FINM3005
Jun 8, 2026
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我先帮你做了一步最有用的事:
- 已经把这两份 FINM3005 资料加到你当前 session 里了:
asksia-cheatsheet-finm3005.pdfasksia-bible-finm3005-bilingual.pdf
- 你现在可以直接拿它们复习。
- 已经把这两份 FINM3005 资料加到你当前 session 里了:
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如果你要考 FINM3005,最有效的学法不是“从头硬背”,而是按这条线学:
- 先懂整门课在考什么
- 再练固定做题框架
- 最后狂刷高频陷阱
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这门课一般可以这样抓主线:
- DCF 估值
- FCFF 预测
- WACC / CAPM
- Terminal Value
- EV 到 Equity Value 的桥接
- Multiples
- 最后写 recommendation / conclusion
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你可以把它理解成:
- 第 1 步:预测现金流
- 第 2 步:选折现率
- 第 3 步:算终值
- 第 4 步:折现回今天
- 第 5 步:从企业价值桥接到股权价值
- 第 6 步:得出每股价值,判断高估还是低估
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最推荐的学习顺序:
- 第一轮:先看 cheatsheet
- 目标不是全懂
- 目标是先知道这门课有哪些模块、公式、步骤
- 第二轮:再看 bible
- 把每个模块连起来
- 看清楚“为什么这样算”
- 第三轮:开始按题型练
- 不要只看答案
- 要自己写步骤
- 第四轮:整理错题
- 尤其是桥接漏项、公式误用、假设不一致
- 第一轮:先看 cheatsheet
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你现在最该优先学的 5 个点:
- 1. FCFF 到底怎么搭
- 很多人会背公式,但不会从题目数据里抽出来
- 2. WACC 每一项怎么来
- 尤其是 cost of equity、beta、tax
- 3. Terminal value 怎么选
- perpetual growth 和 exit multiple 的区别
- 4. EV 到 equity 的桥接
- 这是特别容易丢分的地方
- 要会加减 debt、cash、minority interest 之类项目
- 5. 最后结论怎么写
- 不只是报数字
- 要说 assumptions、risk、sanity check
- 1. FCFF 到底怎么搭
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最常见低效学法,你尽量别这样:
- 一直看笔记,不动手算
- 只背公式,不练题目怎么套
- 会算 EV,但不会桥接到 equity
- 算完数字,不做合理性检查
- 每道题都重头乱做,没有固定模板
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高分做法是固定模板化:
- 看到题先写:
- 题目要我算什么
- 用什么估值法
- 需要哪些假设
- 再按顺序写:
- forecast
- discount rate
- terminal value
- enterprise value
- equity bridge
- per share value
- recommendation
- 这样考试时最稳,不容易漏步骤
- 看到题先写:
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如果你时间不多,我建议你这样冲:
- 3 天版
- 第 1 天:看 cheatsheet,理清全课程框架
- 第 2 天:主攻 DCF + WACC + terminal value
- 第 3 天:主攻 EV-equity bridge + conclusion + 错题回顾
- 7 天版
- 第 1 天:总览全课
- 第 2 天:FCFF
- 第 3 天:WACC / CAPM
- 第 4 天:Terminal value
- 第 5 天:EV 到 equity bridge
- 第 6 天:Multiples + recommendation
- 第 7 天:完整做 1–2 道综合题
- 3 天版
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每天复习时的正确节奏:
- 先用 20 分钟看概念
- 再用 40–60 分钟做题
- 最后用 15 分钟总结:
- 今天哪一步最容易错
- 哪个公式会背但不会用
- 哪个概念还混
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考前最后一天只看这 4 类东西:
- 核心公式
- 做题步骤模板
- 高频桥接项目
- 你自己的错题
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如果你问我“最值得优先抓什么”,我的答案是:
- DCF 全流程
- WACC
- Terminal value
- EV → Equity bridge
- 这四块抓住,通常就已经抓住大头了。
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我建议我们下一步直接这样做,效率最高:
- A. 我帮你做一版 FINM3005 考前复习地图
- B. 我帮你提炼 cheatsheet 的重点
- C. 我按题型一个一个教你
- D. 我直接带你刷一道完整 valuation 题
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你只要回我一句就行:
- “做复习地图”
- 或者 “先讲 DCF”
- 或者 “带我刷题”
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如果你愿意,我也可以顺手记住你在复习 FINM3005,下次直接接着帮你。
可以,我给你一份适合 FINM3005 的详细学习计划
- 我先说结论:
- 这门课不要按“背知识点”去学,要按一条固定估值流水线去学。
- 你要反复练的核心其实就是这一套:
- 预测现金流
- 用 WACC 折现
- 加 terminal value
- 从 EV 桥接到 equity
- 算到 per share
- 最后写 recommendation
- 资料里也反复强调:这门课考的是 applied valuation,不是死记 Excel;评分看的是假设是否可辩护、逻辑是否一致、结论是否讲得清楚,不是某一个“唯一正确数字”。
一、先定总策略:你应该怎么学
- 这门课最重要的学习原则有 4 个:
- 原则 1:一切围绕 DCF 主线
- 课程结构虽然很多,但真正主干是 DCF engine。资料明确说,掌握 DCF,其他很多内容都是围绕它展开。
- 原则 2:每题都按五步答题
- 设定 assumptions
- build/compute
- bridge to equity
- sanity-check / triangulate
- recommend
- 原则 3:闭卷考试,所以要“纸上重建”
- 你不能只看答案,也不能只会 Excel。
- 资料建议你把解答遮住,自己在纸上完整重做。
- 原则 4:先练“稳定骨架”,再追求速度
- 因为评分很看重 consistent chain。
- 就算算术有点小波动,只要骨架对,还是能拿分。
- 原则 1:一切围绕 DCF 主线
二、你最该优先掌握的 8 个核心模块
- 按资料的课程顺序,你复习时也最好按这个顺序来:
- 1. Valuation mindset
- value vs price
- intrinsic value / market value / book value
- 为什么估值不是找“唯一答案”
- 2. DCF valuation
- FCFF / FCFE
- enterprise DCF
- terminal value
- EV → equity bridge
- 3. Reorganising statements
- operating vs non-operating
- NOPLAT
- invested capital
- ROIC
- 4. Forecasting & model integrity
- revenue drivers
- margin
- capex
- consistency
- 5. Cost of capital
- CAPM
- unlever / relever beta
- cost of debt
- WACC
- 6. Growth & terminal value
- growth creates value only when ROIC > WACC
- convergence CV vs Gordon CV
- 7. Relative valuation / multiples
- P/E
- EV/EBITA
- peer consistency
- triangulation
- 8. Recommendation
- Buy / Hold / Sell
- target price / horizon / catalyst / what changes the call
- 1. Valuation mindset
三、给你一套 14 天详细学习计划
- 我先按考前 14 天冲刺版给你做。
- 如果你时间更少,我后面再给你 7 天压缩版。
第 1 天:先把整门课主线看懂
- 目标:
- 明白这门课到底在考什么
- 把整条 valuation pipeline 建起来
- 任务:
- 看课程 blueprint 和 course spine
- 记住这条主线: $$ EV=\sum_{t=1}^{T}\frac{FCF_t}{(1+WACC)^t}+\frac{CV_T}{(1+WACC)^T} $$ 然后再从 EV 桥接到 equity / per share。
- 理解:
- exam 是 closed-book
- almost every problem 都在走同一套 engine
- 当天输出:
- 你自己手写一张“全课程地图”
- 只写 6 个词:
- FCFF
- WACC
- TV
- EV
- Equity bridge
- Recommendation
- 自测:
- 不看资料,口头讲 1 分钟:
- “FINM3005 整门课到底在干嘛?”
- 不看资料,口头讲 1 分钟:
第 2 天:专攻 DCF 骨架
- 目标:
- 把 DCF 五步答题结构背熟
- 任务:
- 重点练五步式答案:
- Step 1: set up
- Step 2: compute
- Step 3: bridge
- Step 4: sanity-check
- Step 5: recommend
- 记住:每道大题都套这个模板
- 重点练五步式答案:
- 当天输出:
- 自己写一个固定答题模板
- 以后每题开头都照着写
- 自测:
- 给你一家公司数据时,你能不能先不算,直接先写出五步框架?
第 3 天:学 FCFF、NOPLAT、ROIC
- 目标:
- 搞清楚经营现金流和价值创造的基础
- 任务:
- 理解 reorganisation 的目的:
- 把报表拆成 operating / non-operating / financing
- 重点理解:
- NOPLAT 是什么
- invested capital 是什么
- 为什么 ROIC 是核心判断指标
- 记住一句最重要的话:
- 只有当 $ROIC > WACC$,增长才创造价值。
- 理解 reorganisation 的目的:
- 当天输出:
- 写一张“增长是否创造价值”的判断卡片
- 自测:
- 如果题目说公司增长很快,但 $ROIC < WACC$,你能立刻说出:这是destroying value。
第 4 天:练 forecasting
- 目标:
- 学会从 drivers 去推 forecast,而不是乱填数字
- 任务:
- 重点看:
- revenue growth
- margin
- capex
- consistency
- 练习“假设要能自圆其说”
- growth 为什么这样设?
- margin 为什么稳定/上升/下降?
- moat 持续几年?
- 重点看:
- 当天输出:
- 做一个“假设说明模板”:
- revenue 假设
- margin 假设
- reinvestment 假设
- horizon 假设
- 做一个“假设说明模板”:
- 自测:
- 每写一个 forecast 假设,都补一句 basis
第 5 天:专攻 WACC 和 CAPM
- 目标:
- 把考试最爱考的 WACC 彻底理顺
- 任务:
- 学 CAPM、beta、cost of debt、target weights
- 重中之重:
- unlever beta
- relever beta
- 记住经典陷阱:
- 不能直接平均 peers 的 raw equity betas
- 一定要先去杠杆,再按你自己公司的目标杠杆加回去
- 当天输出:
- 做一张 WACC 流程卡:
- peers beta
- unlever
- average
- relever to your firm
- CAPM
- WACC
- 做一张 WACC 流程卡:
- 自测:
- 闭眼说出:
- 为什么要 unlever / relever?
- 闭眼说出:
第 6 天:专攻 terminal value
- 目标:
- 把 terminal value 变成你的拿分点,而不是失分点
- 任务:
- 学 2 个核心点:
- convergence CV 为什么是默认
- Gordon CV 什么时候才合理
- 记住默认逻辑:
- 视野后新投资的回报收敛到资本成本
- 即长期上 $RONIC = WACC$
- 记住两个大陷阱:
- CV 常常占 EV 的
- 学 2 个核心点:
FINM3005 模拟考(按这份资料的内容量与考试风格来出)
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我是按资料里的这几个关键信息来设计的:
- 考试是 closed-book,而且是 fresh company + fresh numbers 的应用型估值题,不是背 Excel[3]Source: asksia-bible-finm3005-bilingual.pdfWhat it means at the exam A solution, not the answer No single correct number - defensible assumptions win Model-building integrity Internal consistency, sanity checks, a clear story Sit as a junior analyst Audience = professional investors; end on a clear call Always sanity- check ROIC vs WACC, CV as a share of value, triangulate FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library ★ The exam format - applied valuation, NOT spreadsheet recall 考试形式 -- 应用型估值,而非电子表格的死记硬背 One closed-book written paper. You will not open the KGW model. You will be given a company sketch, accounts, peer multiples and cost-of-capital inputs and asked to set up assumptions, build the cash flows, bridge to a per-share value and recommend. The same skeleton - PV(FCF) at the WACC -+ EV -> equity - per share - powers nearly every problem, alongside short concept items (why enterprise DCF, the convergence-CV rationale, ROIC vs WACC, market efficiency). Walk a full valuation on a fresh company and you have walked the exam. 一场闭卷笔试。你不能翻开 KGW 模型。但你将拿到 一份公司概况、账目、同业倍数与资本成本输入,并 被要求设定假设、构建现金流、桥接到每股价值并给 出建议。同一套骨架一 -按 WACC 折现的 PV(FCF) → EV→股权→每股 -- 驱动着几乎每一道问题, 外加一些概念简答(为何用企业 DCF、收敛型 CV的 理据、ROIC 对 WACC、市场有效性)。走一遍对一家 全新公司的完整估值,你就走过了整场考试。 ✓ The quiz redemption rule - and what it dictates 测验补偿规则 -- 以及它所决定的事 The Week-5 quiz is optional and redeemable: if you don't take it, or your exam % beats your quiz %, the 5% simply rolls into the final exam. Net effect - the exam is effectively ≥60% and the universal backstop, while nothing backstops the exam. The dominant move is to over-invest in exam-style reasoning: drill the DCF engine, write the EV-equity bridge every time, and end every problem with a recommendation. 第5 周测验是可选且可抵扣的:若你不参加,或你的 考试百分比超过测验百分比,那5% 就直接并入期末 考试。净效果是 -- 考试实际上占比≥60% 且是普遍 的兜底,而没有任何东西为考试兜底。占优的做法是 过度投入于考试式推理:反复操练 DCF 引擎,每次都 写出 EV→股权桥接,并在每道题末尾给出建议。 i The five-step valuation answer shape - the rubric for every problem 五步式估值答题结构 -- 每道题的评分准绳 Every strong valuation answer moves through the same five beats. Author every solution this way: (1) Set up assumptions - method, horizon, value drivers, cost-of-capital inputs; flag the fragile ones. (2) Build / compute - forecast FCFF, build the WACC, discount, add the terminal value (default = convergence NOPLAT++1/W ACC). (3) Bridge to equity / per share - value of operations ++ + non-operating assets - EV - - net debt - minorities - equity -+ + shares. (4) Sanity-check / triangulate - ROIC > WACC? CV plausible? cross-check vs multiples. (5) Recommend - Buy / Hold / Sell on a 1-3-year horizon, with what would change the call. 每一份出色的估值答案都走过同样的五个节拍。每份解答都照此撰写:(1)设定假设 -- 方法、视野、价值驱动因素、资 本成本输入;标出脆弱者。(2)构建/计算 -- 预测 FCFF、构建 WACC、折现、加上终值(默认=收敛型)。(3)桥接到 股权/每股 -- 经营价值 →+非经营性资产 →EV→- 净负债 -少数股东权益→ 股权→÷股数。(4)合理性检验/ 三角验证 -- ROIC>WACC? CV 是否可信?与倍数交叉验证。(5)给出建议 -- 以1-3 年视野给出买入/持有/卖出, 并说明什么会改变这一判断。 FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library CONTENTS - CONTENTS Three parts, one pipeline 三个部分,一条流水线 Build the engine - build the model- cross-check & recommend 搭引擎→搭模型 → 交叉核验并给出建议 Ch Topic Core ideas Part I . The engine (Weeks 1-2)[6]Source: asksia-bible-finm3005-bilingual.pdfThe standard valuation canon - the DCF, FCFF/FCFE, WACC, CAPM, terminal value, the EV++equity bridge - is universal method and is stated openly (a present value is a fact, an identity is an identity). The lecturer's proprietary cases (the Cochlear example report, the Coles assignment company, the KGW Excel model, the JPM/Telstra case) are paraphrased and re-numbered, never copied - every worked example here is our own invented company. The course follows Koller-Goedhart-Wessels (KGW) with Damodaran as the recommended companion; we restate only the non-copyrightable method. Book status: closed-book ANU exam - no bring-in. Verify weights and dates on your own Wattle/Canvas. 标准估值经典体系 -- DCF、FCFF/FCFE、WACC、CAPM、终值、EV→股权桥接 -- 是通用方法,可公开陈述(一个 现值是事实,一个恒等式就是恒等式)。讲师的专有案例(Cochlear 示例报告、Coles 作业公司、KGW Excel 模型、 JPM/Telstra 案例)均经改写并重新赋数,绝不照搬 -- 这里每一道例题都是我们自己虚构的公司。本课程遵循 Koller-Goedhart-Wessels (KGW),并以 Damodaran 为推荐配套读物;我们只复述不受版权保护的方法。书本状 态:ANU 闭卷考试 -- 不可携带资料。请在你自己的 Wattle/Canvas 上核实各项权重与日期。 FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library THE BLUEPRINT - THE EXAM BLUEPRINT FINAL 60% . CLOSED-BOOK 60% closed-book, every topic examinable 60% 闭卷,每个主题都可考 Optional Quiz 5% (redeemable) . Group Valuation Assignment 35% . Final Exam 60% 可选测验 5%(可补偿)· 小组估值作业 35% · 期末考试 60% Your mark is three pieces, and one dominates. The final exam is 60% in a single closed-book sitting during the ANU central exam period - in-person, individual, and everything is examinable: lectures, workshops, tutorials, the online quiz and the assignment materials. The convenor is A/Prof Xianming Zhou (RSFAS). 你的成绩由三部分构成,其中一部分占主导。期末考试是ANU 中央考试期内的一场闭卷、占60% 的考试 -- 线下、个人作 答,且一切皆可考:讲座、研讨课、辅导课、线上测验和作业材料。课程协调人是 A/Prof Xianming Zhou (RSFAS)。 - 60% FINAL EXAM (CLOSED-BOOK) 期末考试(闭卷) 35% GROUP VALUATION ASSIGNMENT 小组估值作业 QUIZ (REDEEMABLE, WK5) 测验(可抵扣,第5周) 1 ENGINE: PV(FCF) - EQUITY 引擎:PV(FCF)→ 股权 The three assessment pieces 三项考核 Component Weight When / detail Final examination - closed-book, 60% ANU exam period individual, all topics Group Valuation Assignment (teams of 4-6; ASX company) 35% Due ~Wk 11 Optional Quiz (online, individual, redeemable) 5% Week 5 The applied junior-analyst ethos 应用型初级分析师的精神 Principle
- 题型应包含:
- concept short-answers
- full computational valuation
- 围绕 DCF、WACC、reorg、growth、multiples、sensitivity、recommendation 展开[4]Source: asksia-bible-finm3005-bilingual.pdfFINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library — — — Required gap between intrinsic value & price before acting on a Buy/Sell. Margin of safety — — — i How to use this glossary in revision 复习时如何使用这份术语表 The terms run in teaching order - the same spine the exam walks on a fresh company. Two passes: EN-meaning (cover the right column), then meaning-EN (cover the term). The ideas to over-learn (tested almost verbatim): ROIC > W ACC - growth creates value, the EV-equity bridge, convergence vs Gordon CV, unlever/relever beta, multiple consistency, and accretion # value creation. 这些术语按教学顺序排列 -- 与考试在一家全新公司上所走的主干相同。两遍:EN→含义(遮住右列),然后含义→EN (遮住术语)。应过度学习的观念(几乎逐字被考):ROIC >WACC→增长创造价值、EV→股权桥接、收敛型 vs Gordon CV、去杠杆/再加杠杆贝塔、倍数一致性,以及增厚 ≠价值创造。 FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library PRACTICE Q1-Q5 CHAPTER . PRACTICE BANK & WORKED SOLUTIONS MIRRORS THE 60% FINAL + ASSIGNMENT Drill the valuation spine, exam-style 按考试风格,操练估值主干 Sixteen fresh problems - concept short-answers + full computational valuations, each worked through the five-beat answer shape 十六道全新题目 -- 概念简答+完整计算估值,每题都走通五拍式答题结构 The one-line takeaway. The FINM3005/6005 final is a spine of full valuation problems (DCF, WACC, reorg, growth, multiples, M&A, sensitivity) plus concept short-answers. This bank gives one fresh problem per recurring exam move, each worked through the five beats: set up - compute - bridge - sanity-check - recommend. Cover the solution, do it on paper, then check. 一句话要点。FINM3005/6005 期末考试的主干是一系列完整的估值问题(DCF、WACC、重组、增长、倍数、M&A、敏感 性)外加概念简答。本题库为每一种反复出现的考试套路提供一道全新问题,每道都贯穿五个节拍:设定→计算→桥接→ 合理性检验→给出建议。先遮住解答,在纸上做一遍,再核对。 ★ The five-beat answer shape - use it every time 五拍式答题结构 -- 每次都要用 (1) Set up - method, horizon, value drivers, cost-of-capital inputs, flag fragile assumptions. (2) Compute - FCFF, WACC from CAPM with unlever/relever, explicit PVs, continuing value. (3) Bridge - ops -+ + non-op -+ EV -+ - net debt / minority / options -> equity -+ + shares. (4) Sanity-check - is ROIC > W ACC? is CV a plausible share? cross-check vs multiples; sensitivity. (5) Recommend - Buy/Hold/Sell over 1-3 yrs + what changes the call. (1) 设定 -- 方法、视野、价值驱动因素、资本成本输入,标出脆弱假设。(2)计算 -- FCFF、用带去杠杆/再加杠杆的 CAPM 得 WACC、显式各期现值、持续价值。(3)桥接 -- 经营 →+非经营性→EV →- 净负债/少数股东权益/期权 → 股权→÷股数。(4)合理性检验 -- 是否?CV占比是否可信?与倍数交叉验证;敏感性。(5)给出建议 -- 以 1-3 年视野给出买入/持有/卖出+什么会改变这一判断。 ! Fresh stems - the exam STYLE, not the exam 全新题干 -- 考试风格,而非考试本身 These are AskSia-authored problems on invented companies with fresh round numbers. They are not real exam/tutorial questions and use no figures from the Coles case or the Example Report. The standard valuation procedure is canonical; every number is checked by hand.[5]Source: asksia-bible-finm3005-bilingual.pdfThe valuation mindset value vs price . intrinsic vs relative . the four approaches . g = reinvestment x ROIC . → value only when ROIC > WACC 2 DCF valuation FCFF & FCFE . the 6-step enterprise DCF . terminal value three ways . the EV++equity → bridge . mid-year convention Part II . Building the model (Weeks 3-6) 3 Reorganising the operating vs non-operating . NOPLAT . invested capital . ROIC → statements 4 Forecasting & model integrity revenue drivers . margins . capex . ROIC decomposition . consistency → 5 Cost of capital CAPM · beta unlever/relever · cost of debt . WACC . target weights → 6 Incorporating growth reinvestment · value of growth . RONIC vs WACC . growth fade → Part III . Cross-check & the call (Weeks 7-10) 7 Multiple-based valuation P/E . EV/EBITA . comparables . the football field → 8 Valuation by parts sum-of-the-parts . segment WACC . sensitivity & scenario → 9 M&A valuation synergy · premium · accretion / dilution · payment form → 10 Forming a recommendation triangulation . market efficiency . the Buy/Hold/Sell call → Walk in ready 11 Glossary & formula map every term · which method, when → 12 Practice bank & solutions the recurring exam template on our own companies → FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library i Why this order 为什么是这个顺序 The course builds strictly. Part I sets the engine - what value is, and the DCF that produces it. Part II feeds the engine - reorganise the accounts into operating terms, forecast the drivers, build the cost of capital, and decide what growth is worth. Part III cross-checks the answer - relative multiples, sum-of-the-parts, M&A, then triangulates everything into a recommendation. We keep this order because the exam and the assignment both walk the same pipeline on a fresh company. Chapters 1-2 are the centrepiece - master the DCF and the rest is detail. 本课程层层递进。第一部分奠定引擎 -- 什么是价值,以及产生价值的DCF。第二部分为引擎供料 -- 把账目重组为经 营性口径、预测各驱动因素、构建资本成本,并判定增长值多少钱。第三部分对答案做交叉验证 -- 相对倍数、分部加 总估值、M&A,然后把一切三角验证成一项投资建议。我们保持这一顺序,因为考试与作业都在一家全新公司上走过同 一条流水线。第1-2 章是核心 -- 掌握 DCF,其余都是细节。
- 几乎所有大题都应走同一条主线:
- $PV(FCF)$
- $\to EV$
- $\to equity$
- $\to per\ share$
- 最后给出 Buy / Hold / Sell[1]Source: asksia-bible-finm3005-bilingual.pdfA 1 . LEARN the method 1·学方法 You haven't done the topic yet. Read a chapter top to bottom. Every idea opens with a one-line TL;DR, then heading -+ diagram/formula - explainer -+ steps - worked example - trap + recap. The diagrams are original schematics of the standard valuation canon - learn the DCF picture cold. 你还没学过这个主题。把一章从 头读到尾。每个要点都以一行 TL;DR 开头,然后是标题→ 图 示/公式→讲解→步骤→ 例 题→陷阱→小结。图示是标准 估值经典内容的原创示意图 -- 把DCF那张图彻底学透。 B 2 . BUILD the model 2 · 搭模型 You've seen the lecture and a workshop. Cover the worked steps and re-build each one by hand - forecast the FCFF, discount at the WACC, add the terminal value, run the bridge. The assignment is this book applied to a real ASX company; the exam is the same engine on fresh numbers. 你已看过讲座和一次研讨课。遮 住已解出的步骤,逐一动手重建 预测 FCFF,按 WACC 折 现,加上终值,再做桥接。作业 就是把本书应用到一家真实的 ASX 公司上;考试则是同一套引 擎换上全新数字。 C 3 . EXAM 考试 It's revision / study week. The TL;DRs, the trap boxes and the recurring DCF-+equity pattern are your map. The blueprint overleaf shows the weights, the redeemable quiz and the five- step answer shape every valuation problem should follow. 现在是复习/温习周。各处的 TL;DR、陷阱框以及反复出现的 DCF→股权模式,就是你的地 图。下一页的蓝图列出各项权 重、可抵扣的测验,以及每道估 值问题都应遵循的五步答题结 构。 FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library i The single engine that runs the whole course 驱动整门课的唯一引擎 Master one calculation and the course collapses into a pattern. Every task - a full DCF, a WACC build, a reorganisation, a multiple, a synergy - is the same engine: estimate the free cash flow to all investors, discount it at the cost of capital, add a terminal value, then bridge enterprise value to equity and divide by shares. Wrapped around it is one decision rule - value is created only when ROIC > WACC - and one answer shape the graders reward beat by beat. Internalise the engine and fresh exam numbers cannot surprise you. 掌握一种计算,整门课就坍缩为一个套路。每一项任务 -- 一个完整的DCF、一次 WACC 构建、一次重组、一个倍 数、一次协同 -- 都是同一套引擎:估计流向全体投资者的自由现金流,按资本成本折现,加上终值,然后把企业价值 桥接到股权价值,再除以股数。围绕它的是一条决策法则 -- 只有当 ROIC>WACC 时才创造价值 -- 以及一种评卷人 会逐节拍给分的答题结构。把这套引擎内化,全新的考试数字就无法让你措手不及。 THE SPINE Enterprise Value = ∑ t=1 T FCF CVT (1 + W ACC)t + (1 + W ACC)T ⟶ Equity = EV - net debt -> Equity shares ! The most important strategic fact about FINM3005/6005 关于 FINM3005/6005 最重要的战略事实 The 60% final is closed-book and ungated, and the 5% quiz redeems into it - if you skip the Week-5 quiz or score worse than your exam, that 5% simply rolls onto the exam weight. So a strong exam carries the day, but nothing backstops the exam. Treat the 35% group assignment as exam practice with a longer deadline: building the model is learning the exam. Prioritise the exam engine, and let the assignment forge it. 60% 的期末考试是闭卷且无门槛的,且5% 的测验可抵扣进考试 -- 若你跳过第5周测验,或其分数低于考试分数, 那5% 就直接并入考试权重。因此一场强势的考试足以定乾坤,但没有任何东西为考试兜底。把占35% 的小组作业当 作截止期更长的考试练习:搭建模型本身就是在学习考试内容。优先攻克考试引擎,让作业来锤炼它。 i How this book was built - and the two-layer rule 本书是如何构建的 -- 以及两层规则[3]Source: asksia-bible-finm3005-bilingual.pdfWhat it means at the exam A solution, not the answer No single correct number - defensible assumptions win Model-building integrity Internal consistency, sanity checks, a clear story Sit as a junior analyst Audience = professional investors; end on a clear call Always sanity- check ROIC vs WACC, CV as a share of value, triangulate FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library ★ The exam format - applied valuation, NOT spreadsheet recall 考试形式 -- 应用型估值,而非电子表格的死记硬背 One closed-book written paper. You will not open the KGW model. You will be given a company sketch, accounts, peer multiples and cost-of-capital inputs and asked to set up assumptions, build the cash flows, bridge to a per-share value and recommend. The same skeleton - PV(FCF) at the WACC -+ EV -> equity - per share - powers nearly every problem, alongside short concept items (why enterprise DCF, the convergence-CV rationale, ROIC vs WACC, market efficiency). Walk a full valuation on a fresh company and you have walked the exam. 一场闭卷笔试。你不能翻开 KGW 模型。但你将拿到 一份公司概况、账目、同业倍数与资本成本输入,并 被要求设定假设、构建现金流、桥接到每股价值并给 出建议。同一套骨架一 -按 WACC 折现的 PV(FCF) → EV→股权→每股 -- 驱动着几乎每一道问题, 外加一些概念简答(为何用企业 DCF、收敛型 CV的 理据、ROIC 对 WACC、市场有效性)。走一遍对一家 全新公司的完整估值,你就走过了整场考试。 ✓ The quiz redemption rule - and what it dictates 测验补偿规则 -- 以及它所决定的事 The Week-5 quiz is optional and redeemable: if you don't take it, or your exam % beats your quiz %, the 5% simply rolls into the final exam. Net effect - the exam is effectively ≥60% and the universal backstop, while nothing backstops the exam. The dominant move is to over-invest in exam-style reasoning: drill the DCF engine, write the EV-equity bridge every time, and end every problem with a recommendation. 第5 周测验是可选且可抵扣的:若你不参加,或你的 考试百分比超过测验百分比,那5% 就直接并入期末 考试。净效果是 -- 考试实际上占比≥60% 且是普遍 的兜底,而没有任何东西为考试兜底。占优的做法是 过度投入于考试式推理:反复操练 DCF 引擎,每次都 写出 EV→股权桥接,并在每道题末尾给出建议。 i The five-step valuation answer shape - the rubric for every problem 五步式估值答题结构 -- 每道题的评分准绳 Every strong valuation answer moves through the same five beats. Author every solution this way: (1) Set up assumptions - method, horizon, value drivers, cost-of-capital inputs; flag the fragile ones. (2) Build / compute - forecast FCFF, build the WACC, discount, add the terminal value (default = convergence NOPLAT++1/W ACC). (3) Bridge to equity / per share - value of operations ++ + non-operating assets - EV - - net debt - minorities - equity -+ + shares. (4) Sanity-check / triangulate - ROIC > WACC? CV plausible? cross-check vs multiples. (5) Recommend - Buy / Hold / Sell on a 1-3-year horizon, with what would change the call. 每一份出色的估值答案都走过同样的五个节拍。每份解答都照此撰写:(1)设定假设 -- 方法、视野、价值驱动因素、资 本成本输入;标出脆弱者。(2)构建/计算 -- 预测 FCFF、构建 WACC、折现、加上终值(默认=收敛型)。(3)桥接到 股权/每股 -- 经营价值 →+非经营性资产 →EV→- 净负债 -少数股东权益→ 股权→÷股数。(4)合理性检验/ 三角验证 -- ROIC>WACC? CV 是否可信?与倍数交叉验证。(5)给出建议 -- 以1-3 年视野给出买入/持有/卖出, 并说明什么会改变这一判断。 FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library CONTENTS - CONTENTS Three parts, one pipeline 三个部分,一条流水线 Build the engine - build the model- cross-check & recommend 搭引擎→搭模型 → 交叉核验并给出建议 Ch Topic Core ideas Part I . The engine (Weeks 1-2)[9]Source: asksia-bible-finm3005-bilingual.pdfFINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library Value = = ! The growth fallacy examiners bait 考官设下的增长谬误诱饵 "The company is growing fast, so it must be creating value. " Wrong. Growth only creates value if the capital funding it earns above the hurdle. High-ROIC firms should prioritise growth; low-ROIC firms should fix ROIC first. Always state the verdict as ROIC vs W ACC, never as the growth rate alone. “这家公司增长很快,所以它一定在创造价值。”错。增 长只有在为其供资的资本回报超过门槛时才创造价 值。高 ROIC 企业应优先增长;低 ROIC 企业应先修 复 ROIC。结论始终要表述为对的关系,绝不能单凭增 长率。 ★ Recap - W1 in five lines 回顾一 一第1周五行要点 ● 价值=未来现金流的现值;内在价值 ≠账面价值 ≠市场价值 。· DCF 是核心;两大驱动因素 -- 现金流与风险。● ,,。● 只有当 ROIC>WACC 时才创造价值;增长会沿着利差所指的方向放大 。· 更高 ROIC 的企业所需再投资更少 → 更多自由现金→更多价值(“价值公司 vs 规模公司”)。 FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library W2 . DCF IN ONE PICTURE DCF VALUATION - THE WHOLE ENGINE IN ONE PICTURE WEEK 2 . THE CORE Discount the cash flows, then bridge to value per share 折现现金流,再桥接到每股价值 the AHA-unit: PV(FCF) + PV(TV) = EV-> - net debt -> equity - per share “恍然大悟”单元:PV(FCF)+ PV(TV)= EV →-净负债→ 股权→ 每股 This single diagram is the spine of the course, the assignment and most of the exam. Left: each forecast free cash flow (and a terminal value) is dragged back to today by dividing by (1 + W ACC)t, and the present values are summed to enterprise value. Right: the EV++equity bridge subtracts net debt and minority interest, adds associates, to reach equity value; divide by shares for value per share. Learn this picture cold. 这张图就是整门课、作业以及大部分考试的主干。左侧:每一笔预测的自由现金流(以及一个终值)通过除以 被拉回今天, 再把各现值加总为企业价值。右侧:EV→股权桥接减去净负债与少数股东权益、加上联营企业,得到股权价值;除以股数得 到每股价值。把这张图烂熟于心。 1 Discount the cash flows FCF (nominal) PV = FCF / (1+WACC) ~+ terminal TV year Sum of PVs = Enterprise Value 2 Bridge to value per share -32 +14 -8
- 作答时尽量套这 5 步:
- set up
- compute
- bridge
- sanity-check
- recommend[3]Source: asksia-bible-finm3005-bilingual.pdfWhat it means at the exam A solution, not the answer No single correct number - defensible assumptions win Model-building integrity Internal consistency, sanity checks, a clear story Sit as a junior analyst Audience = professional investors; end on a clear call Always sanity- check ROIC vs WACC, CV as a share of value, triangulate FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library ★ The exam format - applied valuation, NOT spreadsheet recall 考试形式 -- 应用型估值,而非电子表格的死记硬背 One closed-book written paper. You will not open the KGW model. You will be given a company sketch, accounts, peer multiples and cost-of-capital inputs and asked to set up assumptions, build the cash flows, bridge to a per-share value and recommend. The same skeleton - PV(FCF) at the WACC -+ EV -> equity - per share - powers nearly every problem, alongside short concept items (why enterprise DCF, the convergence-CV rationale, ROIC vs WACC, market efficiency). Walk a full valuation on a fresh company and you have walked the exam. 一场闭卷笔试。你不能翻开 KGW 模型。但你将拿到 一份公司概况、账目、同业倍数与资本成本输入,并 被要求设定假设、构建现金流、桥接到每股价值并给 出建议。同一套骨架一 -按 WACC 折现的 PV(FCF) → EV→股权→每股 -- 驱动着几乎每一道问题, 外加一些概念简答(为何用企业 DCF、收敛型 CV的 理据、ROIC 对 WACC、市场有效性)。走一遍对一家 全新公司的完整估值,你就走过了整场考试。 ✓ The quiz redemption rule - and what it dictates 测验补偿规则 -- 以及它所决定的事 The Week-5 quiz is optional and redeemable: if you don't take it, or your exam % beats your quiz %, the 5% simply rolls into the final exam. Net effect - the exam is effectively ≥60% and the universal backstop, while nothing backstops the exam. The dominant move is to over-invest in exam-style reasoning: drill the DCF engine, write the EV-equity bridge every time, and end every problem with a recommendation. 第5 周测验是可选且可抵扣的:若你不参加,或你的 考试百分比超过测验百分比,那5% 就直接并入期末 考试。净效果是 -- 考试实际上占比≥60% 且是普遍 的兜底,而没有任何东西为考试兜底。占优的做法是 过度投入于考试式推理:反复操练 DCF 引擎,每次都 写出 EV→股权桥接,并在每道题末尾给出建议。 i The five-step valuation answer shape - the rubric for every problem 五步式估值答题结构 -- 每道题的评分准绳 Every strong valuation answer moves through the same five beats. Author every solution this way: (1) Set up assumptions - method, horizon, value drivers, cost-of-capital inputs; flag the fragile ones. (2) Build / compute - forecast FCFF, build the WACC, discount, add the terminal value (default = convergence NOPLAT++1/W ACC). (3) Bridge to equity / per share - value of operations ++ + non-operating assets - EV - - net debt - minorities - equity -+ + shares. (4) Sanity-check / triangulate - ROIC > WACC? CV plausible? cross-check vs multiples. (5) Recommend - Buy / Hold / Sell on a 1-3-year horizon, with what would change the call. 每一份出色的估值答案都走过同样的五个节拍。每份解答都照此撰写:(1)设定假设 -- 方法、视野、价值驱动因素、资 本成本输入;标出脆弱者。(2)构建/计算 -- 预测 FCFF、构建 WACC、折现、加上终值(默认=收敛型)。(3)桥接到 股权/每股 -- 经营价值 →+非经营性资产 →EV→- 净负债 -少数股东权益→ 股权→÷股数。(4)合理性检验/ 三角验证 -- ROIC>WACC? CV 是否可信?与倍数交叉验证。(5)给出建议 -- 以1-3 年视野给出买入/持有/卖出, 并说明什么会改变这一判断。 FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library CONTENTS - CONTENTS Three parts, one pipeline 三个部分,一条流水线 Build the engine - build the model- cross-check & recommend 搭引擎→搭模型 → 交叉核验并给出建议 Ch Topic Core ideas Part I . The engine (Weeks 1-2)[4]Source: asksia-bible-finm3005-bilingual.pdfFINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library — — — Required gap between intrinsic value & price before acting on a Buy/Sell. Margin of safety — — — i How to use this glossary in revision 复习时如何使用这份术语表 The terms run in teaching order - the same spine the exam walks on a fresh company. Two passes: EN-meaning (cover the right column), then meaning-EN (cover the term). The ideas to over-learn (tested almost verbatim): ROIC > W ACC - growth creates value, the EV-equity bridge, convergence vs Gordon CV, unlever/relever beta, multiple consistency, and accretion # value creation. 这些术语按教学顺序排列 -- 与考试在一家全新公司上所走的主干相同。两遍:EN→含义(遮住右列),然后含义→EN (遮住术语)。应过度学习的观念(几乎逐字被考):ROIC >WACC→增长创造价值、EV→股权桥接、收敛型 vs Gordon CV、去杠杆/再加杠杆贝塔、倍数一致性,以及增厚 ≠价值创造。 FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library PRACTICE Q1-Q5 CHAPTER . PRACTICE BANK & WORKED SOLUTIONS MIRRORS THE 60% FINAL + ASSIGNMENT Drill the valuation spine, exam-style 按考试风格,操练估值主干 Sixteen fresh problems - concept short-answers + full computational valuations, each worked through the five-beat answer shape 十六道全新题目 -- 概念简答+完整计算估值,每题都走通五拍式答题结构 The one-line takeaway. The FINM3005/6005 final is a spine of full valuation problems (DCF, WACC, reorg, growth, multiples, M&A, sensitivity) plus concept short-answers. This bank gives one fresh problem per recurring exam move, each worked through the five beats: set up - compute - bridge - sanity-check - recommend. Cover the solution, do it on paper, then check. 一句话要点。FINM3005/6005 期末考试的主干是一系列完整的估值问题(DCF、WACC、重组、增长、倍数、M&A、敏感 性)外加概念简答。本题库为每一种反复出现的考试套路提供一道全新问题,每道都贯穿五个节拍:设定→计算→桥接→ 合理性检验→给出建议。先遮住解答,在纸上做一遍,再核对。 ★ The five-beat answer shape - use it every time 五拍式答题结构 -- 每次都要用 (1) Set up - method, horizon, value drivers, cost-of-capital inputs, flag fragile assumptions. (2) Compute - FCFF, WACC from CAPM with unlever/relever, explicit PVs, continuing value. (3) Bridge - ops -+ + non-op -+ EV -+ - net debt / minority / options -> equity -+ + shares. (4) Sanity-check - is ROIC > W ACC? is CV a plausible share? cross-check vs multiples; sensitivity. (5) Recommend - Buy/Hold/Sell over 1-3 yrs + what changes the call. (1) 设定 -- 方法、视野、价值驱动因素、资本成本输入,标出脆弱假设。(2)计算 -- FCFF、用带去杠杆/再加杠杆的 CAPM 得 WACC、显式各期现值、持续价值。(3)桥接 -- 经营 →+非经营性→EV →- 净负债/少数股东权益/期权 → 股权→÷股数。(4)合理性检验 -- 是否?CV占比是否可信?与倍数交叉验证;敏感性。(5)给出建议 -- 以 1-3 年视野给出买入/持有/卖出+什么会改变这一判断。 ! Fresh stems - the exam STYLE, not the exam 全新题干 -- 考试风格,而非考试本身 These are AskSia-authored problems on invented companies with fresh round numbers. They are not real exam/tutorial questions and use no figures from the Coles case or the Example Report. The standard valuation procedure is canonical; every number is checked by hand.
-
所以下面这套我给你做成:
- Part A:概念短答
- Part B:中等计算题
- Part C:一题完整估值大题
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这样最接近资料里反复强调的考试骨架[3]Source: asksia-bible-finm3005-bilingual.pdfWhat it means at the exam A solution, not the answer No single correct number - defensible assumptions win Model-building integrity Internal consistency, sanity checks, a clear story Sit as a junior analyst Audience = professional investors; end on a clear call Always sanity- check ROIC vs WACC, CV as a share of value, triangulate FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library ★ The exam format - applied valuation, NOT spreadsheet recall 考试形式 -- 应用型估值,而非电子表格的死记硬背 One closed-book written paper. You will not open the KGW model. You will be given a company sketch, accounts, peer multiples and cost-of-capital inputs and asked to set up assumptions, build the cash flows, bridge to a per-share value and recommend. The same skeleton - PV(FCF) at the WACC -+ EV -> equity - per share - powers nearly every problem, alongside short concept items (why enterprise DCF, the convergence-CV rationale, ROIC vs WACC, market efficiency). Walk a full valuation on a fresh company and you have walked the exam. 一场闭卷笔试。你不能翻开 KGW 模型。但你将拿到 一份公司概况、账目、同业倍数与资本成本输入,并 被要求设定假设、构建现金流、桥接到每股价值并给 出建议。同一套骨架一 -按 WACC 折现的 PV(FCF) → EV→股权→每股 -- 驱动着几乎每一道问题, 外加一些概念简答(为何用企业 DCF、收敛型 CV的 理据、ROIC 对 WACC、市场有效性)。走一遍对一家 全新公司的完整估值,你就走过了整场考试。 ✓ The quiz redemption rule - and what it dictates 测验补偿规则 -- 以及它所决定的事 The Week-5 quiz is optional and redeemable: if you don't take it, or your exam % beats your quiz %, the 5% simply rolls into the final exam. Net effect - the exam is effectively ≥60% and the universal backstop, while nothing backstops the exam. The dominant move is to over-invest in exam-style reasoning: drill the DCF engine, write the EV-equity bridge every time, and end every problem with a recommendation. 第5 周测验是可选且可抵扣的:若你不参加,或你的 考试百分比超过测验百分比,那5% 就直接并入期末 考试。净效果是 -- 考试实际上占比≥60% 且是普遍 的兜底,而没有任何东西为考试兜底。占优的做法是 过度投入于考试式推理:反复操练 DCF 引擎,每次都 写出 EV→股权桥接,并在每道题末尾给出建议。 i The five-step valuation answer shape - the rubric for every problem 五步式估值答题结构 -- 每道题的评分准绳 Every strong valuation answer moves through the same five beats. Author every solution this way: (1) Set up assumptions - method, horizon, value drivers, cost-of-capital inputs; flag the fragile ones. (2) Build / compute - forecast FCFF, build the WACC, discount, add the terminal value (default = convergence NOPLAT++1/W ACC). (3) Bridge to equity / per share - value of operations ++ + non-operating assets - EV - - net debt - minorities - equity -+ + shares. (4) Sanity-check / triangulate - ROIC > WACC? CV plausible? cross-check vs multiples. (5) Recommend - Buy / Hold / Sell on a 1-3-year horizon, with what would change the call. 每一份出色的估值答案都走过同样的五个节拍。每份解答都照此撰写:(1)设定假设 -- 方法、视野、价值驱动因素、资 本成本输入;标出脆弱者。(2)构建/计算 -- 预测 FCFF、构建 WACC、折现、加上终值(默认=收敛型)。(3)桥接到 股权/每股 -- 经营价值 →+非经营性资产 →EV→- 净负债 -少数股东权益→ 股权→÷股数。(4)合理性检验/ 三角验证 -- ROIC>WACC? CV 是否可信?与倍数交叉验证。(5)给出建议 -- 以1-3 年视野给出买入/持有/卖出, 并说明什么会改变这一判断。 FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library CONTENTS - CONTENTS Three parts, one pipeline 三个部分,一条流水线 Build the engine - build the model- cross-check & recommend 搭引擎→搭模型 → 交叉核验并给出建议 Ch Topic Core ideas Part I . The engine (Weeks 1-2)[4]Source: asksia-bible-finm3005-bilingual.pdfFINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library — — — Required gap between intrinsic value & price before acting on a Buy/Sell. Margin of safety — — — i How to use this glossary in revision 复习时如何使用这份术语表 The terms run in teaching order - the same spine the exam walks on a fresh company. Two passes: EN-meaning (cover the right column), then meaning-EN (cover the term). The ideas to over-learn (tested almost verbatim): ROIC > W ACC - growth creates value, the EV-equity bridge, convergence vs Gordon CV, unlever/relever beta, multiple consistency, and accretion # value creation. 这些术语按教学顺序排列 -- 与考试在一家全新公司上所走的主干相同。两遍:EN→含义(遮住右列),然后含义→EN (遮住术语)。应过度学习的观念(几乎逐字被考):ROIC >WACC→增长创造价值、EV→股权桥接、收敛型 vs Gordon CV、去杠杆/再加杠杆贝塔、倍数一致性,以及增厚 ≠价值创造。 FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library PRACTICE Q1-Q5 CHAPTER . PRACTICE BANK & WORKED SOLUTIONS MIRRORS THE 60% FINAL + ASSIGNMENT Drill the valuation spine, exam-style 按考试风格,操练估值主干 Sixteen fresh problems - concept short-answers + full computational valuations, each worked through the five-beat answer shape 十六道全新题目 -- 概念简答+完整计算估值,每题都走通五拍式答题结构 The one-line takeaway. The FINM3005/6005 final is a spine of full valuation problems (DCF, WACC, reorg, growth, multiples, M&A, sensitivity) plus concept short-answers. This bank gives one fresh problem per recurring exam move, each worked through the five beats: set up - compute - bridge - sanity-check - recommend. Cover the solution, do it on paper, then check. 一句话要点。FINM3005/6005 期末考试的主干是一系列完整的估值问题(DCF、WACC、重组、增长、倍数、M&A、敏感 性)外加概念简答。本题库为每一种反复出现的考试套路提供一道全新问题,每道都贯穿五个节拍:设定→计算→桥接→ 合理性检验→给出建议。先遮住解答,在纸上做一遍,再核对。 ★ The five-beat answer shape - use it every time 五拍式答题结构 -- 每次都要用 (1) Set up - method, horizon, value drivers, cost-of-capital inputs, flag fragile assumptions. (2) Compute - FCFF, WACC from CAPM with unlever/relever, explicit PVs, continuing value. (3) Bridge - ops -+ + non-op -+ EV -+ - net debt / minority / options -> equity -+ + shares. (4) Sanity-check - is ROIC > W ACC? is CV a plausible share? cross-check vs multiples; sensitivity. (5) Recommend - Buy/Hold/Sell over 1-3 yrs + what changes the call. (1) 设定 -- 方法、视野、价值驱动因素、资本成本输入,标出脆弱假设。(2)计算 -- FCFF、用带去杠杆/再加杠杆的 CAPM 得 WACC、显式各期现值、持续价值。(3)桥接 -- 经营 →+非经营性→EV →- 净负债/少数股东权益/期权 → 股权→÷股数。(4)合理性检验 -- 是否?CV占比是否可信?与倍数交叉验证;敏感性。(5)给出建议 -- 以 1-3 年视野给出买入/持有/卖出+什么会改变这一判断。 ! Fresh stems - the exam STYLE, not the exam 全新题干 -- 考试风格,而非考试本身 These are AskSia-authored problems on invented companies with fresh round numbers. They are not real exam/tutorial questions and use no figures from the Coles case or the Example Report. The standard valuation procedure is canonical; every number is checked by hand.
模拟考说明
- 建议自练方式:
- 闭卷
- 纸上作答
- 每道计算题都写清楚步骤
- 建议总分:
- 100 分
- 建议你自己计时:
- 120–150 分钟
- 计算中如需近似,可保留:
- beta、WACC 到小数点后 2 位
- 每股价值到小数点后 2 位
Part A:Concept Short Answers(20 分)
Q1. Method choice(4 分)
- 为什么这门课默认使用 enterprise DCF,而不是 equity DCF 或 APV?
- 分别说明:
- 什么情况下更适合改用 APV
- 什么情况下更适合改用 equity DCF
Q2. Convergence CV rationale(4 分)
- 有同学主张永远使用 Gordon continuing value,并假设公司长期保持很高的超额回报。
- 请回答:
- 为什么课程默认更偏向 convergence CV
- 这个默认方法背后的核心经济含义是什么?
Q3. Growth & value(4 分)
- Aurora Ltd 的营收每年增长 9%,但它的:
- $ROIC = 7%$
- $WACC = 10%$
- 问:
- 这家公司的增长是在 creating value 还是 destroying value?
- 用 1–2 句话 说明理由。
Q4. Relative valuation vs DCF(4 分)
- 请写出:
- relative valuation 相比 DCF 的 2 个优点
- relative valuation 相比 DCF 的 2 个缺点
- 再回答:
- 为什么 multiples 和 DCF 理论上应该 大致调和,而不是长期严重背离?
Q5. Trading comps vs transaction comps(4 分)
- 为什么 transaction comps 通常会高于 trading comps?
- 为什么不能把这两类倍数 不加调整就混用?
Part B:Structured Problems(30 分)
Q6. Reorganisation, NOPLAT, IC, ROIC(10 分)
- Atlas Ltd 的信息如下,税率为 30%:
Income-related data
- Operating EBITA = 180
- Passive associate income = 6
- Interest expense = 12
Balance-sheet-related data
- Operating working capital = 120
- Net PP&E = 260
- Operating intangibles = 40
- Excess cash = 18
- Passive listed stake = 22
- Debt = 130
- Minority interest = 14
Other information
- Reported ROE = 14%
- WACC = 9%
要求
- (a) 计算 NOPLAT(3 分)
- (b) 计算 Invested Capital(3 分)
- (c) 计算 ROIC,并判断该公司增长是在创造还是摧毁价值(2 分)
- (d) 用一句话解释:
- 为什么这里不能用 ROE 去直接对比 WACC(2 分)
Q7. WACC build with unlever / relever beta(10 分)
- 已知:
- Tax rate $T = 30%$
- Risk-free rate $r_f = 4.0%$
- Equity risk premium $ERP = 6.0%$
- Pre-tax cost of debt $k_d = 5.5%$
- Subject firm target $D/E = 30%$
Peer data
| Peer | Equity beta | D/E | |---|---:|---:| | A | 1.10 | 20% | | B | 0.95 | 10% | | C | 1.25 | 40% |
- 使用:
- $\beta_u=\dfrac{\beta_e}{1+(1-T)D/E}$
- $\beta_e=\beta_u[1+(1-T)D/E]$
要求
- (a) 分别计算 3 家 peer 的 asset beta / unlevered beta(4 分)
- (b) 计算平均 unlevered beta(2 分)
- (c) 按目标资本结构 relever beta(2 分)
- (d) 计算:
- cost of equity
- after-tax cost of debt
- WACC(2 分)
Q8. Multiples-based valuation & bridge(10 分)
- Harbor Foods Ltd 的资料如下:
Trading multiples
- Peer EV/EBITA range = 10x – 12x
Subject firm data
- 2026E EBITA = 150
- Debt = 120
- Excess cash = 25
- Minority interest = 15
- Associates = 10
- Shares outstanding = 50 million
- Current market price = 28
要求
- (a) 计算 EV range(2 分)
- (b) 完成 EV → equity → per share 的桥接,算出每股价值区间(5 分)
- (c) 如果 multiples 得出的结果与 DCF 明显不同,你会如何解释这种分歧?请写出 1 个可能原因,并说明这个分歧对分析师意味着什么(3 分)
Part C:Integrated Full Valuation Case(50 分)
Q9. Northshore Medical Ltd valuation(50 分)
- 你现在是 junior equity analyst,需要对 Northshore Medical Ltd 做一份简化估值判断。
已知信息
Market information
- Current share price = 22.00
- Shares outstanding = 80 million
Non-operating / financing items
- Excess cash = 35
- Associates = 12
- Debt = 140
- Minority interest = 10
Tax
- Corporate tax rate = 30%
Forecast operating data
| Year | EBITA | D&A | Capex | Increase in operating WC | |---|---:|---:|---:|---:| | 2026E | 160 | 30 | 42 | 8 | | 2027E | 172 | 32 | 45 | 7 | | 2028E | 184 | 34 | 47 | 6 |
- 使用:
- $FCFF = EBITA(1-T) + D&A - Capex - \Delta OWC$
Cost of capital inputs
- Risk-free rate $r_f = 4.0%$
- Equity risk premium $ERP = 5.5%$
- Pre-tax cost of debt $k_d = 6.0%$
- Target $D/E = 25%$
Peer beta data
| Peer | Equity beta | D/E | |---|---:|---:| | A | 1.00 | 10% | | B | 1.15 | 20% | | C | 1.30 | 35% |
- 使用:
- $\beta_u=\dfrac{\beta_e}{1+(1-T)D/E}$
- $\beta_e=\beta_u[1+(1-T)D/E]$
Continuing value assumption
- 假设 2029 年进入收敛期
- 先算:
- $NOPLAT_{2029} = NOPLAT_{2028} \times 1.03$
- 再用:
- $CV_{2028} = \dfrac{NOPLAT_{2029}}{WACC}$
Relative valuation cross-check
- 2026E peer trading EV/EBITA range = 9x – 11x
要求
(1) Set up(4 分)
- 说明你要用什么估值主方法
- 写出 2 个 fragile assumptions
(2) Build FCFF(8 分)
- 计算:
- 2026E FCFF
- 2027E FCFF
- 2028E FCFF
(3) Build WACC(10 分)
- 先 unlever peer betas
- 算平均 asset beta
- 再 relever 到 subject firm
- 算:
- cost of equity
- after-tax cost of debt
- WACC
(4) DCF valuation(10 分)
- 计算:
- 各年 FCFF 的 present value
- continuing value
- continuing value 的 present value
- enterprise value
(5) Bridge to equity(6 分)
- 从 EV 桥接到 equity value
- 再计算 per-share value
(6) Multiples cross-check(6 分)
- 用 2026E EV/EBITA = 9x – 11x
- 算出 EV 区间
- 再桥接到每股价值区间
(7) Sanity-check & recommendation(6 分)
- 对比 market price = 22.00
- 给出:
- Buy / Hold / Sell
- 说明:
- 哪 2 个变量 最可能主导敏感性
- 什么情况会改变你的判断
建议作答模板
-
你做 Part B 和 Part C 时,尽量每题都照这个顺序写:
- 先写方法
- 再写计算
- 再写桥接
- 再写合理性检查
- 最后写 recommendation[3]Source: asksia-bible-finm3005-bilingual.pdfWhat it means at the exam A solution, not the answer No single correct number - defensible assumptions win Model-building integrity Internal consistency, sanity checks, a clear story Sit as a junior analyst Audience = professional investors; end on a clear call Always sanity- check ROIC vs WACC, CV as a share of value, triangulate FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library ★ The exam format - applied valuation, NOT spreadsheet recall 考试形式 -- 应用型估值,而非电子表格的死记硬背 One closed-book written paper. You will not open the KGW model. You will be given a company sketch, accounts, peer multiples and cost-of-capital inputs and asked to set up assumptions, build the cash flows, bridge to a per-share value and recommend. The same skeleton - PV(FCF) at the WACC -+ EV -> equity - per share - powers nearly every problem, alongside short concept items (why enterprise DCF, the convergence-CV rationale, ROIC vs WACC, market efficiency). Walk a full valuation on a fresh company and you have walked the exam. 一场闭卷笔试。你不能翻开 KGW 模型。但你将拿到 一份公司概况、账目、同业倍数与资本成本输入,并 被要求设定假设、构建现金流、桥接到每股价值并给 出建议。同一套骨架一 -按 WACC 折现的 PV(FCF) → EV→股权→每股 -- 驱动着几乎每一道问题, 外加一些概念简答(为何用企业 DCF、收敛型 CV的 理据、ROIC 对 WACC、市场有效性)。走一遍对一家 全新公司的完整估值,你就走过了整场考试。 ✓ The quiz redemption rule - and what it dictates 测验补偿规则 -- 以及它所决定的事 The Week-5 quiz is optional and redeemable: if you don't take it, or your exam % beats your quiz %, the 5% simply rolls into the final exam. Net effect - the exam is effectively ≥60% and the universal backstop, while nothing backstops the exam. The dominant move is to over-invest in exam-style reasoning: drill the DCF engine, write the EV-equity bridge every time, and end every problem with a recommendation. 第5 周测验是可选且可抵扣的:若你不参加,或你的 考试百分比超过测验百分比,那5% 就直接并入期末 考试。净效果是 -- 考试实际上占比≥60% 且是普遍 的兜底,而没有任何东西为考试兜底。占优的做法是 过度投入于考试式推理:反复操练 DCF 引擎,每次都 写出 EV→股权桥接,并在每道题末尾给出建议。 i The five-step valuation answer shape - the rubric for every problem 五步式估值答题结构 -- 每道题的评分准绳 Every strong valuation answer moves through the same five beats. Author every solution this way: (1) Set up assumptions - method, horizon, value drivers, cost-of-capital inputs; flag the fragile ones. (2) Build / compute - forecast FCFF, build the WACC, discount, add the terminal value (default = convergence NOPLAT++1/W ACC). (3) Bridge to equity / per share - value of operations ++ + non-operating assets - EV - - net debt - minorities - equity -+ + shares. (4) Sanity-check / triangulate - ROIC > WACC? CV plausible? cross-check vs multiples. (5) Recommend - Buy / Hold / Sell on a 1-3-year horizon, with what would change the call. 每一份出色的估值答案都走过同样的五个节拍。每份解答都照此撰写:(1)设定假设 -- 方法、视野、价值驱动因素、资 本成本输入;标出脆弱者。(2)构建/计算 -- 预测 FCFF、构建 WACC、折现、加上终值(默认=收敛型)。(3)桥接到 股权/每股 -- 经营价值 →+非经营性资产 →EV→- 净负债 -少数股东权益→ 股权→÷股数。(4)合理性检验/ 三角验证 -- ROIC>WACC? CV 是否可信?与倍数交叉验证。(5)给出建议 -- 以1-3 年视野给出买入/持有/卖出, 并说明什么会改变这一判断。 FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library CONTENTS - CONTENTS Three parts, one pipeline 三个部分,一条流水线 Build the engine - build the model- cross-check & recommend 搭引擎→搭模型 → 交叉核验并给出建议 Ch Topic Core ideas Part I . The engine (Weeks 1-2)[4]Source: asksia-bible-finm3005-bilingual.pdfFINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library — — — Required gap between intrinsic value & price before acting on a Buy/Sell. Margin of safety — — — i How to use this glossary in revision 复习时如何使用这份术语表 The terms run in teaching order - the same spine the exam walks on a fresh company. Two passes: EN-meaning (cover the right column), then meaning-EN (cover the term). The ideas to over-learn (tested almost verbatim): ROIC > W ACC - growth creates value, the EV-equity bridge, convergence vs Gordon CV, unlever/relever beta, multiple consistency, and accretion # value creation. 这些术语按教学顺序排列 -- 与考试在一家全新公司上所走的主干相同。两遍:EN→含义(遮住右列),然后含义→EN (遮住术语)。应过度学习的观念(几乎逐字被考):ROIC >WACC→增长创造价值、EV→股权桥接、收敛型 vs Gordon CV、去杠杆/再加杠杆贝塔、倍数一致性,以及增厚 ≠价值创造。 FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library PRACTICE Q1-Q5 CHAPTER . PRACTICE BANK & WORKED SOLUTIONS MIRRORS THE 60% FINAL + ASSIGNMENT Drill the valuation spine, exam-style 按考试风格,操练估值主干 Sixteen fresh problems - concept short-answers + full computational valuations, each worked through the five-beat answer shape 十六道全新题目 -- 概念简答+完整计算估值,每题都走通五拍式答题结构 The one-line takeaway. The FINM3005/6005 final is a spine of full valuation problems (DCF, WACC, reorg, growth, multiples, M&A, sensitivity) plus concept short-answers. This bank gives one fresh problem per recurring exam move, each worked through the five beats: set up - compute - bridge - sanity-check - recommend. Cover the solution, do it on paper, then check. 一句话要点。FINM3005/6005 期末考试的主干是一系列完整的估值问题(DCF、WACC、重组、增长、倍数、M&A、敏感 性)外加概念简答。本题库为每一种反复出现的考试套路提供一道全新问题,每道都贯穿五个节拍:设定→计算→桥接→ 合理性检验→给出建议。先遮住解答,在纸上做一遍,再核对。 ★ The five-beat answer shape - use it every time 五拍式答题结构 -- 每次都要用 (1) Set up - method, horizon, value drivers, cost-of-capital inputs, flag fragile assumptions. (2) Compute - FCFF, WACC from CAPM with unlever/relever, explicit PVs, continuing value. (3) Bridge - ops -+ + non-op -+ EV -+ - net debt / minority / options -> equity -+ + shares. (4) Sanity-check - is ROIC > W ACC? is CV a plausible share? cross-check vs multiples; sensitivity. (5) Recommend - Buy/Hold/Sell over 1-3 yrs + what changes the call. (1) 设定 -- 方法、视野、价值驱动因素、资本成本输入,标出脆弱假设。(2)计算 -- FCFF、用带去杠杆/再加杠杆的 CAPM 得 WACC、显式各期现值、持续价值。(3)桥接 -- 经营 →+非经营性→EV →- 净负债/少数股东权益/期权 → 股权→÷股数。(4)合理性检验 -- 是否?CV占比是否可信?与倍数交叉验证;敏感性。(5)给出建议 -- 以 1-3 年视野给出买入/持有/卖出+什么会改变这一判断。 ! Fresh stems - the exam STYLE, not the exam 全新题干 -- 考试风格,而非考试本身 These are AskSia-authored problems on invented companies with fresh round numbers. They are not real exam/tutorial questions and use no figures from the Coles case or the Example Report. The standard valuation procedure is canonical; every number is checked by hand.
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特别注意这几个高频点:
- 不要把 ROE 和 WACC 直接比较[15]Source: asksia-bible-finm3005-bilingual.pdfROIC < WACC growth DESTROYS value value = f(growth, ROIC) discounted at WACC -- but only the spread (ROIC - WACC) makes growth worth it Value is built from a handful of drivers. Operating margin times capital turnover gives ROIC (return on invested capital); growth g equals the reinvestment rate times ROIC. The punchline: growth only CREATES value when ROIC > WACC (green spread). If ROIC < WACC, growing faster destroys value. 价值由少数几个驱动因素构建而成。营业利润率乘以 资本周转得到 ROIC(投入资本回报率);增长 g 等于 再投资率乘以 ROIC。要点在于:只有当 ROIC> WACC (绿色利差)时增长才会创造价值。若 ROIC < WACC,增长越快摧毁价值越多。 FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library RX 2 ROIC & the verdict ROIC > WACC 1 ROIC = NOPLAT / IC = 109. 2 / 700 = 15. 6%. ROIC = NOPLAT / IC = 109. 2 / 700 = 15. 6%. 2 Compare to WACC: 15. 6% > 8% => ROIC - WACC = +7. 6pp. Economic profit = 700 x 0. 076 = $53m created this year. 对照 WACC: 15. 6% >8%⇒ ROIC - WACC = +7. 6pp。经济利润 = 700 × 0. 076= 本年创造 $53m。 3 Sanity-check vs ROE: reported net income 82. 6 on equity ~520 = ROE ~ 15. 9% - looks similar but is propped by leverage and the equity stake. The clean operating return is ROIC. 对照 ROE 做合理性检验:在约520 的股权上报出净 利润 82. 6⇒ ROE ~ 15. 9% -- 看起来相近,但被杠 杆与股权持股撑高。干净的经营回报是 ROIC。 ★ How the markers read this 评卷人如何解读这一点 Set up the buckets (operating / non-op / financing) and state the consistency principle. Compute EBITA - NOPLAT and IC, stripping the same items from both. Bridge: ROIC = NOPLAT/IC. Sanity-check: ROIC vs WACC, economic profit, and why ROE flatters. Recommend: WTL earns well above its hurdle - growth here creates value. 设定各个桶(经营性/非经营性/融资性)并陈述一致 性原则。计算 EBITA → NOPLAT 与 IC,从两边剥离 相同的项目。桥接:ROIC= NOPLAT/IC。合理性检 验:ROIC 对 WACC、经济利润,以及 ROE 为何会美 化。给出建议:WTL 的回报远超其门槛- 这里的增 长创造价值。 ! ROIC vs ROE on this very example 就在这个例子上比较 ROIC 与 ROE If you had used ROE (15. 9%) you would conclude the firm barely beats its ~8% cost of capital . . . but ROE is not comparable to WACC. ROE includes leverage and the non-operating stake; ROIC (15. 6%) is the number you set against WACC. Mixing the two is the classic exam mistake. 若你用了 ROE (15. 9%),你会得出该企业仅勉强超过其约8% 资本成本的结论 . . . 但 ROE 与 WACC 不可比。ROE 包含了杠杆与非经营性持股;ROIC (15. 6%)才是你拿来对照 WACC 的数字。把两者混为一谈是经典的考试错误。 - FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library FORECAST . DRIVERS & ROIC - FORECASTING LINE - BY - LINE WEEK 4 . MODEL INTEGRITY Forecast the STOCK as a % of revenue - then derive the FLOW 把存量预测为收入的百分比 -- 再据此推导流量 revenue drivers . costs . capex . the ROIC decomposition = margin x turnover 收入驱动 · 成本 · 资本支出 · ROIC 分解 = 利润率 × 周转率 A valuation model is a chain of drivers, with revenue as the master. The KGW logic forecasts a stock as a percentage of revenue (e. g. net PP&E = 40% of revenue), then derives the flow (capex) from the change in that stock - never the other way round. ROIC is the over-arching sanity check that keeps the whole chain honest. 估值模型是一条驱动因素链,以收入为主导。KGW 逻辑把一个存量预测为收入的百分比(例如净 PP&E=收入的 40%),再 从该存量的变化推导出流量(资本支出) -- 绝不反过来。ROIC 是贯穿始终的合理性检验,让整条链保持诚实。 Driver How to forecast it (KGW)
- 不要忘记 EV → equity 桥接[3]Source: asksia-bible-finm3005-bilingual.pdfWhat it means at the exam A solution, not the answer No single correct number - defensible assumptions win Model-building integrity Internal consistency, sanity checks, a clear story Sit as a junior analyst Audience = professional investors; end on a clear call Always sanity- check ROIC vs WACC, CV as a share of value, triangulate FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library ★ The exam format - applied valuation, NOT spreadsheet recall 考试形式 -- 应用型估值,而非电子表格的死记硬背 One closed-book written paper. You will not open the KGW model. You will be given a company sketch, accounts, peer multiples and cost-of-capital inputs and asked to set up assumptions, build the cash flows, bridge to a per-share value and recommend. The same skeleton - PV(FCF) at the WACC -+ EV -> equity - per share - powers nearly every problem, alongside short concept items (why enterprise DCF, the convergence-CV rationale, ROIC vs WACC, market efficiency). Walk a full valuation on a fresh company and you have walked the exam. 一场闭卷笔试。你不能翻开 KGW 模型。但你将拿到 一份公司概况、账目、同业倍数与资本成本输入,并 被要求设定假设、构建现金流、桥接到每股价值并给 出建议。同一套骨架一 -按 WACC 折现的 PV(FCF) → EV→股权→每股 -- 驱动着几乎每一道问题, 外加一些概念简答(为何用企业 DCF、收敛型 CV的 理据、ROIC 对 WACC、市场有效性)。走一遍对一家 全新公司的完整估值,你就走过了整场考试。 ✓ The quiz redemption rule - and what it dictates 测验补偿规则 -- 以及它所决定的事 The Week-5 quiz is optional and redeemable: if you don't take it, or your exam % beats your quiz %, the 5% simply rolls into the final exam. Net effect - the exam is effectively ≥60% and the universal backstop, while nothing backstops the exam. The dominant move is to over-invest in exam-style reasoning: drill the DCF engine, write the EV-equity bridge every time, and end every problem with a recommendation. 第5 周测验是可选且可抵扣的:若你不参加,或你的 考试百分比超过测验百分比,那5% 就直接并入期末 考试。净效果是 -- 考试实际上占比≥60% 且是普遍 的兜底,而没有任何东西为考试兜底。占优的做法是 过度投入于考试式推理:反复操练 DCF 引擎,每次都 写出 EV→股权桥接,并在每道题末尾给出建议。 i The five-step valuation answer shape - the rubric for every problem 五步式估值答题结构 -- 每道题的评分准绳 Every strong valuation answer moves through the same five beats. Author every solution this way: (1) Set up assumptions - method, horizon, value drivers, cost-of-capital inputs; flag the fragile ones. (2) Build / compute - forecast FCFF, build the WACC, discount, add the terminal value (default = convergence NOPLAT++1/W ACC). (3) Bridge to equity / per share - value of operations ++ + non-operating assets - EV - - net debt - minorities - equity -+ + shares. (4) Sanity-check / triangulate - ROIC > WACC? CV plausible? cross-check vs multiples. (5) Recommend - Buy / Hold / Sell on a 1-3-year horizon, with what would change the call. 每一份出色的估值答案都走过同样的五个节拍。每份解答都照此撰写:(1)设定假设 -- 方法、视野、价值驱动因素、资 本成本输入;标出脆弱者。(2)构建/计算 -- 预测 FCFF、构建 WACC、折现、加上终值(默认=收敛型)。(3)桥接到 股权/每股 -- 经营价值 →+非经营性资产 →EV→- 净负债 -少数股东权益→ 股权→÷股数。(4)合理性检验/ 三角验证 -- ROIC>WACC? CV 是否可信?与倍数交叉验证。(5)给出建议 -- 以1-3 年视野给出买入/持有/卖出, 并说明什么会改变这一判断。 FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library CONTENTS - CONTENTS Three parts, one pipeline 三个部分,一条流水线 Build the engine - build the model- cross-check & recommend 搭引擎→搭模型 → 交叉核验并给出建议 Ch Topic Core ideas Part I . The engine (Weeks 1-2)[9]Source: asksia-bible-finm3005-bilingual.pdfFINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library Value = = ! The growth fallacy examiners bait 考官设下的增长谬误诱饵 "The company is growing fast, so it must be creating value. " Wrong. Growth only creates value if the capital funding it earns above the hurdle. High-ROIC firms should prioritise growth; low-ROIC firms should fix ROIC first. Always state the verdict as ROIC vs W ACC, never as the growth rate alone. “这家公司增长很快,所以它一定在创造价值。”错。增 长只有在为其供资的资本回报超过门槛时才创造价 值。高 ROIC 企业应优先增长;低 ROIC 企业应先修 复 ROIC。结论始终要表述为对的关系,绝不能单凭增 长率。 ★ Recap - W1 in five lines 回顾一 一第1周五行要点 ● 价值=未来现金流的现值;内在价值 ≠账面价值 ≠市场价值 。· DCF 是核心;两大驱动因素 -- 现金流与风险。● ,,。● 只有当 ROIC>WACC 时才创造价值;增长会沿着利差所指的方向放大 。· 更高 ROIC 的企业所需再投资更少 → 更多自由现金→更多价值(“价值公司 vs 规模公司”)。 FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library W2 . DCF IN ONE PICTURE DCF VALUATION - THE WHOLE ENGINE IN ONE PICTURE WEEK 2 . THE CORE Discount the cash flows, then bridge to value per share 折现现金流,再桥接到每股价值 the AHA-unit: PV(FCF) + PV(TV) = EV-> - net debt -> equity - per share “恍然大悟”单元:PV(FCF)+ PV(TV)= EV →-净负债→ 股权→ 每股 This single diagram is the spine of the course, the assignment and most of the exam. Left: each forecast free cash flow (and a terminal value) is dragged back to today by dividing by (1 + W ACC)t, and the present values are summed to enterprise value. Right: the EV++equity bridge subtracts net debt and minority interest, adds associates, to reach equity value; divide by shares for value per share. Learn this picture cold. 这张图就是整门课、作业以及大部分考试的主干。左侧:每一笔预测的自由现金流(以及一个终值)通过除以 被拉回今天, 再把各现值加总为企业价值。右侧:EV→股权桥接减去净负债与少数股东权益、加上联营企业,得到股权价值;除以股数得 到每股价值。把这张图烂熟于心。 1 Discount the cash flows FCF (nominal) PV = FCF / (1+WACC) ~+ terminal TV year Sum of PVs = Enterprise Value 2 Bridge to value per share -32 +14 -8
- 不要忘记 ROIC vs WACC 才是增长是否创造价值的核心判断[1]Source: asksia-bible-finm3005-bilingual.pdfA 1 . LEARN the method 1·学方法 You haven't done the topic yet. Read a chapter top to bottom. Every idea opens with a one-line TL;DR, then heading -+ diagram/formula - explainer -+ steps - worked example - trap + recap. The diagrams are original schematics of the standard valuation canon - learn the DCF picture cold. 你还没学过这个主题。把一章从 头读到尾。每个要点都以一行 TL;DR 开头,然后是标题→ 图 示/公式→讲解→步骤→ 例 题→陷阱→小结。图示是标准 估值经典内容的原创示意图 -- 把DCF那张图彻底学透。 B 2 . BUILD the model 2 · 搭模型 You've seen the lecture and a workshop. Cover the worked steps and re-build each one by hand - forecast the FCFF, discount at the WACC, add the terminal value, run the bridge. The assignment is this book applied to a real ASX company; the exam is the same engine on fresh numbers. 你已看过讲座和一次研讨课。遮 住已解出的步骤,逐一动手重建 预测 FCFF,按 WACC 折 现,加上终值,再做桥接。作业 就是把本书应用到一家真实的 ASX 公司上;考试则是同一套引 擎换上全新数字。 C 3 . EXAM 考试 It's revision / study week. The TL;DRs, the trap boxes and the recurring DCF-+equity pattern are your map. The blueprint overleaf shows the weights, the redeemable quiz and the five- step answer shape every valuation problem should follow. 现在是复习/温习周。各处的 TL;DR、陷阱框以及反复出现的 DCF→股权模式,就是你的地 图。下一页的蓝图列出各项权 重、可抵扣的测验,以及每道估 值问题都应遵循的五步答题结 构。 FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library i The single engine that runs the whole course 驱动整门课的唯一引擎 Master one calculation and the course collapses into a pattern. Every task - a full DCF, a WACC build, a reorganisation, a multiple, a synergy - is the same engine: estimate the free cash flow to all investors, discount it at the cost of capital, add a terminal value, then bridge enterprise value to equity and divide by shares. Wrapped around it is one decision rule - value is created only when ROIC > WACC - and one answer shape the graders reward beat by beat. Internalise the engine and fresh exam numbers cannot surprise you. 掌握一种计算,整门课就坍缩为一个套路。每一项任务 -- 一个完整的DCF、一次 WACC 构建、一次重组、一个倍 数、一次协同 -- 都是同一套引擎:估计流向全体投资者的自由现金流,按资本成本折现,加上终值,然后把企业价值 桥接到股权价值,再除以股数。围绕它的是一条决策法则 -- 只有当 ROIC>WACC 时才创造价值 -- 以及一种评卷人 会逐节拍给分的答题结构。把这套引擎内化,全新的考试数字就无法让你措手不及。 THE SPINE Enterprise Value = ∑ t=1 T FCF CVT (1 + W ACC)t + (1 + W ACC)T ⟶ Equity = EV - net debt -> Equity shares ! The most important strategic fact about FINM3005/6005 关于 FINM3005/6005 最重要的战略事实 The 60% final is closed-book and ungated, and the 5% quiz redeems into it - if you skip the Week-5 quiz or score worse than your exam, that 5% simply rolls onto the exam weight. So a strong exam carries the day, but nothing backstops the exam. Treat the 35% group assignment as exam practice with a longer deadline: building the model is learning the exam. Prioritise the exam engine, and let the assignment forge it. 60% 的期末考试是闭卷且无门槛的,且5% 的测验可抵扣进考试 -- 若你跳过第5周测验,或其分数低于考试分数, 那5% 就直接并入考试权重。因此一场强势的考试足以定乾坤,但没有任何东西为考试兜底。把占35% 的小组作业当 作截止期更长的考试练习:搭建模型本身就是在学习考试内容。优先攻克考试引擎,让作业来锤炼它。 i How this book was built - and the two-layer rule 本书是如何构建的 -- 以及两层规则[9]Source: asksia-bible-finm3005-bilingual.pdfFINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library Value = = ! The growth fallacy examiners bait 考官设下的增长谬误诱饵 "The company is growing fast, so it must be creating value. " Wrong. Growth only creates value if the capital funding it earns above the hurdle. High-ROIC firms should prioritise growth; low-ROIC firms should fix ROIC first. Always state the verdict as ROIC vs W ACC, never as the growth rate alone. “这家公司增长很快,所以它一定在创造价值。”错。增 长只有在为其供资的资本回报超过门槛时才创造价 值。高 ROIC 企业应优先增长;低 ROIC 企业应先修 复 ROIC。结论始终要表述为对的关系,绝不能单凭增 长率。 ★ Recap - W1 in five lines 回顾一 一第1周五行要点 ● 价值=未来现金流的现值;内在价值 ≠账面价值 ≠市场价值 。· DCF 是核心;两大驱动因素 -- 现金流与风险。● ,,。● 只有当 ROIC>WACC 时才创造价值;增长会沿着利差所指的方向放大 。· 更高 ROIC 的企业所需再投资更少 → 更多自由现金→更多价值(“价值公司 vs 规模公司”)。 FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library W2 . DCF IN ONE PICTURE DCF VALUATION - THE WHOLE ENGINE IN ONE PICTURE WEEK 2 . THE CORE Discount the cash flows, then bridge to value per share 折现现金流,再桥接到每股价值 the AHA-unit: PV(FCF) + PV(TV) = EV-> - net debt -> equity - per share “恍然大悟”单元:PV(FCF)+ PV(TV)= EV →-净负债→ 股权→ 每股 This single diagram is the spine of the course, the assignment and most of the exam. Left: each forecast free cash flow (and a terminal value) is dragged back to today by dividing by (1 + W ACC)t, and the present values are summed to enterprise value. Right: the EV++equity bridge subtracts net debt and minority interest, adds associates, to reach equity value; divide by shares for value per share. Learn this picture cold. 这张图就是整门课、作业以及大部分考试的主干。左侧:每一笔预测的自由现金流(以及一个终值)通过除以 被拉回今天, 再把各现值加总为企业价值。右侧:EV→股权桥接减去净负债与少数股东权益、加上联营企业,得到股权价值;除以股数得 到每股价值。把这张图烂熟于心。 1 Discount the cash flows FCF (nominal) PV = FCF / (1+WACC) ~+ terminal TV year Sum of PVs = Enterprise Value 2 Bridge to value per share -32 +14 -8[15]Source: asksia-bible-finm3005-bilingual.pdfROIC < WACC growth DESTROYS value value = f(growth, ROIC) discounted at WACC -- but only the spread (ROIC - WACC) makes growth worth it Value is built from a handful of drivers. Operating margin times capital turnover gives ROIC (return on invested capital); growth g equals the reinvestment rate times ROIC. The punchline: growth only CREATES value when ROIC > WACC (green spread). If ROIC < WACC, growing faster destroys value. 价值由少数几个驱动因素构建而成。营业利润率乘以 资本周转得到 ROIC(投入资本回报率);增长 g 等于 再投资率乘以 ROIC。要点在于:只有当 ROIC> WACC (绿色利差)时增长才会创造价值。若 ROIC < WACC,增长越快摧毁价值越多。 FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library RX 2 ROIC & the verdict ROIC > WACC 1 ROIC = NOPLAT / IC = 109. 2 / 700 = 15. 6%. ROIC = NOPLAT / IC = 109. 2 / 700 = 15. 6%. 2 Compare to WACC: 15. 6% > 8% => ROIC - WACC = +7. 6pp. Economic profit = 700 x 0. 076 = $53m created this year. 对照 WACC: 15. 6% >8%⇒ ROIC - WACC = +7. 6pp。经济利润 = 700 × 0. 076= 本年创造 $53m。 3 Sanity-check vs ROE: reported net income 82. 6 on equity ~520 = ROE ~ 15. 9% - looks similar but is propped by leverage and the equity stake. The clean operating return is ROIC. 对照 ROE 做合理性检验:在约520 的股权上报出净 利润 82. 6⇒ ROE ~ 15. 9% -- 看起来相近,但被杠 杆与股权持股撑高。干净的经营回报是 ROIC。 ★ How the markers read this 评卷人如何解读这一点 Set up the buckets (operating / non-op / financing) and state the consistency principle. Compute EBITA - NOPLAT and IC, stripping the same items from both. Bridge: ROIC = NOPLAT/IC. Sanity-check: ROIC vs WACC, economic profit, and why ROE flatters. Recommend: WTL earns well above its hurdle - growth here creates value. 设定各个桶(经营性/非经营性/融资性)并陈述一致 性原则。计算 EBITA → NOPLAT 与 IC,从两边剥离 相同的项目。桥接:ROIC= NOPLAT/IC。合理性检 验:ROIC 对 WACC、经济利润,以及 ROE 为何会美 化。给出建议:WTL 的回报远超其门槛- 这里的增 长创造价值。 ! ROIC vs ROE on this very example 就在这个例子上比较 ROIC 与 ROE If you had used ROE (15. 9%) you would conclude the firm barely beats its ~8% cost of capital . . . but ROE is not comparable to WACC. ROE includes leverage and the non-operating stake; ROIC (15. 6%) is the number you set against WACC. Mixing the two is the classic exam mistake. 若你用了 ROE (15. 9%),你会得出该企业仅勉强超过其约8% 资本成本的结论 . . . 但 ROE 与 WACC 不可比。ROE 包含了杠杆与非经营性持股;ROIC (15. 6%)才是你拿来对照 WACC 的数字。把两者混为一谈是经典的考试错误。 - FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library FORECAST . DRIVERS & ROIC - FORECASTING LINE - BY - LINE WEEK 4 . MODEL INTEGRITY Forecast the STOCK as a % of revenue - then derive the FLOW 把存量预测为收入的百分比 -- 再据此推导流量 revenue drivers . costs . capex . the ROIC decomposition = margin x turnover 收入驱动 · 成本 · 资本支出 · ROIC 分解 = 利润率 × 周转率 A valuation model is a chain of drivers, with revenue as the master. The KGW logic forecasts a stock as a percentage of revenue (e. g. net PP&E = 40% of revenue), then derives the flow (capex) from the change in that stock - never the other way round. ROIC is the over-arching sanity check that keeps the whole chain honest. 估值模型是一条驱动因素链,以收入为主导。KGW 逻辑把一个存量预测为收入的百分比(例如净 PP&E=收入的 40%),再 从该存量的变化推导出流量(资本支出) -- 绝不反过来。ROIC 是贯穿始终的合理性检验,让整条链保持诚实。 Driver How to forecast it (KGW)
- multiples 和 DCF 如果差很大,不是“谁一定错了”,而是说明你要回去查输入假设[10]Source: asksia-bible-finm3005-bilingual.pdfTHE CAPSTONE Triangulate the methods, then make the call 把各种方法做三角验证,再下判断 Week 10 - reconcile DCF, multiples & SOTP into one defensible value, judge value-vs-price, issue Buy / Hold / Sell 第10周 -- 把 DCF、倍数与 SOTP 调和为一个可辩护的价值,判断价值对比价格,给出买入/持有/卖出 Where the whole course lands. Every method so far - enterprise DCF (W2), reorganised ROIC (W3), forecasting (W4), WACC (W5), growth (W6), multiples (W7), sum-of-the-parts (W8), M&A (W9) - converges here into a single deliverable: a per-share value, compared against the market price, expressed as a Buy / Hold / Sell call over a 1-3 year horizon. No single method is "the" answer; you triangulate a range and argue where in it the stock sits. 整门课的落脚点。至此所有方法 -- 企业 DCF (W2)、重组后的 ROIC (W3)、预测(W4)、WACC (W5)、增长(W6)、 倍数(W7)、分部加总估值 (W8)、M&A (W9) -- 都汇聚于此,形成单一交付物:一个每股价值,与市场价格相比较,并 表达为 1-3 年期的买入/持有/卖出建议。没有任何单一方法是“那个”答案;你要三角验证出一个区间,并论证股价落在区间 中的何处。 A Triangulation - three lenses, one value A 三角验证 -- 三个视角,一个价值 The three valuation lenses answer the same question with different machinery, so they should roughly agree; where they diverge, the divergence is itself information. Lay them side by side: 三种估值视角用不同的机制回答同一个问题,因此它们应当大致一致;当它们出现分歧时,分歧本身就是信息。把它们并列摆 开: Lens What it captures Trust it when . . . Weakness Enterprise DCF Intrinsic value from FCF & risk; supports sensitivity You can build a credible forecast & WACC CV dominates; assumption- driven Multiples (comps) What the market pays peers for the same fundamentals A tight, like-for-like peer set exists Inherits market mis-pricing; no risk model Sum-of-the- parts Segment values at segment-specific WACC, summed Segments differ in growth / risk Overhead allocation; conglomerate discount i Why they should reconcile - multiples ARE an implied DCF 为什么二者应当调和 -- 倍数本质上就是一个隐含 DCF Every multiple embeds the same fundamentals a DCF makes explicit: P/ E = ke - g payout(1+g) and EV[13]Source: asksia-bible-finm3005-bilingual.pdf这些是 AskSia 自编的、关于虚构公司、采用全新整数的问题。它们并非真实的考试/辅导题,也未使用 Coles 案例或示 例报告中的任何数据。标准估值流程是经典通用的;每一个数字都经过手工核验。 01-05 Concept short-answers Q1-Q5 概念简答 Q1 METHOD CHOICE 3 marks Why does the course use enterprise DCF rather than equity DCF or APV as the default? When would you switch to each alternative? FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library Q2 CONVERGENCE CV RATIONALE 3 marks A classmate always uses the Gordon continuing-value formula with RONIC = 15% forever. Explain why the course's default is the convergence formula CVt = NOPLATt+1/W ACC, and what assumption it encodes. Q3 GROWTH & VALUE 2 marks Aurora Ltd grows revenue 8% p. a. but earns ROIC = 7% against W ACC = 9%. Is its growth creating or destroying value? Justify in one line. Q4 RELATIVE VS DCF 3 marks Give two strengths and two weaknesses of multiple-based valuation relative to DCF, and state why the two methods should roughly agree. 05 MARKET EFFICIENCY 3 marks Under semi-strong efficiency, can fundamental analysis earn abnormal returns on a listed firm? Why is fundamental valuation still essential for a private firm? FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library Q1-Q5 Worked solutions - concept items 1 Q1. Enterprise DCF discounts FCF (cash to all investors) at WACC, and assumes a stable target capital structure so leverage is implicit - ideal for normal firms. Switch to APV (unlevered FCF + ITS valued separately) when leverage is high/variable (LBOs, infrastructure, tax-loss firms); switch to equity DCF (ke ) for financials, where capital structure is embedded in the cash flow. Q1. 企业 DCF 把 FCF(流向全体投资者的现金)按WACC 折现,并假设稳定目标资本结构,使杠杆隐含其中 -- 适用 于正常企业。当杠杆高/可变时(LBO、基础设施、税损企业)切换到APV(无杠杆 FCF+单独估值的利息税盾 ITS); 为金融机构切换到股权 DCF(),因其资本结构内嵌于现金流中。 2 Q2. The convergence form encodes RONIC = W ACC after the horizon - new investment earns exactly its cost, so growth adds no value beyond the explicit period. This is the default because competition fades excess returns; assuming RONIC = 15% forever asserts a permanent moat, which is rarely defensible. Use Gordon/KVD only with a strong competitive-advantage argument. Q2. 收敛形式编码了视野之后的 RONIC= W ACC -- 新投资恰好赚得其成本,所以在显式期之外增长不增添价值。这 之所以是默认,是因为竞争会消磨超额回报;假设永远持续即断言一条永久护城河,而这鲜有可辩护性。只有在有强有 力的竞争优势论据时才用 Gordon/KVD。 Q3. Destroying value: ROIC = 7% < W ACC = 9%, so each dollar reinvested to grow earns below its cost - faster growth makes it worse, not better. Q3. 摧毁价值:,所以为增长而再投资的每一美元都赚得低于其成本 -- 增长越快越糟,而非越好。 4 Q4. Strengths: fast, fewer assumptions, intuitive, reflect current market mood. Weaknesses: easily misused (bad peers/multiples), inherit market mis-pricing, cannot support sensitivity/scenario analysis. They should agree because every multiple is an implied DCF - both embed growth, risk (WACC), ROIC and leverage; sharp divergence flags an input disagreement to investigate. Q4. 优点:快速、假设更少、直观、反映当前市场情绪。缺点:易被误用(坏的同业/倍数)、继承市场错误定价、无法 支持敏感性/情景分析。它们之所以应当一致,是因为每个倍数都是一个隐含的 DCF -- 两者都内嵌增长、风险 (WACC)、ROIC 与杠杆;显著分歧标示出一处需要调查的输入不一致。 5 Q5. No - semi-strong efficiency means prices already reflect all public info, so fundamental analysis cannot earn abnormal returns on a listed firm. But a private firm / division has no market price, so a fundamental DCF is the only way to estimate value - valuation always pays off there (and for M&A targets). Q5. 不能 -- 半强式有效意味着价格已反映所有公开信息,所以对一家上市企业,基本面分析无法赚取超额收益。但一家 私营企业/事业部没有市场价格,因此基本面 DCF 是估计其价值的唯一途径 -- 估值在那里始终有回报(对M&A 标的 亦然)。 FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library PRACTICE Q6-Q7 - PRACTICE BANK (CONT. ) Reorganise - ROIC, and the growth identity 重组 → ROIC,以及增长恒等式 Q6-Q7: rebuild NOPLAT & invested capital then judge value creation; tie g = reinvestment x ROIC Q6-Q7: 重建 NOPLAT 与投入资本,再判断价值创造;用 g = 再投资率 x ROIC 闭环 06 Reorganise - NOPLAT, IC, ROIC Q6 重组 → NOPLAT、IC、ROIC
- WACC 和 terminal assumptions 往往是最敏感的杠杆[11]Source: asksia-bible-finm3005-bilingual.pdf$14 $31 Termina g +/-1% $16. 5 $28. 5 Operating margin $18. 5 $26 Revenue growth $19. 5 $25 Capital turnover $20. 5 $24 Tax rate $21. 2 $23 3@alue per share $ A tornado chart ranks what moves the valuation. Each bar swings value from a low to a high input, centred on the base case. WACC and terminal growth g dominate (widest bars at the top); operating assumptions matter less. Test the big levers first -- the answer is most sensitive to the discount rate and the long-run growth rate. 龙卷风图对什么撼动估值做排序。每根条形把价值从一个低输入摆动到一个高输入,以基准情形为中心。WACC 与终值 增长 g 占主导(最宽的条形位于顶部);经营性假设影响较小。先检验大杠杆 -- 答案对折现率与长期增长率最为敏 感。 FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library ! Sensitivity's blind spot: inputs rarely move alone 敏感性的盲点:输入很少单独变动 A one-variable tornado pretends drivers are independent. They are not: raising the operating margin often lowers capital turnover; a price rise cuts volume. So a single-input table overstates how cleanly you can improve value. Watch the diagnostics (ROIC), not just the end EV - an input change that pushes ROIC implausibly far from peers is a modelling error, not an opportunity. For the headline risk story, lean on scenarios. 单变量龙卷风图假装备驱动因素相互独立。它们并非如此:抬高营业利润率往往会降低资本周转;提价会削减销量。所 以单输入表会高估你能多干净地改善价值。盯住诊断指标(ROIC),而不只是末端的 EV -- 一个把 ROIC 推到与同业相 去过远的输入变动,是建模错误,而非机会。对于头条风险叙事,倚靠情景分析。 F Scenarios - a coherent set of moves, then probability-weight F 情景 -- 一组协调的变动,再做概率加权 A scenario changes a consistent bundle of drivers to describe a state of the world (industry structure, technology, strategy). Build worst / base / best - each a full driver set (revenue growth, after-tax margin, capital turnover - ROIC) - value each, then take the probability-weighted value: 情景(scenario)会改变一整套一致的驱动因素,以描述某种世界状态(行业结构、技术、战略)。构建最差/基准/最好三种 情景 -- 每一种都是一整套驱动因素(营收增长、税后利润率、资本周转→ROIC) -- 分别估值,再取概率加权后的价值: PROBABILITY -WEIGHTED VALUE[14]Source: asksia-bible-finm3005-bilingual.pdf2 Compute. W ACC = 9% : 90/0. 09 = $1000m; 10% : 90/0. 10 = $900m; 11% : 90/0. 11 = $818m. 计算 。;;。 3 Read it. A single point of WACC swings CV by ~$90-100m (~9-10%) - WACC sits in the denominator, so the terminal value is highly sensitive to it (and to g, also in (W ACC - g)). 读图。一个百分点的WACC 就使 CV 摆动约 $90-100m(约9-10%) -- WACC 位于分母中,所以终值对它(以及 同在中的 g)高度敏感。 4 Sanity-check. This is the top bar of the tornado: WACC & g dominate, operating assumptions matter less. But beware - inputs rarely move alone, so lean on scenarios (joint moves) for the headline risk story. 合理性检验。这是龙卷风图的顶部条形:WACC与 g 占主导,经营性假设影响较小。但要当心 -- 输入很少单独变动, 所以对头条风险叙事,倚靠情景(联动变化)。 - 5 Recommend. Report the CV range and flag WACC/g as the swing factors; require a tighter WACC estimate before committing to a precise per-share call. 给出建议。报告 CV 区间,并把 WACC/g 标为摆动因素;在承诺一个精确的每股判断之前,要求一个更紧的 WACC 估 计。 - FINM3005/6005 . Corporate Valuation . AskSia Library downside base case $22 WACC +/-1% upside $14 $31 Termina g +/-1% $16. 5 $28. 5 Operating margin $18. 5 $26 Revenue growth $19. 5 $25 Capital turnover $20. 5 $24 Tax rate $21. 2 $23
你下一步最适合这样用我
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你可以直接回我下面任意一句:
- “给我标准答案”
- “给我评分细则”
- “先做 Part A 答案”
- “带我做 Q9”
- “再出一套更难的”
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如果你愿意,我下一条可以直接给你:
- 这整套模拟考的标准答案 + 分步评分点
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