-end and agree the sale date to the despatch date; vouch the spiked June entries back to their dockets. 应用 -- 截止。收入在控制权转移时确认,即在发货时。7月发出的 $620k 属于下一期间。$620k >$250k 重要性→ 收入和应收款重大高估。程序:销售截止测试 -- 检查年末前最后几张和年末后第一张发货单,把销售日期与发货日期 核对一致;把骤增的 6 月分录顺查回其发货单。 4 APPLY - the Alpine debtor. A positive confirmation tests existence/accuracy - but Alpine disputes the balance, so a confirmation may come back disagreeing, which is itself evidence. Confirmation does not address collectibility; the dispute and non-payment point to a valuation problem - recompute the doubtful-debt allowance, review post-year-end receipts (none received), and inspect dispute correspondence. 应用 -- Alpine 债务人。一份肯定式函证测存在/准确性 -- 但 Alpine 对余额有异议,所以回函可能表示不同意,这本 身就是证据。函证并不解决可收回性;纠纷和未付款指向一个计价问题 -- 重算坏账准备、复核年后收款(未收到)、检 查纠纷往来函件。 5 CONCLUDE. Revenue and receivables are materially overstated by the $620k cut-off error; the $310k Alpine balance is likely impaired and needs an allowance - individually below materiality but qualitatively significant (largest debtor, in dispute). 结论。收入和应收款因 $620k 截止错误而重大高估;$310k的 Alpine 余额很可能减值,需要计提准备 -- 单独看低于 重要性,但定性重大(最大债务人、处于纠纷中)。 6 RESPOND. Request management reverse the $620k into July and provide for the Alpine balance. If corrected - unmodified. If management refuses and the uncorrected misstatement exceeds materiality ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library + the disagreement drives a modified opinion (material but not pervasive - qualified, "except for"). Communicate the uncorrected misstatement to those charged with governance (ASA 450). 应对。要求管理层把 $620k 冲回至 7月,并为 Alpine 余额计提准备。若已更正→无保留。若管理层拒绝且未更正错 报超过重要性→该分歧驱动一个修改的意见(重大但不广泛→保留,“除 . . . . . . 外”)。把未更正错报传达给治理层 (ASA 450)。 "Confirm the balance for existence; recompute the allowance for value. They are different assertions and need different procedures. " I “为存在而函证余额;为价值而重算准备。它们是不同的认定,需要不同的程序。” THE RECEIVABLES TWO-STEP ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library[23]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-acct90014.pdfCycles For each: dominant risk/assertion -> key control -> substantive procedure. · Revenue & receivables - occurrence/cut-off (overstatement bias, channel stuffing) + valuation (doubtful debts). - > positive confirmation (existence), cut-off, recompute allowance, analytical · Purchases & payables - completeness (understatement, unrecorded liabilities). > search for unrecorded liabilities , supplier-statement recon, 3-way match · Payroll - occurrence (ghost employees), accuracy (rates/hours). > HR/payroll SoD, authorised rates · Inventory - existence & valuation (NRV, obsolescence), R&O (consignment), cut-off. - > attend stocktake (count both directions), NRV testing · Cash - existence/R&O. > bank confirmation, reperform bank rec, cut-off (kiting/window- dressing) Direction of bias matters: revenue tends to be overstated (test occurrence/existence) while payables tend to be understated (test completeness) - match the procedure to the likely error. Real-world hooks the decks cite: Wirecard (€1. 9bn fake cash), Wells Fargo, Tesco rebates, Parmalat (forged confirmations). Melbourne Electronics case (Wk9): the integrated I/S & B/S exercise - apply assertions, materiality & risk and design procedures across accounts. It mirrors the exam/assignment style: a scenario, not recall. Practise writing one full risk -> assertion -> procedure line per material account. 10 . Completion T11 . CH10 Misstatement Qualified Adverse (disagreement) "except for" Disclaimer Pervasive (705. 05): effects not confined to specific items; OR a substantial proportion of the FR; OR fundamental to users' understanding. Basis for [opinion] paragraph goes before the opinion. First take all reasonable steps (alt procedures) - a limit isn't a scope limit if alt evidence is obtainable. Frequency reality: qualified is rare in practice; adverse & disclaimer are very rare. Classic adverse = FR on a going-concern basis but the auditor concludes continuation is highly improbable. Comparatives (710): corresponding figures (opinion on current period) vs comparative reports - used in AU - (opinion on each period). Other info (720): read the annual report for material inconsistencies > Other Matter para if uncorrected. GS 006: electronic publication mustn't imply assurance over unaudited website content. 12 . The Exam Answer THE RUBRIC

• 常见偏差：应付低估（完整性）
• 程序：搜寻未入账负债、供应商对账单调节、三方匹配（3-way match）。[5]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdfi Scandal anchors (named only, paraphrased) 丑闻锚点(仅列名,意译) Several large groups have understated supplier liabilities or stretched payment timing to flatter the period - the recurring lesson is the completeness bias of payables, met by the search for unrecorded liabilities. High-profile wage-underpayment cases show payroll is also a compliance exposure, not just a numbers one. 若干大型集团曾低估供应商负债或拉长付款时间以美化当期 -- 反复出现的教训是应付款的完整性偏向,通过搜寻未入 账负债来应对。高调的欠薪案例表明薪酬也是一种合规风险敞口,而不仅是数字问题。 - ! Trap - vouch vs trace flips between revenue and payables 陷阱 -- 顺查与逆查在收入与应付账款之间互换 For overstated revenue you vouch (occurrence). For understated payables you trace / search for the missing entry (completeness). Same toolkit, opposite direction - driven entirely by the cycle's dominant bias. 对于高估的收入,你顺查(发生)。对于低估的应付款,你逆查/搜寻遗漏的分录(完整性)。同一套工具,方向相反 完全由循环的主导偏向驱动。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library INVENTORY & CASH - INVENTORY AND CASH Count it, value it; confirm it, reconcile it 盘点它、计价它;函证它、调节它 Inventory: existence & valuation . Cash: existence via bank confirmation + reconciliation 存货:存在与计价 · 现金:通过银行函证+调节来验证存在 Two balances with signature procedures the exam loves. Inventory risks existence (overstated quantities) and valuation (cost vs net realisable value, obsolescence) - met by attending the stocktake. Cash looks simple but is where fabricated balances hide - met by the bank confirmation and reperforming the reconciliation. 两个余额带着考试钟爱的标志性程序。存货的风险是存在(数量高估)和计价(成本 vs可变现净值、陈旧化) -- 通过监盘 应对。现金看似简单,却是虚构余额藏身之处 -- 通过银行函证和重新执行调节表应对。 Inventory - attend the stocktake 存货 -- 参加监盘 Risk / assertion What to do Direction / note Existence - quantities overstated attend the stocktake; select recorded lines and count them on the floor VOUCH records - floor (existence) Completeness - stock omitted select items on the floor and trace to the count records TRACE floor - records (completeness) Valuation - cost > NRV, obsolescence test cost vs net realisable value; inspect slow-moving / damaged lines; review post-year-end sale prices valuation is judgement - separate from existence[12]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf4 marks . ASA 500 For receivables, the auditor has only (i) a verbal assurance from the CFO that debtors are collectible and (ii) a client-prepared aged-debtors schedule. Is this sufficient appropriate evidence for existence and valuation? What more is needed? Q8-Q11 Worked solutions - assertions, direction & evidence 1 Q8. APPLY: for maturing cheese stock the at-risk assertions are existence (does the recorded stock physically exist / overstatement?) and valuation (NRV / spoilage / obsolescence). Procedures: existence - attend the stocktake, select recorded lines and count to the floor (vouch); valuation - recalculate cost vs NRV and inspect post-year-end selling prices and any spoilage write-offs. Q8. 应用:对成熟中的奶酪存货,处于风险中的认定是存在(已入账存货是否实物存在/是否高估?)和计价(可变现净 值/腐坏/陈旧化)。程序:存在→监盘,选取已入账的行项目并盘点至实物(顺查);计价→重算成本 vs 可变现净值 并检查年后售价和任何腐坏冲销。 2 Q9. (a) Vouch recorded sales back to dispatch docs/invoices - tests Occurrence (is it real? - catches overstatement, the year-end-spike risk). (b) Trace dispatch records forward to recorded sales - tests Completeness (is anything missing?). - Q9. (a)把已入账销售顺查回发货单/发票 →测发生(它真实吗 ?-- 查高估,即年末骤增风险)。(b)把发货记录逆查 至已入账销售→ 测完整性(是否有遗漏?)。 - 3 Q10. The stock exists - existence is satisfied. The problem is Rights & Obligations: consignment stock is not owned by Meadow Dairy and should not sit in its inventory. "Just because it's there doesn't mean it's yours. " Q10. 该存货存在 -- 存在得到满足。问题在于权利和义务:寄售存货不属于 Meadow Dairy 所有,不应列入其存货。 “东西在那儿,不代表它就是你的。” 4 Q11. CITE ASA 500 (sufficient = quantity; appropriate = relevance + reliability; hierarchy). APPLY: a CFO's verbal assurance is internal + oral (lowest reliability) and the schedule is client-generated; neither is sufficient or relevant for existence. CONCLUDE: insufficient/inappropriate. RESPOND: positive external confirmation of debtors (existence/accuracy) + review post-year-end receipts and recompute the doubtful-debt allowance (valuation). If confirmations cannot be obtained & no alternative - a scope limitation feeding the opinion. Q11. 援引 ASA 500 (充分=数量;适当=相关性+可靠性;层级)。应用:CFO 的口头保证是内部+口头(可靠性最 低),明细表是客户生成;二者对存在既不充分也不相关。结论:不充分/不适当。应对:对债务人作肯定式外部函证 (存在/准确性)+复核年后收款并重算坏账准备(计价)。若无法取得函证且无替代程序→一项范围受限,影响意见。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library PRACTICE Q12-013 - PRACTICE BANK (CONT. ) TOPICS 5-7 Final - internal control & tests of controls 期末 -- 内部控制与控制测试 Q12-Q13: evaluate a purchases-cycle control set and design tests of controls (the lecturer's 3-column table) Q12-Q13:评估一组采购循环控制并设计控制测试(讲师的三栏表) Q12 CONTROL EVALUATION + TOC DESIGN 6 marks . COSO / ASA 330 Northwind Manufacturing Ltd operates this purchases cycle: (a) purchase orders are pre-numbered and require a department head's authorisation; (b) goods received are matched to a signed receiving report; (c) before payment, a clerk performs a 3-way match (PO <> receiving report >> supplier invoice) and a senior accountant signs off; (d) the person who authorises payments does not record them. For three controls, name the assertion each protects and design a test of control. 013 DEFICIENCY & CONSEQUENCE 3 marks . ASA 265/330 On testing, Northwind's 3-way-match sign-off was missing on 40% of the sample. State the consequence for control risk, the substantive plan, and the auditor's communication duty. ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library Worked solution - control evaluation & ToC table 6 marks . COSO / ASA 330 1 IDENTIFY & CITE. These are control activities (COSO); tests of controls assess operating effectiveness (ASA 330) using Observe / Inspect / Enquire / Reperform. Each control protects a specific assertion. APPLY (table form - the marks live in matching the verb to the action and naming the assertion + reason): 识别与援引。这些是控制活动(COSO);控制测试评估运行有效性(ASA 330),采用观察/检查/询问/重新执行。每项 控制保护一个具体认定。应用(表格形式 -- 分数在于把动词配到动作并命名认定+理由): - 2 Control (a) pre-numbered, authorised PO - ToC: inspect a sample of POs for sequence completeness and an authorising signature; enquire on remediation of sequence gaps - Completeness (all orders captured) + Occurrence (purchases authorised). 控制(a)预先编号、经授权的采购订单→控制测试:检查一个采购订单样本的序号完整性和授权签名;就序号缺口的整 改作询问→完整性(所有订单都被捕获)+发生(采购经授权)。[23]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-acct90014.pdfCycles For each: dominant risk/assertion -> key control -> substantive procedure. · Revenue & receivables - occurrence/cut-off (overstatement bias, channel stuffing) + valuation (doubtful debts). - > positive confirmation (existence), cut-off, recompute allowance, analytical · Purchases & payables - completeness (understatement, unrecorded liabilities). > search for unrecorded liabilities , supplier-statement recon, 3-way match · Payroll - occurrence (ghost employees), accuracy (rates/hours). > HR/payroll SoD, authorised rates · Inventory - existence & valuation (NRV, obsolescence), R&O (consignment), cut-off. - > attend stocktake (count both directions), NRV testing · Cash - existence/R&O. > bank confirmation, reperform bank rec, cut-off (kiting/window- dressing) Direction of bias matters: revenue tends to be overstated (test occurrence/existence) while payables tend to be understated (test completeness) - match the procedure to the likely error. Real-world hooks the decks cite: Wirecard (€1. 9bn fake cash), Wells Fargo, Tesco rebates, Parmalat (forged confirmations). Melbourne Electronics case (Wk9): the integrated I/S & B/S exercise - apply assertions, materiality & risk and design procedures across accounts. It mirrors the exam/assignment style: a scenario, not recall. Practise writing one full risk -> assertion -> procedure line per material account. 10 . Completion T11 . CH10 Misstatement Qualified Adverse (disagreement) "except for" Disclaimer Pervasive (705. 05): effects not confined to specific items; OR a substantial proportion of the FR; OR fundamental to users' understanding. Basis for [opinion] paragraph goes before the opinion. First take all reasonable steps (alt procedures) - a limit isn't a scope limit if alt evidence is obtainable. Frequency reality: qualified is rare in practice; adverse & disclaimer are very rare. Classic adverse = FR on a going-concern basis but the auditor concludes continuation is highly improbable. Comparatives (710): corresponding figures (opinion on current period) vs comparative reports - used in AU - (opinion on each period). Other info (720): read the annual report for material inconsistencies > Other Matter para if uncorrected. GS 006: electronic publication mustn't imply assurance over unaudited website content. 12 . The Exam Answer THE RUBRIC

• 风险认定：存在、计价（NRV/陈旧）、R&O（寄售）
• 程序：参加监盘（两方向都做）、NRV 测试、检查年后售价/慢动存货。[6]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf2 CITE. ASA 620 (using a management's expert / specialist); ASA 540 (auditing estimates & fair values, by analogy); ASA 500 (sufficient appropriate evidence); the assurance framework (reasonable vs limited); APES 110 (competence; objectivity). 援引。ASA 620 (使用管理层的专家);ASA 540(审计估计与公允价值,类比适用);ASA 500(充分适当的证据);鉴 证框架(合理 vs 有限);APES 110(胜任能力;客观性)。 - 3 APPLY - the Al model. The model is a management's expert, built in-house - objectivity is in doubt and it sits low on the reliability hierarchy. The auditor stays responsible: assess the data-team's competence, understand the model well enough to test its key assumptions (discount rate, output prices, degradation), corroborate the input data, and consider engaging the firm's own Al specialist. A black- box the auditor cannot interrogate is not sufficient appropriate evidence. 应用 -- AI 模型。该模型是一个管理层的专家,内部搭建→客观性存疑,在可靠性层级上位置低。审计师仍负责:评 估数据团队的胜任能力、充分理解模型以测试其关键假设(折现率、产出价格、衰减),佐证输入数据,并考虑聘用事务 所自己的AI 专家。一个审计师无法质询的黑箱不是充分适当的证据。 4 APPLY - the emissions claim. Decide the level: with immature criteria and systems, offer limited (not reasonable) assurance - a negative-form conclusion from inquiry + analytical procedures. Confirm the criteria (the emissions methodology) are suitable and available, and that the firm has the competence; a specialist may be needed to verify the emissions calculation. 应用 -- 排放声明。定下水平:在标准和系统不成熟的情况下,提供有限(而非合理)保证 -- 由询问+分析程序得出 一个否定式结论。确认标准(排放方法学)适当且可获得,并确认事务所具备胜任能力;可能需要一名专家来核实排放 计算。 5 CONCLUDE. The valuation is auditable only if the model's assumptions and inputs can be evaluated; absent that, it is a potential scope limitation. The 30% claim can be given limited assurance once criteria and evidence are confirmed. - 结论。仅当模型的假设和输入能被评价时,该估值才可审计;缺此,它便是一个潜在的范围受限。一旦标准和证据获得 确认,那30% 的声明可获得有限保证。 6 RESPOND. Evaluate the model under ASA 620 (or scope-limit the valuation if it stays a black box); scope the ESG engagement as limited assurance with a clearly-stated negative conclusion and the criteria used; apply independence/competence safeguards throughout. ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library 应对。按ASA 620 评价该模型(若它仍是黑箱,则对该估值作范围受限处理);把 ESG 业务范围定为有限保证,并明 确陈述否定式结论和所用标准;全程施加独立性/胜任能力的防范措施。 ★ Exam reflex for any contemporary prompt 面对任何当代议题题目的考试条件反射 Don't reach for a new rule. (1) Which familiar principle bites? - independence, competence/due care, sufficient appropriate evidence, the right level of assurance. (2) Cite the standard (ASA 620 for experts; the assurance framework for ESG). (3) Apply to the facts - objectivity of the expert, reliability of Al inputs, suitability of ESG criteria. (4) Conclude and (5) respond with the safeguard, procedure or assurance level. The novelty is the setting; the reasoning is the same auditing canon. 别去拿一条新规则。(1)哪条熟悉的原则在此咬合 ?-- 独立性、胜任能力/应有关注、充分适当的证据、恰当的保证水 平。(2)援引准则(专家看 ASA 620; ESG 看鉴证框架)。(3)应用到事实 -- 专家的客观性、AI输入的可靠性、ESG 标准的适当性。(4)下结论并(5)以防范措施、程序或保证水平应对。新颖的是情境;推理仍是同一套审计正典。 "The auditor can outsource the calculation but never the conclusion. Old duty, new tool. " “审计师可以外包计算,但绝不能外包结论。旧义务,新工具。” I THE CONTEMPORARY-ISSUES THROUGHLINE ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library GLOSSARY CHAPTER . GLOSSARY REZ EN + 中文 Bilingual glossary - every examinable term 双语术语表 -- 每个可考术语 English term . X . one-line meaning - grouped by the subject spine 英文术语 · 中文 · 一句话释义 -- 按学科主线分组 A fast reference for the vocabulary ACCT90014 actually examines, ordered along the subject spine - landscape - ethics - risk - control - assertions - evidence - cycles - completion - reporting. The X column is filled in the bilingual build; for now cover the right-hand meaning and recite from the term, then flip and recall the term from the meaning. The starred families to over-learn are the 5 threats, the AR model, the assertions + confused pairs, and the 4 opinions. ACCT90014 实际考核词汇的速查表,沿科目主轴排序 -- 全景→伦理→风险→控制→认定→证据→循环→ 完成→ 报告。中文列在双语版本中填写;现在先遮住右侧释义、由术语背诵,再翻转、由释义回想术语。需要过度熟练的带星族系是 5 类威胁、AR 模型、认定+易混淆成对项,以及4种意见。 - Term (EN) 中文 One-line meaning Assurance & the audit landscape 鉴证与审计概览 Assurance Practitioner expresses a conclusion to enhance users' confidence in a subject matter vs — engagement criteria; 5 elements (3-party, subject matter, criteria, evidence, report).[12]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf4 marks . ASA 500 For receivables, the auditor has only (i) a verbal assurance from the CFO that debtors are collectible and (ii) a client-prepared aged-debtors schedule. Is this sufficient appropriate evidence for existence and valuation? What more is needed? Q8-Q11 Worked solutions - assertions, direction & evidence 1 Q8. APPLY: for maturing cheese stock the at-risk assertions are existence (does the recorded stock physically exist / overstatement?) and valuation (NRV / spoilage / obsolescence). Procedures: existence - attend the stocktake, select recorded lines and count to the floor (vouch); valuation - recalculate cost vs NRV and inspect post-year-end selling prices and any spoilage write-offs. Q8. 应用:对成熟中的奶酪存货,处于风险中的认定是存在(已入账存货是否实物存在/是否高估?)和计价(可变现净 值/腐坏/陈旧化)。程序:存在→监盘,选取已入账的行项目并盘点至实物(顺查);计价→重算成本 vs 可变现净值 并检查年后售价和任何腐坏冲销。 2 Q9. (a) Vouch recorded sales back to dispatch docs/invoices - tests Occurrence (is it real? - catches overstatement, the year-end-spike risk). (b) Trace dispatch records forward to recorded sales - tests Completeness (is anything missing?). - Q9. (a)把已入账销售顺查回发货单/发票 →测发生(它真实吗 ?-- 查高估,即年末骤增风险)。(b)把发货记录逆查 至已入账销售→ 测完整性(是否有遗漏?)。 - 3 Q10. The stock exists - existence is satisfied. The problem is Rights & Obligations: consignment stock is not owned by Meadow Dairy and should not sit in its inventory. "Just because it's there doesn't mean it's yours. " Q10. 该存货存在 -- 存在得到满足。问题在于权利和义务:寄售存货不属于 Meadow Dairy 所有,不应列入其存货。 “东西在那儿,不代表它就是你的。” 4 Q11. CITE ASA 500 (sufficient = quantity; appropriate = relevance + reliability; hierarchy). APPLY: a CFO's verbal assurance is internal + oral (lowest reliability) and the schedule is client-generated; neither is sufficient or relevant for existence. CONCLUDE: insufficient/inappropriate. RESPOND: positive external confirmation of debtors (existence/accuracy) + review post-year-end receipts and recompute the doubtful-debt allowance (valuation). If confirmations cannot be obtained & no alternative - a scope limitation feeding the opinion. Q11. 援引 ASA 500 (充分=数量;适当=相关性+可靠性;层级)。应用:CFO 的口头保证是内部+口头(可靠性最 低),明细表是客户生成;二者对存在既不充分也不相关。结论:不充分/不适当。应对:对债务人作肯定式外部函证 (存在/准确性)+复核年后收款并重算坏账准备(计价)。若无法取得函证且无替代程序→一项范围受限,影响意见。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library PRACTICE Q12-013 - PRACTICE BANK (CONT. ) TOPICS 5-7 Final - internal control & tests of controls 期末 -- 内部控制与控制测试 Q12-Q13: evaluate a purchases-cycle control set and design tests of controls (the lecturer's 3-column table) Q12-Q13:评估一组采购循环控制并设计控制测试(讲师的三栏表) Q12 CONTROL EVALUATION + TOC DESIGN 6 marks . COSO / ASA 330 Northwind Manufacturing Ltd operates this purchases cycle: (a) purchase orders are pre-numbered and require a department head's authorisation; (b) goods received are matched to a signed receiving report; (c) before payment, a clerk performs a 3-way match (PO <> receiving report >> supplier invoice) and a senior accountant signs off; (d) the person who authorises payments does not record them. For three controls, name the assertion each protects and design a test of control. 013 DEFICIENCY & CONSEQUENCE 3 marks . ASA 265/330 On testing, Northwind's 3-way-match sign-off was missing on 40% of the sample. State the consequence for control risk, the substantive plan, and the auditor's communication duty. ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library Worked solution - control evaluation & ToC table 6 marks . COSO / ASA 330 1 IDENTIFY & CITE. These are control activities (COSO); tests of controls assess operating effectiveness (ASA 330) using Observe / Inspect / Enquire / Reperform. Each control protects a specific assertion. APPLY (table form - the marks live in matching the verb to the action and naming the assertion + reason): 识别与援引。这些是控制活动(COSO);控制测试评估运行有效性(ASA 330),采用观察/检查/询问/重新执行。每项 控制保护一个具体认定。应用(表格形式 -- 分数在于把动词配到动作并命名认定+理由): - 2 Control (a) pre-numbered, authorised PO - ToC: inspect a sample of POs for sequence completeness and an authorising signature; enquire on remediation of sequence gaps - Completeness (all orders captured) + Occurrence (purchases authorised). 控制(a)预先编号、经授权的采购订单→控制测试:检查一个采购订单样本的序号完整性和授权签名;就序号缺口的整 改作询问→完整性(所有订单都被捕获)+发生(采购经授权)。[23]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-acct90014.pdfCycles For each: dominant risk/assertion -> key control -> substantive procedure. · Revenue & receivables - occurrence/cut-off (overstatement bias, channel stuffing) + valuation (doubtful debts). - > positive confirmation (existence), cut-off, recompute allowance, analytical · Purchases & payables - completeness (understatement, unrecorded liabilities). > search for unrecorded liabilities , supplier-statement recon, 3-way match · Payroll - occurrence (ghost employees), accuracy (rates/hours). > HR/payroll SoD, authorised rates · Inventory - existence & valuation (NRV, obsolescence), R&O (consignment), cut-off. - > attend stocktake (count both directions), NRV testing · Cash - existence/R&O. > bank confirmation, reperform bank rec, cut-off (kiting/window- dressing) Direction of bias matters: revenue tends to be overstated (test occurrence/existence) while payables tend to be understated (test completeness) - match the procedure to the likely error. Real-world hooks the decks cite: Wirecard (€1. 9bn fake cash), Wells Fargo, Tesco rebates, Parmalat (forged confirmations). Melbourne Electronics case (Wk9): the integrated I/S & B/S exercise - apply assertions, materiality & risk and design procedures across accounts. It mirrors the exam/assignment style: a scenario, not recall. Practise writing one full risk -> assertion -> procedure line per material account. 10 . Completion T11 . CH10 Misstatement Qualified Adverse (disagreement) "except for" Disclaimer Pervasive (705. 05): effects not confined to specific items; OR a substantial proportion of the FR; OR fundamental to users' understanding. Basis for [opinion] paragraph goes before the opinion. First take all reasonable steps (alt procedures) - a limit isn't a scope limit if alt evidence is obtainable. Frequency reality: qualified is rare in practice; adverse & disclaimer are very rare. Classic adverse = FR on a going-concern basis but the auditor concludes continuation is highly improbable. Comparatives (710): corresponding figures (opinion on current period) vs comparative reports - used in AU - (opinion on each period). Other info (720): read the annual report for material inconsistencies > Other Matter para if uncorrected. GS 006: electronic publication mustn't imply assurance over unaudited website content. 12 . The Exam Answer THE RUBRIC

• 风险认定：存在、R&O
• 程序：银行函证 + 重新执行银行调节表 + 截止（防 kiting/window dressing）。[6]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf2 CITE. ASA 620 (using a management's expert / specialist); ASA 540 (auditing estimates & fair values, by analogy); ASA 500 (sufficient appropriate evidence); the assurance framework (reasonable vs limited); APES 110 (competence; objectivity). 援引。ASA 620 (使用管理层的专家);ASA 540(审计估计与公允价值,类比适用);ASA 500(充分适当的证据);鉴 证框架(合理 vs 有限);APES 110(胜任能力;客观性)。 - 3 APPLY - the Al model. The model is a management's expert, built in-house - objectivity is in doubt and it sits low on the reliability hierarchy. The auditor stays responsible: assess the data-team's competence, understand the model well enough to test its key assumptions (discount rate, output prices, degradation), corroborate the input data, and consider engaging the firm's own Al specialist. A black- box the auditor cannot interrogate is not sufficient appropriate evidence. 应用 -- AI 模型。该模型是一个管理层的专家,内部搭建→客观性存疑,在可靠性层级上位置低。审计师仍负责:评 估数据团队的胜任能力、充分理解模型以测试其关键假设(折现率、产出价格、衰减),佐证输入数据,并考虑聘用事务 所自己的AI 专家。一个审计师无法质询的黑箱不是充分适当的证据。 4 APPLY - the emissions claim. Decide the level: with immature criteria and systems, offer limited (not reasonable) assurance - a negative-form conclusion from inquiry + analytical procedures. Confirm the criteria (the emissions methodology) are suitable and available, and that the firm has the competence; a specialist may be needed to verify the emissions calculation. 应用 -- 排放声明。定下水平:在标准和系统不成熟的情况下,提供有限(而非合理)保证 -- 由询问+分析程序得出 一个否定式结论。确认标准(排放方法学)适当且可获得,并确认事务所具备胜任能力;可能需要一名专家来核实排放 计算。 5 CONCLUDE. The valuation is auditable only if the model's assumptions and inputs can be evaluated; absent that, it is a potential scope limitation. The 30% claim can be given limited assurance once criteria and evidence are confirmed. - 结论。仅当模型的假设和输入能被评价时,该估值才可审计;缺此,它便是一个潜在的范围受限。一旦标准和证据获得 确认,那30% 的声明可获得有限保证。 6 RESPOND. Evaluate the model under ASA 620 (or scope-limit the valuation if it stays a black box); scope the ESG engagement as limited assurance with a clearly-stated negative conclusion and the criteria used; apply independence/competence safeguards throughout. ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library 应对。按ASA 620 评价该模型(若它仍是黑箱,则对该估值作范围受限处理);把 ESG 业务范围定为有限保证,并明 确陈述否定式结论和所用标准;全程施加独立性/胜任能力的防范措施。 ★ Exam reflex for any contemporary prompt 面对任何当代议题题目的考试条件反射 Don't reach for a new rule. (1) Which familiar principle bites? - independence, competence/due care, sufficient appropriate evidence, the right level of assurance. (2) Cite the standard (ASA 620 for experts; the assurance framework for ESG). (3) Apply to the facts - objectivity of the expert, reliability of Al inputs, suitability of ESG criteria. (4) Conclude and (5) respond with the safeguard, procedure or assurance level. The novelty is the setting; the reasoning is the same auditing canon. 别去拿一条新规则。(1)哪条熟悉的原则在此咬合 ?-- 独立性、胜任能力/应有关注、充分适当的证据、恰当的保证水 平。(2)援引准则(专家看 ASA 620; ESG 看鉴证框架)。(3)应用到事实 -- 专家的客观性、AI输入的可靠性、ESG 标准的适当性。(4)下结论并(5)以防范措施、程序或保证水平应对。新颖的是情境;推理仍是同一套审计正典。 "The auditor can outsource the calculation but never the conclusion. Old duty, new tool. " “审计师可以外包计算,但绝不能外包结论。旧义务,新工具。” I THE CONTEMPORARY-ISSUES THROUGHLINE ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library GLOSSARY CHAPTER . GLOSSARY REZ EN + 中文 Bilingual glossary - every examinable term 双语术语表 -- 每个可考术语 English term . X . one-line meaning - grouped by the subject spine 英文术语 · 中文 · 一句话释义 -- 按学科主线分组 A fast reference for the vocabulary ACCT90014 actually examines, ordered along the subject spine - landscape - ethics - risk - control - assertions - evidence - cycles - completion - reporting. The X column is filled in the bilingual build; for now cover the right-hand meaning and recite from the term, then flip and recall the term from the meaning. The starred families to over-learn are the 5 threats, the AR model, the assertions + confused pairs, and the 4 opinions. ACCT90014 实际考核词汇的速查表,沿科目主轴排序 -- 全景→伦理→风险→控制→认定→证据→循环→ 完成→ 报告。中文列在双语版本中填写;现在先遮住右侧释义、由术语背诵,再翻转、由释义回想术语。需要过度熟练的带星族系是 5 类威胁、AR 模型、认定+易混淆成对项,以及4种意见。 - Term (EN) 中文 One-line meaning Assurance & the audit landscape 鉴证与审计概览 Assurance Practitioner expresses a conclusion to enhance users' confidence in a subject matter vs — engagement criteria; 5 elements (3-party, subject matter, criteria, evidence, report).[21]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-acct90014.pdf· Cash - existence/R&O. > bank confirmation, reperform bank rec, cut-off (kiting/window- dressing) Direction of bias matters: revenue tends to be overstated (test occurrence/existence) while payables tend to be understated (test completeness) - match the procedure to the likely error. Real-world hooks the decks cite: Wirecard (€1. 9bn fake cash), Wells Fargo, Tesco rebates, Parmalat (forged confirmations). Melbourne Electronics case (Wk9): the integrated I/S & B/S exercise - apply assertions, materiality & risk and design procedures across accounts. It mirrors the exam/assignment style: a scenario, not recall. Practise writing one full risk -> assertion -> procedure line per material account. 10 . Completion T11 . CH10 Misstatement Qualified Adverse (disagreement) "except for" Disclaimer Pervasive (705. 05): effects not confined to specific items; OR a substantial proportion of the FR; OR fundamental to users' understanding. Basis for [opinion] paragraph goes before the opinion. First take all reasonable steps (alt procedures) - a limit isn't a scope limit if alt evidence is obtainable. Frequency reality: qualified is rare in practice; adverse & disclaimer are very rare. Classic adverse = FR on a going-concern basis but the auditor concludes continuation is highly improbable. Comparatives (710): corresponding figures (opinion on current period) vs comparative reports - used in AU - (opinion on each period). Other info (720): read the annual report for material inconsistencies > Other Matter para if uncorrected. GS 006: electronic publication mustn't imply assurance over unaudited website content. 12 . The Exam Answer THE RUBRIC Shape Past students "have been poor at linking the principle to the situation. " Win marks with this skeleton for every scenario: I . C . A . C . R IDENTIFY the issue (threat / assertion / event) CITE the standard / principle / case APPLY it to the specific facts CONCLUDE (e. g. which opinion / liable?) RESPOND - the safeguard / procedure / action The APPLY step earns the marks - generic theory without facts scores low. Use professional scepticism & logical development, "not guesses and leaps of faith. " State your conclusion and the recommended response - markers reward the full chain, not a half- answer. SIA - For a legal/ethics vignette: name the threat/case + apply to facts - conclude - recommend the safeguard. For a reporting vignette: cause - material? - pervasive? ++ opinion. For a risk vignette: fact - IR/CR - RMM - DR - procedure. Same shape every time.[23]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-acct90014.pdfCycles For each: dominant risk/assertion -> key control -> substantive procedure. · Revenue & receivables - occurrence/cut-off (overstatement bias, channel stuffing) + valuation (doubtful debts). - > positive confirmation (existence), cut-off, recompute allowance, analytical · Purchases & payables - completeness (understatement, unrecorded liabilities). > search for unrecorded liabilities , supplier-statement recon, 3-way match · Payroll - occurrence (ghost employees), accuracy (rates/hours). > HR/payroll SoD, authorised rates · Inventory - existence & valuation (NRV, obsolescence), R&O (consignment), cut-off. - > attend stocktake (count both directions), NRV testing · Cash - existence/R&O. > bank confirmation, reperform bank rec, cut-off (kiting/window- dressing) Direction of bias matters: revenue tends to be overstated (test occurrence/existence) while payables tend to be understated (test completeness) - match the procedure to the likely error. Real-world hooks the decks cite: Wirecard (€1. 9bn fake cash), Wells Fargo, Tesco rebates, Parmalat (forged confirmations). Melbourne Electronics case (Wk9): the integrated I/S & B/S exercise - apply assertions, materiality & risk and design procedures across accounts. It mirrors the exam/assignment style: a scenario, not recall. Practise writing one full risk -> assertion -> procedure line per material account. 10 . Completion T11 . CH10 Misstatement Qualified Adverse (disagreement) "except for" Disclaimer Pervasive (705. 05): effects not confined to specific items; OR a substantial proportion of the FR; OR fundamental to users' understanding. Basis for [opinion] paragraph goes before the opinion. First take all reasonable steps (alt procedures) - a limit isn't a scope limit if alt evidence is obtainable. Frequency reality: qualified is rare in practice; adverse & disclaimer are very rare. Classic adverse = FR on a going-concern basis but the auditor concludes continuation is highly improbable. Comparatives (710): corresponding figures (opinion on current period) vs comparative reports - used in AU - (opinion on each period). Other info (720): read the annual report for material inconsistencies > Other Matter para if uncorrected. GS 006: electronic publication mustn't imply assurance over unaudited website content. 12 . The Exam Answer THE RUBRIC

• 风险认定：发生（幽灵员工）、准确性（工时/工资率）
• 程序：职责分离、授权工资率、对关键变更做测试。[23]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-acct90014.pdfCycles For each: dominant risk/assertion -> key control -> substantive procedure. · Revenue & receivables - occurrence/cut-off (overstatement bias, channel stuffing) + valuation (doubtful debts). - > positive confirmation (existence), cut-off, recompute allowance, analytical · Purchases & payables - completeness (understatement, unrecorded liabilities). > search for unrecorded liabilities , supplier-statement recon, 3-way match · Payroll - occurrence (ghost employees), accuracy (rates/hours). > HR/payroll SoD, authorised rates · Inventory - existence & valuation (NRV, obsolescence), R&O (consignment), cut-off. - > attend stocktake (count both directions), NRV testing · Cash - existence/R&O. > bank confirmation, reperform bank rec, cut-off (kiting/window- dressing) Direction of bias matters: revenue tends to be overstated (test occurrence/existence) while payables tend to be understated (test completeness) - match the procedure to the likely error. Real-world hooks the decks cite: Wirecard (€1. 9bn fake cash), Wells Fargo, Tesco rebates, Parmalat (forged confirmations). Melbourne Electronics case (Wk9): the integrated I/S & B/S exercise - apply assertions, materiality & risk and design procedures across accounts. It mirrors the exam/assignment style: a scenario, not recall. Practise writing one full risk -> assertion -> procedure line per material account. 10 . Completion T11 . CH10 Misstatement Qualified Adverse (disagreement) "except for" Disclaimer Pervasive (705. 05): effects not confined to specific items; OR a substantial proportion of the FR; OR fundamental to users' understanding. Basis for [opinion] paragraph goes before the opinion. First take all reasonable steps (alt procedures) - a limit isn't a scope limit if alt evidence is obtainable. Frequency reality: qualified is rare in practice; adverse & disclaimer are very rare. Classic adverse = FR on a going-concern basis but the auditor concludes continuation is highly improbable. Comparatives (710): corresponding figures (opinion on current period) vs comparative reports - used in AU - (opinion on each period). Other info (720): read the annual report for material inconsistencies > Other Matter para if uncorrected. GS 006: electronic publication mustn't imply assurance over unaudited website content. 12 . The Exam Answer THE RUBRIC

7）一题“完整范例链条”（你要学的是写法，不是背故事）

• 例：年末为了满足契约条款，6 月最后一周虚增收入（截止错误）+$310k 最大客户欠款纠纷（计价/存在/准确性）。重要性阈值 $250k。[18]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf- - WORKED SCENARIO Revenue cut-off + receivables confirmation 收入截止 +应收账款函证 Our own client - run IDENTIFY- CITE- APPLY- CONCLUDE- RESPOND 我们自创的客户 -- 运行 识别→援引→ 应用→结论→ 应对 A messy, judgement-heavy scenario of the kind the open-book final rewards. Resist reciting definitions - the marks are in linking the standard to these facts. 一个杂乱、判断密集的情景,正是开卷期末所奖赏的那种。别急着背定义 -- 分数在于把准则与这些事实联系起来。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library EX 8. 1 Meridian Outdoor Co - year-end revenue push and a disputed debtor Full IDENTIFY-RESPOND Facts (our own). Meridian Outdoor Co, a wholesaler of camping gear, has a 30 June year-end and a bank covenant requiring revenue growth of at least 8%. In the last week of June, recorded sales spiked: $620k of goods were invoiced and booked as June sales, but the despatch dockets show the goods left the warehouse in early July. Separately, the largest debtor, Alpine Retail ($310k), is in a billing dispute and has stopped paying. Planning materiality is $250k. 事实(我们自己的)。Meridian Outdoor Co 是一家露营装备批发商,6月30 日为年结日,并有一项要求收入增长至少 8% 的银行契约条款。6 月最后一周,已入账销售骤增:价值 $620k 的货物被开票并记为 6 月销售,但发货单显示货物 是在7月初离开仓库的。另外,最大的债务人 Alpine Retail ($310k)陷入计费纠纷并已停止付款。计划重要性为 $250k. 1 IDENTIFY. Two issues. (a) A cut-off / occurrence risk on revenue - sales of goods not yet despatched at year-end may be recorded in the wrong period (overstatement, motivated by the covenant). (b) A valuation (and existence/accuracy) risk on the Alpine receivable - a disputed, non-paying balance. 识别。两个问题。(a)收入上的截止/发生风险 -- 年末尚未发货的商品销售可能被记入错误期间(高估,受契约条款驱 动)。(b) Alpine 应收款上的计价(以及存在/准确性)风险 -- 一笔有争议、未付款的余额。 2 CITE. ASA 315 (assertions: cut-off, occurrence, existence, valuation); ASA 500 (procedures); ASA 505 (external confirmations); ASA 320 (materiality - $250k threshold). 援引。ASA 315 (认定:截止、发生、存在、计价);ASA 500(程序);ASA 505(外部函证);ASA 320(重要性 -- $250k 阈值)。 3 APPLY - cut-off. Revenue is recognised when control passes, i. e. on despatch. The $620k shipped in July belongs to the next period. $620k > $250k materiality - material overstatement of revenue and receivables. Procedure: sales cut-off test - examine the last despatch dockets before and the first after year-end and agree the sale date to the despatch date; vouch the spiked June entries back to their dockets. 应用 -- 截止。收入在控制权转移时确认,即在发货时。7月发出的 $620k 属于下一期间。$620k >$250k 重要性→ 收入和应收款重大高估。程序:销售截止测试 -- 检查年末前最后几张和年末后第一张发货单,把销售日期与发货日期 核对一致;把骤增的 6 月分录顺查回其发货单。 4 APPLY - the Alpine debtor. A positive confirmation tests existence/accuracy - but Alpine disputes the balance, so a confirmation may come back disagreeing, which is itself evidence. Confirmation does not address collectibility; the dispute and non-payment point to a valuation problem - recompute the doubtful-debt allowance, review post-year-end receipts (none received), and inspect dispute correspondence. 应用 -- Alpine 债务人。一份肯定式函证测存在/准确性 -- 但 Alpine 对余额有异议,所以回函可能表示不同意,这本 身就是证据。函证并不解决可收回性;纠纷和未付款指向一个计价问题 -- 重算坏账准备、复核年后收款(未收到)、检 查纠纷往来函件。 5 CONCLUDE. Revenue and receivables are materially overstated by the $620k cut-off error; the $310k Alpine balance is likely impaired and needs an allowance - individually below materiality but qualitatively significant (largest debtor, in dispute). 结论。收入和应收款因 $620k 截止错误而重大高估;$310k的 Alpine 余额很可能减值,需要计提准备 -- 单独看低于 重要性,但定性重大(最大债务人、处于纠纷中)。 6 RESPOND. Request management reverse the $620k into July and provide for the Alpine balance. If corrected - unmodified. If management refuses and the uncorrected misstatement exceeds materiality ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library + the disagreement drives a modified opinion (material but not pervasive - qualified, "except for"). Communicate the uncorrected misstatement to those charged with governance (ASA 450). 应对。要求管理层把 $620k 冲回至 7月,并为 Alpine 余额计提准备。若已更正→无保留。若管理层拒绝且未更正错 报超过重要性→该分歧驱动一个修改的意见(重大但不广泛→保留,“除 . . . . . . 外”)。把未更正错报传达给治理层 (ASA 450)。 "Confirm the balance for existence; recompute the allowance for value. They are different assertions and need different procedures. " I “为存在而函证余额;为价值而重算准备。它们是不同的认定,需要不同的程序。” THE RECEIVABLES TWO-STEP ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library

• IDENTIFY：收入的截止/发生风险（高估动机），应收的计价（以及存在/准确性）风险
• CITE：ASA 315（认定）、ASA 500（程序）、ASA 505（函证）、ASA 320（重要性）
• APPLY：
  • $620k > 250k$ → 收入/应收重大高估
  • 肯定式函证测存在/准确性；但“可收回性”要用年后收款+重算坏账准备来解决
• CONCLUDE：截止错报重大；最大债务人纠纷即使单独不一定超阈值，也可能定性重要
• RESPOND：要求更正；不更正则趋向修改意见，并与治理层沟通（未更正错报）。[18]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf- - WORKED SCENARIO Revenue cut-off + receivables confirmation 收入截止 +应收账款函证 Our own client - run IDENTIFY- CITE- APPLY- CONCLUDE- RESPOND 我们自创的客户 -- 运行 识别→援引→ 应用→结论→ 应对 A messy, judgement-heavy scenario of the kind the open-book final rewards. Resist reciting definitions - the marks are in linking the standard to these facts. 一个杂乱、判断密集的情景,正是开卷期末所奖赏的那种。别急着背定义 -- 分数在于把准则与这些事实联系起来。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library EX 8. 1 Meridian Outdoor Co - year-end revenue push and a disputed debtor Full IDENTIFY-RESPOND Facts (our own). Meridian Outdoor Co, a wholesaler of camping gear, has a 30 June year-end and a bank covenant requiring revenue growth of at least 8%. In the last week of June, recorded sales spiked: $620k of goods were invoiced and booked as June sales, but the despatch dockets show the goods left the warehouse in early July. Separately, the largest debtor, Alpine Retail ($310k), is in a billing dispute and has stopped paying. Planning materiality is $250k. 事实(我们自己的)。Meridian Outdoor Co 是一家露营装备批发商,6月30 日为年结日,并有一项要求收入增长至少 8% 的银行契约条款。6 月最后一周,已入账销售骤增:价值 $620k 的货物被开票并记为 6 月销售,但发货单显示货物 是在7月初离开仓库的。另外,最大的债务人 Alpine Retail ($310k)陷入计费纠纷并已停止付款。计划重要性为 $250k. 1 IDENTIFY. Two issues. (a) A cut-off / occurrence risk on revenue - sales of goods not yet despatched at year-end may be recorded in the wrong period (overstatement, motivated by the covenant). (b) A valuation (and existence/accuracy) risk on the Alpine receivable - a disputed, non-paying balance. 识别。两个问题。(a)收入上的截止/发生风险 -- 年末尚未发货的商品销售可能被记入错误期间(高估,受契约条款驱 动)。(b) Alpine 应收款上的计价(以及存在/准确性)风险 -- 一笔有争议、未付款的余额。 2 CITE. ASA 315 (assertions: cut-off, occurrence, existence, valuation); ASA 500 (procedures); ASA 505 (external confirmations); ASA 320 (materiality - $250k threshold). 援引。ASA 315 (认定:截止、发生、存在、计价);ASA 500(程序);ASA 505(外部函证);ASA 320(重要性 -- $250k 阈值)。 3 APPLY - cut-off. Revenue is recognised when control passes, i. e. on despatch. The $620k shipped in July belongs to the next period. $620k > $250k materiality - material overstatement of revenue and receivables. Procedure: sales cut-off test - examine the last despatch dockets before and the first after year-end and agree the sale date to the despatch date; vouch the spiked June entries back to their dockets. 应用 -- 截止。收入在控制权转移时确认,即在发货时。7月发出的 $620k 属于下一期间。$620k >$250k 重要性→ 收入和应收款重大高估。程序:销售截止测试 -- 检查年末前最后几张和年末后第一张发货单,把销售日期与发货日期 核对一致;把骤增的 6 月分录顺查回其发货单。 4 APPLY - the Alpine debtor. A positive confirmation tests existence/accuracy - but Alpine disputes the balance, so a confirmation may come back disagreeing, which is itself evidence. Confirmation does not address collectibility; the dispute and non-payment point to a valuation problem - recompute the doubtful-debt allowance, review post-year-end receipts (none received), and inspect dispute correspondence. 应用 -- Alpine 债务人。一份肯定式函证测存在/准确性 -- 但 Alpine 对余额有异议,所以回函可能表示不同意,这本 身就是证据。函证并不解决可收回性;纠纷和未付款指向一个计价问题 -- 重算坏账准备、复核年后收款(未收到)、检 查纠纷往来函件。 5 CONCLUDE. Revenue and receivables are materially overstated by the $620k cut-off error; the $310k Alpine balance is likely impaired and needs an allowance - individually below materiality but qualitatively significant (largest debtor, in dispute). 结论。收入和应收款因 $620k 截止错误而重大高估;$310k的 Alpine 余额很可能减值,需要计提准备 -- 单独看低于 重要性,但定性重大(最大债务人、处于纠纷中)。 6 RESPOND. Request management reverse the $620k into July and provide for the Alpine balance. If corrected - unmodified. If management refuses and the uncorrected misstatement exceeds materiality ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library + the disagreement drives a modified opinion (material but not pervasive - qualified, "except for"). Communicate the uncorrected misstatement to those charged with governance (ASA 450). 应对。要求管理层把 $620k 冲回至 7月,并为 Alpine 余额计提准备。若已更正→无保留。若管理层拒绝且未更正错 报超过重要性→该分歧驱动一个修改的意见(重大但不广泛→保留,“除 . . . . . . 外”)。把未更正错报传达给治理层 (ASA 450)。 "Confirm the balance for existence; recompute the allowance for value. They are different assertions and need different procedures. " I “为存在而函证余额;为价值而重算准备。它们是不同的认定,需要不同的程序。” THE RECEIVABLES TWO-STEP ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library[20]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-acct90014.pdf· Misstatement eval (ASA 450) - accumulate (factual/judgemental/projected); request correction; evaluate uncorrected individually & in aggregate against materiality; communicate to TCWG Also: overall analytical review, legal letters (confirm litigation/claims completeness to counsel), evaluate sufficiency of evidence, the EQ review. Uncorrected misstatements immaterial = unmodified opinion. MATERIAL, NOT PERVASIVE MATERIAL AND PERVASIVE Can't get evidence (scope limit) Qualified "except for" OPEN-BOOK FINAL . 60% Compiled by AskSia . mapped to the ACCT90014 syllabus . asksia. ai/cheatsheet/unimelb-acct90014 open-book final . check your current Subject Guide . @ 2026 good luck. identify . cite . apply . conclude . respond. Enquiry Observation ASA 500 direct 3rd-party reply - very reliable EVIDENCE - CONTROLS Vs SUBSTANTIVE - SAMPLING + CYCLES + COMPLETION - REPORTING . ASA 500 . vouching vs tracing . the opinion matrix . the ACCT90014 Auditing & Assurance Services UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE . POSTGRADUATE EXAM CHEAT SHEET Sem 1 2026 . SIDE 1 OF 2 built for the open-book final SIDE 1/2 ASSURANCE . ETHICS . LIABILITY . RISK . CONTROL . ASSERTIONS . Reasonable vs limited . APES 110 . 5 threats . Duty-breach-loss . AR = IR x CR x DR |OPEN-BOOK FINAL 0 . How to Use This

8）最后给你一份“考前 48 小时冲刺清单”（照做就提分）

• 反射 1：任何错报先问 高估/低估 → 立刻路由到存在/发生 vs 完整性。[11]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf! Existence vs Completeness point in OPPOSITE directions 存在与完整性指向相反方向 Existence/Occurrence guard against overstatement (recorded but not real). Completeness guards against understatement (real but not recorded). Asking "which way could this go wrong?" usually settles the assertion: a fraud that inflates assets is existence; an omitted liability is completeness. 存在/发生防范高估(已入账但不真实)。完整性防范 低估(真实但未入账)。问“这件事可能往哪个方向出 错?”通常就能定下认定:一项抬高资产的舞弊是存 在;一项遗漏的负债是完整性。 ✓ Occurrence vs Accuracy 发生与准确性 A recorded sale can occur (it's real) yet be inaccurate (wrong price or quantity). Occurrence asks "did it happen?"; accuracy asks "is the amount right?" A fictitious sale fails occurrence; a real sale booked at the wrong price fails accuracy. 一笔已入账的销售可以发生(真实)却不准确(价格 或数量错)。发生问“它发生了吗?”;准确性问“金额 对吗?”一笔虚构销售不满足发生;一笔以错误价格入 账的真实销售不满足准确性。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library "For any misstatement, first ask - overstatement or understatement? That single question routes you to existence/occurrence vs completeness, where most students go wrong. " “对任何错报,先问 -- 高估还是低估?这一个问题就把你导向 存在/发生 vs 完整性,而多数学生正是在这里出错。” THE ROUTING QUESTION FOR ASSERTIONS ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library WORKED . HARBOURLINE BREWING - WORKED SCENARIO - CONTROLS + ASSERTION MAPPING CENTREPIECE Harbourline Brewing Co - evaluate controls, map the assertions Harbourline Brewing Co -- 评估控制、映射认定 our own fictional client . the 3-column control-TOC-assertion table 我们自创的虚构客户 · 控制一控制测试一认定三栏表 The staple Topics 4-5 exam question gives a cycle narrative and asks for the controls, the test of control for each, and the assertion each protects - the lecturer's model answer is literally a three-column table. Below is the full move on our own fictional client. 主题4-5 的常考题给出一段循环叙述,要求列出控制、对每项控制的控制测试,以及各自所保护的认定 -- 讲师的标准答案 实际上就是一张三栏表。下面是在我们自创的虚构客户上完整走一遍。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library EG 5A Harbourline Brewing Co - sales & despatch cycle Type D - control evaluation Facts. Harbourline, a mid-size craft brewery, despatches kegs to bars and bottle-shops. Its controls: (i) a credit check is run before any despatch; (ii) goods leave only on a pre-numbered, sequence-checked despatch note signed by both the warehouse and the customer; (iii) each invoice is matched to the signed despatch note and an authorised order, then signed off before it is billed. 事实。Harbourline 是一家中型精酿啤酒厂,向酒吧和酒类专卖店发运啤酒桶。它的控制:(i)任何发运之前都要做一次 信用检查;(ii)货物只凭一张预先编号、经顺序核对、并由仓库和客户双方签字的发运单放行;(ii)每张发票在开票前都 要与已签字的发运单和经授权的订单相匹配,然后签字确认。 1 IDENTIFY. Evaluate the sales/despatch controls, design a test of control for each, and name the assertion each protects. 识别。评价销售/发货控制,为每项设计一个控制测试,并命名各自所保护的认定。 2 CITE. COSO control activities ASA 315 ; assertions for transactions (occurrence/completeness/accuracy); TOC techniques ASA 330 援引。COSO 控制活动 ASA 315 ;交易类认定(发生/完整性/准确性);控制测试技术 ASA 330 。[30]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-acct90014.pdfShape Past students "have been poor at linking the principle to the situation. " Win marks with this skeleton for every scenario: I . C . A . C . R IDENTIFY the issue (threat / assertion / event) CITE the standard / principle / case APPLY it to the specific facts CONCLUDE (e. g. which opinion / liable?) RESPOND - the safeguard / procedure / action The APPLY step earns the marks - generic theory without facts scores low. Use professional scepticism & logical development, "not guesses and leaps of faith. " State your conclusion and the recommended response - markers reward the full chain, not a half- answer. SIA - For a legal/ethics vignette: name the threat/case + apply to facts - conclude - recommend the safeguard. For a reporting vignette: cause - material? - pervasive? ++ opinion. For a risk vignette: fact - IR/CR - RMM - DR - procedure. Same shape every time. 12b . Exam Traps DON'T LOSE THESE · Vouching vs tracing - vouch (record-> source) = occurrence/overstatement; trace (source->record) = completeness/understatement. Get the direction right. Qualified vs adverse vs disclaimer - adverse = misstatement material & pervasive; disclaimer = evidence limit material & pervasive. Qualified = "except for" (not pervasive). · Existence vs completeness - opposite directions; pin overstatement vs understatement. · Reasonable # absolute assurance; enquiry alone never sufficient. Worked shape - ethics vignette: auditor holds shares in the client -> I: self-interest threat -> C: APES 110 conceptual framework > A: financial interest impairs objectivity, a reasonable 3rd party would doubt independence -> C: significant, not at an acceptable level -> R: dispose of the interest or withdraw from the engagement. 13 . Contemporary & ESG T13-14 · Private-firm audit - Corporations Act thresholds; scalable assurance for SMES · Experts (ASA 620) - auditor stays responsible > assess the specialist's competence, capability & objectivity · SSCs & skills - offshoring low-risk tasks erodes junior skills (long-run quality concern) · Digital auditing / AI - full-population testing, anomaly detection (e. g. KPMG Clara); risk of over- reliance & black-box models AU bodies to name-drop: AUASB (sets ASA, harmonised with the ISA) . AASB (accounting standards) . ASIC (regulator) · CPA Australia / CA ANZ (via APESB > APES 110) . ASX (governance principles) . PCAOB (US comparison). Worked shape - reporting vignette: a material, isolated inventory misstatement management won't correct -> cause = misstatement; material but not pervasive -> Qualified "except for", with a Basis-for- Qualified paragraph before the opinion. If it were pervasive -> Adverse instead.
• 反射 2：任何程序先问“它测哪个认定？”（函证测存在/准确性；搜未入账测完整性；重算测计价）。[18]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdf- - WORKED SCENARIO Revenue cut-off + receivables confirmation 收入截止 +应收账款函证 Our own client - run IDENTIFY- CITE- APPLY- CONCLUDE- RESPOND 我们自创的客户 -- 运行 识别→援引→ 应用→结论→ 应对 A messy, judgement-heavy scenario of the kind the open-book final rewards. Resist reciting definitions - the marks are in linking the standard to these facts. 一个杂乱、判断密集的情景,正是开卷期末所奖赏的那种。别急着背定义 -- 分数在于把准则与这些事实联系起来。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library EX 8. 1 Meridian Outdoor Co - year-end revenue push and a disputed debtor Full IDENTIFY-RESPOND Facts (our own). Meridian Outdoor Co, a wholesaler of camping gear, has a 30 June year-end and a bank covenant requiring revenue growth of at least 8%. In the last week of June, recorded sales spiked: $620k of goods were invoiced and booked as June sales, but the despatch dockets show the goods left the warehouse in early July. Separately, the largest debtor, Alpine Retail ($310k), is in a billing dispute and has stopped paying. Planning materiality is $250k. 事实(我们自己的)。Meridian Outdoor Co 是一家露营装备批发商,6月30 日为年结日,并有一项要求收入增长至少 8% 的银行契约条款。6 月最后一周,已入账销售骤增:价值 $620k 的货物被开票并记为 6 月销售,但发货单显示货物 是在7月初离开仓库的。另外,最大的债务人 Alpine Retail ($310k)陷入计费纠纷并已停止付款。计划重要性为 $250k. 1 IDENTIFY. Two issues. (a) A cut-off / occurrence risk on revenue - sales of goods not yet despatched at year-end may be recorded in the wrong period (overstatement, motivated by the covenant). (b) A valuation (and existence/accuracy) risk on the Alpine receivable - a disputed, non-paying balance. 识别。两个问题。(a)收入上的截止/发生风险 -- 年末尚未发货的商品销售可能被记入错误期间(高估,受契约条款驱 动)。(b) Alpine 应收款上的计价(以及存在/准确性)风险 -- 一笔有争议、未付款的余额。 2 CITE. ASA 315 (assertions: cut-off, occurrence, existence, valuation); ASA 500 (procedures); ASA 505 (external confirmations); ASA 320 (materiality - $250k threshold). 援引。ASA 315 (认定:截止、发生、存在、计价);ASA 500(程序);ASA 505(外部函证);ASA 320(重要性 -- $250k 阈值)。 3 APPLY - cut-off. Revenue is recognised when control passes, i. e. on despatch. The $620k shipped in July belongs to the next period. $620k > $250k materiality - material overstatement of revenue and receivables. Procedure: sales cut-off test - examine the last despatch dockets before and the first after year-end and agree the sale date to the despatch date; vouch the spiked June entries back to their dockets. 应用 -- 截止。收入在控制权转移时确认,即在发货时。7月发出的 $620k 属于下一期间。$620k >$250k 重要性→ 收入和应收款重大高估。程序:销售截止测试 -- 检查年末前最后几张和年末后第一张发货单,把销售日期与发货日期 核对一致;把骤增的 6 月分录顺查回其发货单。 4 APPLY - the Alpine debtor. A positive confirmation tests existence/accuracy - but Alpine disputes the balance, so a confirmation may come back disagreeing, which is itself evidence. Confirmation does not address collectibility; the dispute and non-payment point to a valuation problem - recompute the doubtful-debt allowance, review post-year-end receipts (none received), and inspect dispute correspondence. 应用 -- Alpine 债务人。一份肯定式函证测存在/准确性 -- 但 Alpine 对余额有异议,所以回函可能表示不同意,这本 身就是证据。函证并不解决可收回性;纠纷和未付款指向一个计价问题 -- 重算坏账准备、复核年后收款(未收到)、检 查纠纷往来函件。 5 CONCLUDE. Revenue and receivables are materially overstated by the $620k cut-off error; the $310k Alpine balance is likely impaired and needs an allowance - individually below materiality but qualitatively significant (largest debtor, in dispute). 结论。收入和应收款因 $620k 截止错误而重大高估;$310k的 Alpine 余额很可能减值,需要计提准备 -- 单独看低于 重要性,但定性重大(最大债务人、处于纠纷中)。 6 RESPOND. Request management reverse the $620k into July and provide for the Alpine balance. If corrected - unmodified. If management refuses and the uncorrected misstatement exceeds materiality ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library + the disagreement drives a modified opinion (material but not pervasive - qualified, "except for"). Communicate the uncorrected misstatement to those charged with governance (ASA 450). 应对。要求管理层把 $620k 冲回至 7月,并为 Alpine 余额计提准备。若已更正→无保留。若管理层拒绝且未更正错 报超过重要性→该分歧驱动一个修改的意见(重大但不广泛→保留,“除 . . . . . . 外”)。把未更正错报传达给治理层 (ASA 450)。 "Confirm the balance for existence; recompute the allowance for value. They are different assertions and need different procedures. " I “为存在而函证余额;为价值而重算准备。它们是不同的认定,需要不同的程序。” THE RECEIVABLES TWO-STEP ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library[22]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-acct90014.pdfRelevant assertions differ by account: receivables -> existence & valuation; payables -> completeness; inventory -> existence, valuation & R&O; cash -> existence & R&O; revenue -> occurrence & cut-off; payroll > occurrence (ghost employees) & accuracy. Exam staple: "which assertion is at risk?" for a described misstatement, then "map a procedure to it. " Each procedure tests a specific assertion - confirmation = existence, search-for-unrecorded = completeness, recalculation = valuation, attend-stocktake = existence + completeness. open-book final . 80% exams . check your current Subject Guide . @ 2026 flip - for side 2 . evidence, sampling, completion & opinions asksia. ai/cheatsheet/ unimelb-acct90014 . side 1/2 AskSia CHEAT SHEET SERIES · 60% Compiled by AskSia . mapped to the ACCT90014 syllabus . asksia. ai/cheatsheet/unimelb-acct90014 · · ACCT90014 Auditing & Assurance Services UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE . POSTGRADUATE EXAM CHEAT SHEET Sem 1 2026 . SIDE 2 OF 2 evidence . cycles . opinions SIDE 2/2 exam answer shape . traps 7 . Audit Evidence ASA 500 * Audit evidence . info used to test assertions. Must be sufficient AND appropriate. Relevance - does it address the specific assertion? (confirming receivables tests existence, not completeness). The two interrelate: higher RMM or lower-quality evidence = more evidence needed; more-reliable evidence = less of it needed. RELIABILITY HIERARCHY External > internal auditor-generated > client-generated written > oral . original > copy strong controls > weak controls So a bank confirmation or reperformed control beats an enquiry; enquiry alone always needs corroboration. Evidence is usually persuasive rather than conclusive - the auditor weighs cost vs the assurance gained, gathering more where risk is higher. 7b . The 7 Procedures PROCEDURE NOTE
• 反射 3：任何风险题都能写出：IR/CR → RMM → DR → “更多/更好/更晚证据”。[14]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdfWORKED SCENARIO - RISK & MATERIALITY TOGETHER CENTREPIECE Northwind Robotics Ltd - set materiality, assess IR/CR, derive DR Northwind Robotics Ltd -- 设定重要性、评估 IR/CR、推导 DR our own fictional client . the answer shape: IDENTIFY-> CITE-> APPLY- CONCLUDE- RESPOND 我们自创的虚构客户 · 答题形状:识别→援引→ 应用→结论→ 应对 A planning vignette is the staple Topic 3 exam question. Below is the full move on an entirely fictional client - pick a benchmark, set materiality, assess IR and CR with reasons, then derive the required detection risk and the evidence consequence. Every step is paraphrased standard reasoning; the numbers and facts are our own. 计划类小情景是主题3的常考题。下面是在一个完全虚构的客户上完整走一遍 -- 选择基准、设定重要性、带理由评估 IR 和 CR,然后推导出所需的检查风险及证据后果。每一步都是对准则推理的意译;数字和事实是我们自创的。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library A + B combined EG 3A Northwind Robotics Ltd - revenue & receivables Facts. Northwind is a fast-growing listed maker of warehouse robots. FY26: revenue $180m, profit before tax $9. 0m, total assets $240m. It books revenue on long-term install contracts using percentage-of- completion estimates; management has an aggressive sales-growth bonus; a new ERP went live mid-year and the finance team is stretched. The auditor targets a low audit risk. Focus: the revenue / receivables cycle. 事实。Northwind 是一家快速增长的上市仓储机器人制造商。FY26:收入 $180m,税前利润 $9. 0m,总资产 $240m。它在长期安装合同上按完工百分比估计确认收入;管理层有激进的销售增长奖金;一套新的ERP 在年中上 线,财务团队人手紧张。审计师瞄准低审计风险。重点:收入/应收账款循环。 1 IDENTIFY. This is a detection-risk planning question for the revenue/receivables cycle, with a materiality call. RMM = IR x CR. 识别。这是收入/应收款循环的检查风险计划题,附带一个重要性判断 。。 2 CITE. AR = IR x CR x DR; ASA 315 (assess RMM), ASA 320 (materiality), ASA 330 (responses). 援引 。; ASA 315 (评估 RMM)、 ASA 320 (重要性)、 ASA 330 (应对)。 3 APPLY - materiality. PBT is a sensible benchmark for a profit-focused listed entity. Overall materiality ~ 5% x $9. 0m = $450,000; performance materiality at a 70% haircut ~ $315,000. 应用 -- 重要性。对于以盈利为重的上市实体,税前利润(PBT)是合理基准。整体重要性 ~; 按70% 折减的执行重 要性 ~。 4 APPLY - IR (high). Revenue relies on percentage-of-completion estimates (judgement), there is a growth-bonus incentive to overstate, and the industry is fast-moving - high inherent risk for the occurrence/cut-off and valuation assertions of revenue/receivables. 应用 -- IR(高)。收入依赖完工百分比估计(判断),存在增长奖金的高估动机,且行业变动迅速 -- 收入/应收款的发 生/截止与计价认定具有高固有风险。 5 APPLY - CR (high). A mid-year ERP cutover plus a stretched finance team means controls have not stabilised - control risk is high; the auditor cannot yet rely on controls. 应用 -- CR(高)。年中ERP切换加上吃紧的财务团队,意味着控制尚未稳定 -- 控制风险高;审计师暂时无法依赖控 制。 6 CONCLUDE. IR high x CR high => RMM is high. To hold AR at the acceptable low level, the acceptable DR must be low. 结论。IR 高× CR 高⇒高。要把它压在可接受的低水平,可接受的必须低。 7 RESPOND. Plan more, better, later substantive evidence: positive external confirmations of receivables (existence/accuracy), cut-off testing of contracts straddling year-end, recalculation of percentage-of-completion and the doubtful-debt allowance (valuation), larger samples, year-end (not interim) timing, and experienced staff. Treat uncorrected errors against the $450k / $315k thresholds. 应对。计划更多、更好、更晚的实质性证据:应收款的肯定式外部函证(存在/准确性)、对跨年合同的截止测试、对完 工百分比和坏账准备的重新计算(计价)、更大的样本、年末(而非期中)时点,以及经验丰富的人员。把未更正错误对 照 $450k / $315k 阈值处理。 ACCT90014 . Auditing and Assurance Services . AskSia Library ✓ Why the numbers are not the point 为何数字本身不是重点 Notice no precise multiplication was needed - the marks are in the directional reasoning (high IR, high CR - high RMM - low DR - more evidence) and in justifying each assessment with the specific facts. That is the apply-to- facts move markers reward.
• 反射 4：任何报告题都能走：错报 vs 范围受限 → 重大吗 → 广泛吗 → opinion。[16]Source: asksia-bible-acct90014-bilingual.pdfOPINION DECISION / ASA 705 - TOPIC 11 . THE OPINION DECISION THE STAPLE EXAM QUESTION The four opinions & the modification decision 四种意见与修改决策 Misstatement or scope limit? - > material? - > pervasive? - the material x pervasive 2x2 错报还是范围限制?→重大吗?→广泛吗 ?-- 重大×广泛2×2 矩阵 The single most-examined move in the subject. Given a problem at completion, two questions decide everything. (1) What is the problem? A misstatement (you disagree with management) or an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate evidence (a scope limitation)? (2) How bad? Is it material, and if so is it pervasive? 本科目考得最多的一步。给定一个完成阶段的问题,两个问题决定一切。(1)问题是什么?是错报(你不同意管理层)还是无 法获取充分、适当的证据(审计范围受限)?(2)有多严重?它是否重大,若是,是否广泛? Material x Pervasive no not pervasive pervasive Misstatement or scope limitation? UNMODIFIED yes misstmt Qualified Adverse no Material? Unmodified yes no Pervasive? QUALIFIED scope Qualified Disclaimer 'except for' yes ADVERSE / DISCLAIMER[30]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-acct90014.pdfShape Past students "have been poor at linking the principle to the situation. " Win marks with this skeleton for every scenario: I . C . A . C . R IDENTIFY the issue (threat / assertion / event) CITE the standard / principle / case APPLY it to the specific facts CONCLUDE (e. g. which opinion / liable?) RESPOND - the safeguard / procedure / action The APPLY step earns the marks - generic theory without facts scores low. Use professional scepticism & logical development, "not guesses and leaps of faith. " State your conclusion and the recommended response - markers reward the full chain, not a half- answer. SIA - For a legal/ethics vignette: name the threat/case + apply to facts - conclude - recommend the safeguard. For a reporting vignette: cause - material? - pervasive? ++ opinion. For a risk vignette: fact - IR/CR - RMM - DR - procedure. Same shape every time. 12b . Exam Traps DON'T LOSE THESE · Vouching vs tracing - vouch (record-> source) = occurrence/overstatement; trace (source->record) = completeness/understatement. Get the direction right. Qualified vs adverse vs disclaimer - adverse = misstatement material & pervasive; disclaimer = evidence limit material & pervasive. Qualified = "except for" (not pervasive). · Existence vs completeness - opposite directions; pin overstatement vs understatement. · Reasonable # absolute assurance; enquiry alone never sufficient. Worked shape - ethics vignette: auditor holds shares in the client -> I: self-interest threat -> C: APES 110 conceptual framework > A: financial interest impairs objectivity, a reasonable 3rd party would doubt independence -> C: significant, not at an acceptable level -> R: dispose of the interest or withdraw from the engagement. 13 . Contemporary & ESG T13-14 · Private-firm audit - Corporations Act thresholds; scalable assurance for SMES · Experts (ASA 620) - auditor stays responsible > assess the specialist's competence, capability & objectivity · SSCs & skills - offshoring low-risk tasks erodes junior skills (long-run quality concern) · Digital auditing / AI - full-population testing, anomaly detection (e. g. KPMG Clara); risk of over- reliance & black-box models AU bodies to name-drop: AUASB (sets ASA, harmonised with the ISA) . AASB (accounting standards) . ASIC (regulator) · CPA Australia / CA ANZ (via APESB > APES 110) . ASX (governance principles) . PCAOB (US comparison). Worked shape - reporting vignette: a material, isolated inventory misstatement management won't correct -> cause = misstatement; material but not pervasive -> Qualified "except for", with a Basis-for- Qualified paragraph before the opinion. If it were pervasive -> Adverse instead.

• 别堆笔记：做一个“ASA 快速索引”，能让你秒定位（例如 ASA 315/320/330/500/505/620/705/706 等）。[24]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-acct90014.pdfunderstand entity . RMM . assertions 320 / 450 materiality · misstatement eval responses . tests of controls 500 /530 evidence . sampling 560/570/580 subsequent . going concern . reps 700/701 unmodified report . KAM 705 /706 modified . EoM & Other Matter 265 /260 deficiencies · communication TCWG 620 using an expert SIA > Open-book reward = retrieval speed. Tab this index so you cite the right ASA in seconds, then spend your time on the APPLY step where the marks are. 15 . One-Line Recall DRILL COLD CUE ANSWER watchdog not bloodhound[25]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-acct90014.pdf14 . Standards Quick- Index WHERE IT LIVES ASA/ISA TOPIC objective · reasonable assurance engagement letter understand entity . RMM . assertions 320 / 450 materiality · misstatement eval responses . tests of controls 500 /530 evidence . sampling 560/570/580 subsequent . going concern . reps 700/701 unmodified report . KAM 705 /706 modified . EoM & Other Matter 265 /260 deficiencies · communication TCWG 620 using an expert[27]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-acct90014.pdfSIA > Open-book reward = retrieval speed. Tab this index so you cite the right ASA in seconds, then spend your time on the APPLY step where the marks are. 15 . One-Line Recall DRILL COLD CUE ANSWER watchdog not bloodhound Kingston Cotton Mill AU 3rd-party duty test Esanda Finance auditor-controlled risk detection risk (DR) overstatement test vouch . existence/occurrence understatement test trace . completeness misstatement + pervasive adverse scope limit + pervasive disclaimer doesn't modify opinion

我需要你给我 3 个信息，我就能把复习地图“再个性化到每天刷什么题型”

• 你的 Final 具体日期是哪一天？（我好按剩余天数排日程）
• 你最怕的三块是哪些：
  • A 认定/顺查逆查
  • B 风险模型 + 重要性
  • C 控制三栏表（控制+TOC+认定）
  • D 证据是否充分适当（ASA 500）
  • E 各循环程序（收入/应收、应付、存货、现金）
  • F 意见网格（705：Qualified/Adverse/Disclaimer）
• 你希望我用哪种方式带你：“给模板背诵” 还是 “给题你写→我按 rubric 改成满分答案”？[30]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-acct90014.pdfShape Past students "have been poor at linking the principle to the situation. " Win marks with this skeleton for every scenario: I . C . A . C . R IDENTIFY the issue (threat / assertion / event) CITE the standard / principle / case APPLY it to the specific facts CONCLUDE (e. g. which opinion / liable?) RESPOND - the safeguard / procedure / action The APPLY step earns the marks - generic theory without facts scores low. Use professional scepticism & logical development, "not guesses and leaps of faith. " State your conclusion and the recommended response - markers reward the full chain, not a half- answer. SIA - For a legal/ethics vignette: name the threat/case + apply to facts - conclude - recommend the safeguard. For a reporting vignette: cause - material? - pervasive? ++ opinion. For a risk vignette: fact - IR/CR - RMM - DR - procedure. Same shape every time. 12b . Exam Traps DON'T LOSE THESE · Vouching vs tracing - vouch (record-> source) = occurrence/overstatement; trace (source->record) = completeness/understatement. Get the direction right. Qualified vs adverse vs disclaimer - adverse = misstatement material & pervasive; disclaimer = evidence limit material & pervasive. Qualified = "except for" (not pervasive). · Existence vs completeness - opposite directions; pin overstatement vs understatement. · Reasonable # absolute assurance; enquiry alone never sufficient. Worked shape - ethics vignette: auditor holds shares in the client -> I: self-interest threat -> C: APES 110 conceptual framework > A: financial interest impairs objectivity, a reasonable 3rd party would doubt independence -> C: significant, not at an acceptable level -> R: dispose of the interest or withdraw from the engagement. 13 . Contemporary & ESG T13-14 · Private-firm audit - Corporations Act thresholds; scalable assurance for SMES · Experts (ASA 620) - auditor stays responsible > assess the specialist's competence, capability & objectivity · SSCs & skills - offshoring low-risk tasks erodes junior skills (long-run quality concern) · Digital auditing / AI - full-population testing, anomaly detection (e. g. KPMG Clara); risk of over- reliance & black-box models AU bodies to name-drop: AUASB (sets ASA, harmonised with the ISA) . AASB (accounting standards) . ASIC (regulator) · CPA Australia / CA ANZ (via APESB > APES 110) . ASX (governance principles) . PCAOB (US comparison). Worked shape - reporting vignette: a material, isolated inventory misstatement management won't correct -> cause = misstatement; material but not pervasive -> Qualified "except for", with a Basis-for- Qualified paragraph before the opinion. If it were pervasive -> Adverse instead.