HUBS3511

• 当然可以。我按你这两份材料（视觉 Exam Bible + A4 Memory Aid cheatsheet）把 HUBS3511: Human Reproduction and Pregnancy 的期末复习重点给你“拆开成一张冲刺地图”。你照这个刷，复习会非常省力、且更贴合简答题拿分逻辑。
• 先给你一个全局结论：这门课的高分不是靠背一堆名词，而是靠你在简答题里写出机制（mechanism）+ 顺序（sequence）+ 反馈符号（+/−），并且把关键图画得紧凑、可读、可复现。[1]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdf1 ·学习 You haven't watched the module yet. Read a chapter top to bottom. Every major concept is an AHA-unit: a labelled diagram, a structure - function explainer, the mechanism in numbered steps, a memorable analogy, and the exam trap. Learn the picture cold - short- answer marks live in the mechanism. 你还没看过该模块。从头到尾读 一章。每个重要概念都是一个 AHA 单元:一张带标注的示意 图、一段结构→功能讲解、分 步编号的机制、一个易记的类 比,以及考试陷阱。把图记得滚 瓜烂熟–––简答分就藏在机制 里。 B 2 . CONDENSE 2 · 浓缩 You've done the modules. Harvest each chapter's diagrams, KPI numbers and trap boxes onto your A4 Memory Aid sheet. The figures are designed to shrink to thumbnail size and still read - a labelled HPG loop beats a paragraph every time. 你已做完模块。把每章的示意 图、KPI 数字和陷阱框采集到你 的 A4 Memory Aid 表上。这些 图设计成缩到缩略图大小仍可读 一张带标注的 HPG 环路永 远胜过一段文字。 C 3 · EXAM 3 · 应考 It's exam week. Walk in with the typed A4 sheet (compliant) + calculator. The blueprint overleaf shows the 80-mark split, the Zoom-invigilation rules and the possible viva - so nothing on the day surprises you. 已是考试周。带着这张打印的 A4 表(合规)+计算器走进考 场。后页的蓝图展示了80分的 分布、Zoom 监考规则以及可能 的口试 -- 这样考试当天不会有 任何意外。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy ★ The killer hook - your typed cheat sheet is LEGAL, stated honestly 杀手锏 -- 你打印的速记表是合法的,坦诚声明 HUBS3511 is restricted open book. The permitted material is ONE A4 double-sided sheet of handwritten OR TYPED notes (the "Memory Aid sheet") plus a non-programmable calculator. Read that twice: typed is allowed, so a printed, typeset 2-side A4 is an explicitly compliant aid - not a loophole. This guide privileges exactly the dense mechanism/diagram facts that belong on it. Verify the rule on your own Canvas before the day; conditions can change between cohorts. HUBS3511 为限制性开卷。允许携带的材料是一张 A4 双面手写或打印的笔记(即“Memory Aid 表”)外加一台非可编 程计算器。请读两遍:允许打印,因此一张打印、排版好的双面A4 是明确合规的辅助工具 -- 并非钻空子。本指南着 重提供恰好适合放在其上的密集机制/图示事实。请在考试当天前在你自己的 Canvas 上核实该规则;不同届的条件可能 变动。 ! The single most important thing to understand about the HUBS3511 exam 理解 HUBS3511 考试最重要的一点 Half the marks are short-answer (50 of 80), and short-answer rewards mechanism, sequence and feedback sign - not one-word recall. The course is built on a handful of high-yield, hard-to-memorise diagrams: the HPG axis (negative feedback everywhere except the oestrogen positive-feedback LH surge), the menstrual multi-curve, spermatogenesis vs oogenesis, the 3 fetal shunts, and the oxytocin labour loop. A text-only sheet underserves it. Carry compact labelled diagrams. 一半的分数是简答(80分中占50分),而简答奖赏的是机制、序列与反馈符号 -- 不是单词式回忆。本课程建立在少 数高产出、难记的图示之上:HPG 轴(处处负反馈,唯独雌激素正反馈的 LH 峰例外)、月经多曲线图、精子发生与卵 子发生、三条胎儿分流,以及催产素分娩环路。纯文字的表无法胜任。请随身带紧凑的带标注示意图。 i How this book was built - and the two-layer rule 本书是如何构建的 -- 以及双层规则 Standard reproductive-physiology canon (the HPG feedback loop, the meiotic arrest points, the placental transport mechanisms) is stated plainly - it is universal, non-copyrightable science. The course's own framing and any specific slide wording are paraphrased, never copied; every diagram here is our own clean schematic drawn from the canon, not traced from a textbook figure. No set textbook is prescribed (recommended: Jones & Lopez; Blackburn). Verify dates and weights against your own Canvas (UON), as details can shift between cohorts. 标准的生殖生理学经典内容(HPG 反馈环路、减数分裂停滞点、胎盘转运机制)直白陈述 -- 它们是普适、不受版权保 护的科学。本课程自身的表述及任何特定幻灯片措辞均经改写,绝不照抄;此处每张图都是我们自己根据经典绘制的清 晰示意图,而非描摹教科书插图。本课程未指定教材(推荐:Jones & Lopez; Blackburn)。请对照你自己的 Canvas (UON)核实日期与权重,因为细节可能在不同届之间变动。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy THE BLUEPRINT - THE EXAM BLUEPRINT EXAM 50% . OPEN BOOK[6]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfSource - action of each hormone The one-glance hormone table A few quantitative items Sensitivity / specificity - hence the calculator HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy ★ The exam format - restricted open book, Zoom- invigilated 考试形式 -- 限制性开卷,Zoom 监考 120 minutes (fixed timed start inside a wider availability window). 49 questions = 80 marks: 30 MCQ (30 marks, recall) + 19 short-answer (50 marks, mechanism). Conditions: RESTRICTED OPEN BOOK - ONE A4 double-sided sheet of handwritten OR TYPED notes (the "Memory Aid sheet") + a non- programmable calculator. Delivered via Canvas, Zoom-invigilated (join early, unique link, English only). A possible ~10-minute Zoom viva (1-2 staff) may follow, asking you to justify your answers for authentication. AI is banned in the exam. 120 分钟(在更宽的可用窗口内有固定的限时开始)。 49 题=80分:30道 MCQ(30分,回忆)+19 道 简答(50分,机制)。条件:限制性开卷一 一张 A4 双面手写或打印笔记(即“Memory Aid 表”)+一台 非可编程计算器。经由 Canvas 进行,Zoom 监考 (提前加入、唯一链接、仅限英文)。随后可能有一场 约 10 分钟的 Zoom 口试(1-2 名教职员),要求你为 答案做辩护以核实身份。考试中禁用 AI。 ✓ The strategy this dictates 由此决定的应考策略 Spend revision on the mechanisms short-answer rewards, and build your A4 around diagrams, not prose: a thumbnail HPG loop, the menstrual four- curve, spermatogenesis-vs-oogenesis side by side, the 3-shunt route, the oxytocin loop. The MCQ block mops up recall; the SAQ block is where the sheet earns its keep. Bring the calculator - the screening- stat questions need it. 把复习时间花在简答奖赏的机制上,并围绕图示而非 散文构建你的 A4:一张缩略的 HPG 环路、月经四曲 线图、并列的精子发生与卵子发生、三分流路线、催 产素环路。MCQ 那块负责扫清回忆题;简答那块才是 这张表发挥价值之处。带上计算器 -- 筛查统计题需 要它。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy CONTENTS - CONTENTS The make - grow - deliver arc 造→育→娩 的主线 Ordered exactly as Professor Pringle teaches it - gametes first, birth last 严格按 Professor Pringle 的授课顺序编排 -- 配子在先,分娩在后 Ch Topic Core content Part 1 . Make a baby - gametes, axes & the cycle 1 Male reproductive system testis & ducts . Sertoli vs Leydig . spermatogenesis . male HPG . SRY → 2 Female reproductive system anatomy · oogenesis & arrests · folliculogenesis → 3 HPG axis & the menstrual cycle feedback loops . the LH-surge switch . four-curve map → 4 Conception capacitation · fertilisation · pre-implantation · implantation →[7]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfPlacenta Amino acids cross the placenta by which mechanism? A. Simple diffusion B. Facilitated diffusion C. Active transport D. They do not cross Q12 SHORT ANSWER 4 marks . Labour Describe the oxytocin positive-feedback loop of labour, and state what finally breaks it. Q13 SHORT ANSWER 2 marks . Lactation Distinguish the roles of prolactin and oxytocin in lactation. Q14 SHORT ANSWER 3 marks . Fetal Name the three fetal shunts and state what each one bypasses. HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy Q10-Q14 Worked solutions - placenta, labour & fetal 1 Q10. B. hCG (from syncytiotrophoblast) rescues the corpus luteum so it keeps making progesterone until the placenta takes over (luteal-placental shift ~wk 6-9). Insulin resistance is hPL (distractor A). Q10. B. hCG (来自合体滋养层)挽救黄体,使其持续产生孕酮,直至胎盘接管(黄体一胎盘转换约第6-9周)。胰岛 素抵抗是hPL (干扰项A)。 2 Q11. C. Active transport. Amino acids move against their gradient (so fetal levels can exceed maternal). Contrast: O,/CO2 = simple diffusion; glucose = facilitated. Q11. C. 主动转运。氨基酸逆梯度移动(故胎儿水平可超过母体)。对照:O2/CO2= 单纯扩散;葡萄糖= 易化。 3 Q12. Contractions push the fetal head onto the cervix - cervical stretch signals the brain - posterior pituitary releases oxytocin - stronger contractions - more cervical stretch - more oxytocin (amplifying loop). It is broken only by delivery of the baby (removes the stretch stimulus). - Q12。宫缩把胎头压向宫颈→ 宫颈牵张向大脑发信号→神经垂体释放催产素→更强宫缩→ 更多宫颈牵张→更多催 产素(放大环路)。它只由胎儿娩出打破(移除牵张刺激)。 - 4 Q13. Prolactin (anterior pituitary) drives milk synthesis, sustained by suckling; oxytocin (posterior pituitary) drives milk ejection / let-down via myoepithelial contraction. Prolactin makes, oxytocin ejects. Q13。催乳素(腺垂体)驱动乳汁合成,由吸吮维持;催产素(神经垂体)经肌上皮收缩驱动乳汁喷出/喷乳反射。催乳 素产乳,催产素喷乳。 5 Q14. Ductus venosus - bypasses the liver; foramen ovale - bypasses the lungs (RA-LA); ductus arteriosus - bypasses the lungs (pulmonary artery++aorta). Q14。静脉导管 →绕过肝脏;卵圆孔→绕过肺(RA→LA);动脉导管→绕过肺(肺动脉→主动脉)。 ★ Open-book exam technique: build your A4 memory aid 开卷考试技巧:搭建你的 A4 速记表 HUBS3511 is restricted open book - you may bring one A4 double-sided handwritten or typed sheet (plus a non- programmable calculator). Use it well: (1) Put the diagrams you can't derive on it - the four-hormone cycle curve, the HPG feedback loop, the three fetal shunts, the fertilisation sequence. (2) Cram the contrast pairs and traps (prolactin vs oxytocin, Sertoli vs Leydig, tocolytic vs uterotonic, umbilical vein = oxygenated). (3) Make a hormone source-action table. Don't copy prose you already know - the sheet is for the few facts you keep forgetting, so you don't waste minutes of the 150 hunting for them. HUBS3511 是限制性开卷 -- 可携带一张 A4 双面手写或打印的纸(外加非编程计算器)。要善用它:(1)把你推导不出 来的图放上去 -- 四激素周期曲线、HPG 反馈环路、三个胎儿分流、受精序列。(2)背熟对比配对和陷阱(催乳素对催 产素、Sertoli 对 Leydig、宫缩抑制剂对宫缩剂、脐静脉=含氧)。(3)制作激素来源→作用表。不要抄你已经会的散文 -- 这张纸是为那几个你老是忘的事实准备的,免得你在150分钟里浪费时间去找它们。 Short-answer marks reward mechanism and sequence, not just the noun. Name the hormone source, the direction of feedback, and the order of steps - an examiner can give part-marks for a correct mechanism even when the final label slips. 简答题的分数奖励机制和序列,而不仅是名词。要点名激素来源、反馈方向和步骤顺序 -- 即便最终标签写错,考官也 能为正确的机制给部分分。 MARKER'S NOTE . HUBS3511 FINAL . SHORT -ANSWER
• （本次对话我也可以帮你把“你最弱的模块/最容易混的陷阱”记住，之后每次复习我都按你的薄弱点优先带你过一遍；你最后告诉我你最怕哪 2 块就行。）

• 1）先搞清“怎么考”——你该把时间花在哪里

• 考试形态（你复习策略的天花板）

  • 期末：80 分，其中 30 道 MCQ（30 分）+ 19 道 SAQ 简答（50 分）；限时（材料里出现过 120 min，也出现过 150 min 的表述，你要以你自己 Canvas/Unit outline 为准，但“简答占大头”这一点是稳定的）。[3]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdf80 marks, half of them short-answer 80 分,其中半数为简答题 Assignment 1 (group) 40% . Online Test x 5 10% . Formal Exam 50% 作业一(小组) 40% · 在线测验 ×5 共10% · 正式考试 50% Your final mark is built from three compulsory pieces - you must attempt all three and pass overall. The formal exam is the largest single block at 50%, and it is restricted open book: the conditions reward a well- built Memory Aid sheet. 你的最终成绩由三项必修构成 -- 三项都必须参加且总成绩及格。正式考试是单项占比最大的一块,达50%,并且为限制性 开卷:考试条件奖赏一张精心制作的 Memory Aid 表。 50% FORMAL EXAM 正式考试 80 MARKS (30 MCQ + 19 SAQ) 分(30道 MCQ+19 道 SAQ) 120min TIMED EXAM 限时考试 A4 SHEET PERMITTED 允许A4 纸 The three assessment pieces 三项考核构成 Component Weight When / detail Formal examination - CLOS 1-10, 12 50% Formal exam period · 120 min Assignment 1: Educational Resource (group) 40% Fri Week 7 . 30% Part A + 10% Part B (peer) Online Test ×5 (MCQ + SAQ) 10% Fri wks 2, 4, 6, 8, 11 · 2% each What "short-answer dominates" means for you “简答题占主导”对你意味着什么 The marks reward . . . Mechanism & sequence (50 SAQ marks) Labelled loops & ordered step-lists Feedback SIGN (+ / -) The HPG axis with loud +/- chips[4]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdf— — Done in vitro for IVF since it normally occurs in the female tract. ★ How to drill this glossary 如何操练这份术语表 Cover the right two columns and recite the meaning from the term; then reverse - read the meaning and recall the term. The high-yield contrast pairs (prolactin vs oxytocin, Sertoli vs Leydig, the three shunts and what each bypasses) are exactly where MCQ distractors live. The +X column fills in the bilingual pass. 遮住右侧两列,从术语背诵含义;再反过来 -- 读含义、回忆术语。高产出的对比配对(催乳素对催产素、Sertoli 对 Leydig、三个分流及各自绕开什么)正是 MCQ 干扰项的栖身之处。中文列在双语阶段填入。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy — — — — — — — — PRACTICE . Q1-Q5 - CHAPTER . PRACTICE BANK & WORKED SOLUTIONS DRILL TO EXAM STANDARD Drill the whole syllabus, exam-style 按考试风格通练整个教学大纲 MCQ recall + short-answer mechanism - fresh stems, worked end to end MCQ 回忆+简答机制 -- 全新题干,从头到尾完整解析 The one-line takeaway. The HUBS3511 final is 30 MCQ (recall) + 19 short-answer (mechanism, sequence, feedback), 150 minutes, restricted open book. This bank gives you fresh questions in that style across the whole arc - cover the answer, attempt it, then check. 一句话要点。HUBS3511 期末考试为 30 道 MCQ(回忆)+19 道简答(机制、序列、反馈),150分钟,限制性开卷。本题 库为你提供该风格、贯穿整条主线的全新题目 -- 盖住答案,先做,再核对。 ★ These are AskSia-authored - FRESH stems, real format 这些题由 AskSia 原创 -- 全新题干,真实格式 Written in the HUBS3511 style, not the lecturer's exact questions. The physiology is canonical (the cycle is the cycle). Short-answer marks come from naming the mechanism / source / sequence - so the worked answers below show the reasoning, not just the letter. 以 HUBS3511 的风格编写,而非讲师的原题。生理学是公认的(周期就是周期)。简答题的分数来自命名机制/来源/序 列 -- 故下方的范例答案展示推理,而不仅是选项字母。 01-05 Cycle hormones & the HPG axis Q1-Q5 周期激素与 HPG 轴[6]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfSource - action of each hormone The one-glance hormone table A few quantitative items Sensitivity / specificity - hence the calculator HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy ★ The exam format - restricted open book, Zoom- invigilated 考试形式 -- 限制性开卷,Zoom 监考 120 minutes (fixed timed start inside a wider availability window). 49 questions = 80 marks: 30 MCQ (30 marks, recall) + 19 short-answer (50 marks, mechanism). Conditions: RESTRICTED OPEN BOOK - ONE A4 double-sided sheet of handwritten OR TYPED notes (the "Memory Aid sheet") + a non- programmable calculator. Delivered via Canvas, Zoom-invigilated (join early, unique link, English only). A possible ~10-minute Zoom viva (1-2 staff) may follow, asking you to justify your answers for authentication. AI is banned in the exam. 120 分钟(在更宽的可用窗口内有固定的限时开始)。 49 题=80分:30道 MCQ(30分,回忆)+19 道 简答(50分,机制)。条件:限制性开卷一 一张 A4 双面手写或打印笔记(即“Memory Aid 表”)+一台 非可编程计算器。经由 Canvas 进行,Zoom 监考 (提前加入、唯一链接、仅限英文)。随后可能有一场 约 10 分钟的 Zoom 口试(1-2 名教职员),要求你为 答案做辩护以核实身份。考试中禁用 AI。 ✓ The strategy this dictates 由此决定的应考策略 Spend revision on the mechanisms short-answer rewards, and build your A4 around diagrams, not prose: a thumbnail HPG loop, the menstrual four- curve, spermatogenesis-vs-oogenesis side by side, the 3-shunt route, the oxytocin loop. The MCQ block mops up recall; the SAQ block is where the sheet earns its keep. Bring the calculator - the screening- stat questions need it. 把复习时间花在简答奖赏的机制上,并围绕图示而非 散文构建你的 A4:一张缩略的 HPG 环路、月经四曲 线图、并列的精子发生与卵子发生、三分流路线、催 产素环路。MCQ 那块负责扫清回忆题;简答那块才是 这张表发挥价值之处。带上计算器 -- 筛查统计题需 要它。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy CONTENTS - CONTENTS The make - grow - deliver arc 造→育→娩 的主线 Ordered exactly as Professor Pringle teaches it - gametes first, birth last 严格按 Professor Pringle 的授课顺序编排 -- 配子在先,分娩在后 Ch Topic Core content Part 1 . Make a baby - gametes, axes & the cycle 1 Male reproductive system testis & ducts . Sertoli vs Leydig . spermatogenesis . male HPG . SRY → 2 Female reproductive system anatomy · oogenesis & arrests · folliculogenesis → 3 HPG axis & the menstrual cycle feedback loops . the LH-surge switch . four-curve map → 4 Conception capacitation · fertilisation · pre-implantation · implantation →
  • Restricted open book：允许带 一张 A4 双面 手写或打印 的 Memory Aid sheet + 非可编程计算器；并可能有约 10 分钟 Zoom viva 追问你答题理由（用于身份核验）。[1]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdf1 ·学习 You haven't watched the module yet. Read a chapter top to bottom. Every major concept is an AHA-unit: a labelled diagram, a structure - function explainer, the mechanism in numbered steps, a memorable analogy, and the exam trap. Learn the picture cold - short- answer marks live in the mechanism. 你还没看过该模块。从头到尾读 一章。每个重要概念都是一个 AHA 单元:一张带标注的示意 图、一段结构→功能讲解、分 步编号的机制、一个易记的类 比,以及考试陷阱。把图记得滚 瓜烂熟–––简答分就藏在机制 里。 B 2 . CONDENSE 2 · 浓缩 You've done the modules. Harvest each chapter's diagrams, KPI numbers and trap boxes onto your A4 Memory Aid sheet. The figures are designed to shrink to thumbnail size and still read - a labelled HPG loop beats a paragraph every time. 你已做完模块。把每章的示意 图、KPI 数字和陷阱框采集到你 的 A4 Memory Aid 表上。这些 图设计成缩到缩略图大小仍可读 一张带标注的 HPG 环路永 远胜过一段文字。 C 3 · EXAM 3 · 应考 It's exam week. Walk in with the typed A4 sheet (compliant) + calculator. The blueprint overleaf shows the 80-mark split, the Zoom-invigilation rules and the possible viva - so nothing on the day surprises you. 已是考试周。带着这张打印的 A4 表(合规)+计算器走进考 场。后页的蓝图展示了80分的 分布、Zoom 监考规则以及可能 的口试 -- 这样考试当天不会有 任何意外。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy ★ The killer hook - your typed cheat sheet is LEGAL, stated honestly 杀手锏 -- 你打印的速记表是合法的,坦诚声明 HUBS3511 is restricted open book. The permitted material is ONE A4 double-sided sheet of handwritten OR TYPED notes (the "Memory Aid sheet") plus a non-programmable calculator. Read that twice: typed is allowed, so a printed, typeset 2-side A4 is an explicitly compliant aid - not a loophole. This guide privileges exactly the dense mechanism/diagram facts that belong on it. Verify the rule on your own Canvas before the day; conditions can change between cohorts. HUBS3511 为限制性开卷。允许携带的材料是一张 A4 双面手写或打印的笔记(即“Memory Aid 表”)外加一台非可编 程计算器。请读两遍:允许打印,因此一张打印、排版好的双面A4 是明确合规的辅助工具 -- 并非钻空子。本指南着 重提供恰好适合放在其上的密集机制/图示事实。请在考试当天前在你自己的 Canvas 上核实该规则;不同届的条件可能 变动。 ! The single most important thing to understand about the HUBS3511 exam 理解 HUBS3511 考试最重要的一点 Half the marks are short-answer (50 of 80), and short-answer rewards mechanism, sequence and feedback sign - not one-word recall. The course is built on a handful of high-yield, hard-to-memorise diagrams: the HPG axis (negative feedback everywhere except the oestrogen positive-feedback LH surge), the menstrual multi-curve, spermatogenesis vs oogenesis, the 3 fetal shunts, and the oxytocin labour loop. A text-only sheet underserves it. Carry compact labelled diagrams. 一半的分数是简答(80分中占50分),而简答奖赏的是机制、序列与反馈符号 -- 不是单词式回忆。本课程建立在少 数高产出、难记的图示之上:HPG 轴(处处负反馈,唯独雌激素正反馈的 LH 峰例外)、月经多曲线图、精子发生与卵 子发生、三条胎儿分流,以及催产素分娩环路。纯文字的表无法胜任。请随身带紧凑的带标注示意图。 i How this book was built - and the two-layer rule 本书是如何构建的 -- 以及双层规则 Standard reproductive-physiology canon (the HPG feedback loop, the meiotic arrest points, the placental transport mechanisms) is stated plainly - it is universal, non-copyrightable science. The course's own framing and any specific slide wording are paraphrased, never copied; every diagram here is our own clean schematic drawn from the canon, not traced from a textbook figure. No set textbook is prescribed (recommended: Jones & Lopez; Blackburn). Verify dates and weights against your own Canvas (UON), as details can shift between cohorts. 标准的生殖生理学经典内容(HPG 反馈环路、减数分裂停滞点、胎盘转运机制)直白陈述 -- 它们是普适、不受版权保 护的科学。本课程自身的表述及任何特定幻灯片措辞均经改写,绝不照抄;此处每张图都是我们自己根据经典绘制的清 晰示意图,而非描摹教科书插图。本课程未指定教材(推荐:Jones & Lopez; Blackburn)。请对照你自己的 Canvas (UON)核实日期与权重,因为细节可能在不同届之间变动。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy THE BLUEPRINT - THE EXAM BLUEPRINT EXAM 50% . OPEN BOOK[6]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfSource - action of each hormone The one-glance hormone table A few quantitative items Sensitivity / specificity - hence the calculator HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy ★ The exam format - restricted open book, Zoom- invigilated 考试形式 -- 限制性开卷,Zoom 监考 120 minutes (fixed timed start inside a wider availability window). 49 questions = 80 marks: 30 MCQ (30 marks, recall) + 19 short-answer (50 marks, mechanism). Conditions: RESTRICTED OPEN BOOK - ONE A4 double-sided sheet of handwritten OR TYPED notes (the "Memory Aid sheet") + a non- programmable calculator. Delivered via Canvas, Zoom-invigilated (join early, unique link, English only). A possible ~10-minute Zoom viva (1-2 staff) may follow, asking you to justify your answers for authentication. AI is banned in the exam. 120 分钟(在更宽的可用窗口内有固定的限时开始)。 49 题=80分:30道 MCQ(30分,回忆)+19 道 简答(50分,机制)。条件:限制性开卷一 一张 A4 双面手写或打印笔记(即“Memory Aid 表”)+一台 非可编程计算器。经由 Canvas 进行,Zoom 监考 (提前加入、唯一链接、仅限英文)。随后可能有一场 约 10 分钟的 Zoom 口试(1-2 名教职员),要求你为 答案做辩护以核实身份。考试中禁用 AI。 ✓ The strategy this dictates 由此决定的应考策略 Spend revision on the mechanisms short-answer rewards, and build your A4 around diagrams, not prose: a thumbnail HPG loop, the menstrual four- curve, spermatogenesis-vs-oogenesis side by side, the 3-shunt route, the oxytocin loop. The MCQ block mops up recall; the SAQ block is where the sheet earns its keep. Bring the calculator - the screening- stat questions need it. 把复习时间花在简答奖赏的机制上,并围绕图示而非 散文构建你的 A4:一张缩略的 HPG 环路、月经四曲 线图、并列的精子发生与卵子发生、三分流路线、催 产素环路。MCQ 那块负责扫清回忆题;简答那块才是 这张表发挥价值之处。带上计算器 -- 筛查统计题需 要它。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy CONTENTS - CONTENTS The make - grow - deliver arc 造→育→娩 的主线 Ordered exactly as Professor Pringle teaches it - gametes first, birth last 严格按 Professor Pringle 的授课顺序编排 -- 配子在先,分娩在后 Ch Topic Core content Part 1 . Make a baby - gametes, axes & the cycle 1 Male reproductive system testis & ducts . Sertoli vs Leydig . spermatogenesis . male HPG . SRY → 2 Female reproductive system anatomy · oogenesis & arrests · folliculogenesis → 3 HPG axis & the menstrual cycle feedback loops . the LH-surge switch . four-curve map → 4 Conception capacitation · fertilisation · pre-implantation · implantation →[16]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-hubs3511.pdfHUBS3511 Human Reproduction and Pregnancy UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE . BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES MEMORY AID SHEET Sem 1 2026 . SIDE 1 OF 2 Make & cycle · modules 1-3 SIDE 1/2 ovarian cycle 0 · Exam Blueprint READ FIRST * The course arc is Pringle's "make a baby -> grow a baby -> deliver a baby. " Side 1 = make & cycle; side 2 = conceive > deliver. Assessment: Assignment 1 educational resource (group) 40% · 5× online tests 10% · Formal Exam 50%. Exam shape: 120 min . 80 marks = 30 MCQ (30) + 19 short-answer (50), Zoom-invigilated. Short-answer carries most marks => this sheet privileges mechanisms, feedback loops & sequences . Possible -10-min Zoom viva on your rationale. HOOK >> The exam is RESTRICTED OPEN BOOK: one A4 double-sided sheet of handwritten OR TYPED notes (a "Memory Aid sheet") + a non-programmable calculator. This typed 2-side A4 IS that permitted sheet. Confirm on your current unit outline. 1 . Male System ANATOMY + GLANDS Scrotum keeps testes 2-3 ℃ below core (needed for spermatogenesis). Dartos (smooth, wrinkles skin) + cremaster (skeletal, raises testis) thermoregulate. Heat ¥ sperm (fever, varicocele, cryptorchidism). Sperm pathway (memorise): seminiferous tubules > rete testis -> efferent ductules -> epididymis (mature + store) > vas deferens -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra. Glands > semen: seminal vesicles (~60-70%; fructose, prostaglandins, alkaline) · prostate (citrate, PSA) · bulbourethral (pre-ejaculate mucus). TRAP: sperm are made in tubules but mature & gain motility in the epididymis , not the testis. Vasectomy = cut vas deferens (production continues, no exit). 2 . Sertoli vs Leydig HIGH-YIELD SERTOLI LEYDIG Where inside tubule between tubules Driven by FSH LH
  • 简答题 = 机制题：给分点是“按顺序写机制 + 反馈方向 + 激素来源/作用”，不是单词回忆。[1]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdf1 ·学习 You haven't watched the module yet. Read a chapter top to bottom. Every major concept is an AHA-unit: a labelled diagram, a structure - function explainer, the mechanism in numbered steps, a memorable analogy, and the exam trap. Learn the picture cold - short- answer marks live in the mechanism. 你还没看过该模块。从头到尾读 一章。每个重要概念都是一个 AHA 单元:一张带标注的示意 图、一段结构→功能讲解、分 步编号的机制、一个易记的类 比,以及考试陷阱。把图记得滚 瓜烂熟–––简答分就藏在机制 里。 B 2 . CONDENSE 2 · 浓缩 You've done the modules. Harvest each chapter's diagrams, KPI numbers and trap boxes onto your A4 Memory Aid sheet. The figures are designed to shrink to thumbnail size and still read - a labelled HPG loop beats a paragraph every time. 你已做完模块。把每章的示意 图、KPI 数字和陷阱框采集到你 的 A4 Memory Aid 表上。这些 图设计成缩到缩略图大小仍可读 一张带标注的 HPG 环路永 远胜过一段文字。 C 3 · EXAM 3 · 应考 It's exam week. Walk in with the typed A4 sheet (compliant) + calculator. The blueprint overleaf shows the 80-mark split, the Zoom-invigilation rules and the possible viva - so nothing on the day surprises you. 已是考试周。带着这张打印的 A4 表(合规)+计算器走进考 场。后页的蓝图展示了80分的 分布、Zoom 监考规则以及可能 的口试 -- 这样考试当天不会有 任何意外。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy ★ The killer hook - your typed cheat sheet is LEGAL, stated honestly 杀手锏 -- 你打印的速记表是合法的,坦诚声明 HUBS3511 is restricted open book. The permitted material is ONE A4 double-sided sheet of handwritten OR TYPED notes (the "Memory Aid sheet") plus a non-programmable calculator. Read that twice: typed is allowed, so a printed, typeset 2-side A4 is an explicitly compliant aid - not a loophole. This guide privileges exactly the dense mechanism/diagram facts that belong on it. Verify the rule on your own Canvas before the day; conditions can change between cohorts. HUBS3511 为限制性开卷。允许携带的材料是一张 A4 双面手写或打印的笔记(即“Memory Aid 表”)外加一台非可编 程计算器。请读两遍:允许打印,因此一张打印、排版好的双面A4 是明确合规的辅助工具 -- 并非钻空子。本指南着 重提供恰好适合放在其上的密集机制/图示事实。请在考试当天前在你自己的 Canvas 上核实该规则;不同届的条件可能 变动。 ! The single most important thing to understand about the HUBS3511 exam 理解 HUBS3511 考试最重要的一点 Half the marks are short-answer (50 of 80), and short-answer rewards mechanism, sequence and feedback sign - not one-word recall. The course is built on a handful of high-yield, hard-to-memorise diagrams: the HPG axis (negative feedback everywhere except the oestrogen positive-feedback LH surge), the menstrual multi-curve, spermatogenesis vs oogenesis, the 3 fetal shunts, and the oxytocin labour loop. A text-only sheet underserves it. Carry compact labelled diagrams. 一半的分数是简答(80分中占50分),而简答奖赏的是机制、序列与反馈符号 -- 不是单词式回忆。本课程建立在少 数高产出、难记的图示之上:HPG 轴(处处负反馈,唯独雌激素正反馈的 LH 峰例外)、月经多曲线图、精子发生与卵 子发生、三条胎儿分流,以及催产素分娩环路。纯文字的表无法胜任。请随身带紧凑的带标注示意图。 i How this book was built - and the two-layer rule 本书是如何构建的 -- 以及双层规则 Standard reproductive-physiology canon (the HPG feedback loop, the meiotic arrest points, the placental transport mechanisms) is stated plainly - it is universal, non-copyrightable science. The course's own framing and any specific slide wording are paraphrased, never copied; every diagram here is our own clean schematic drawn from the canon, not traced from a textbook figure. No set textbook is prescribed (recommended: Jones & Lopez; Blackburn). Verify dates and weights against your own Canvas (UON), as details can shift between cohorts. 标准的生殖生理学经典内容(HPG 反馈环路、减数分裂停滞点、胎盘转运机制)直白陈述 -- 它们是普适、不受版权保 护的科学。本课程自身的表述及任何特定幻灯片措辞均经改写,绝不照抄;此处每张图都是我们自己根据经典绘制的清 晰示意图,而非描摹教科书插图。本课程未指定教材(推荐:Jones & Lopez; Blackburn)。请对照你自己的 Canvas (UON)核实日期与权重,因为细节可能在不同届之间变动。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy THE BLUEPRINT - THE EXAM BLUEPRINT EXAM 50% . OPEN BOOK[6]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfSource - action of each hormone The one-glance hormone table A few quantitative items Sensitivity / specificity - hence the calculator HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy ★ The exam format - restricted open book, Zoom- invigilated 考试形式 -- 限制性开卷,Zoom 监考 120 minutes (fixed timed start inside a wider availability window). 49 questions = 80 marks: 30 MCQ (30 marks, recall) + 19 short-answer (50 marks, mechanism). Conditions: RESTRICTED OPEN BOOK - ONE A4 double-sided sheet of handwritten OR TYPED notes (the "Memory Aid sheet") + a non- programmable calculator. Delivered via Canvas, Zoom-invigilated (join early, unique link, English only). A possible ~10-minute Zoom viva (1-2 staff) may follow, asking you to justify your answers for authentication. AI is banned in the exam. 120 分钟(在更宽的可用窗口内有固定的限时开始)。 49 题=80分:30道 MCQ(30分,回忆)+19 道 简答(50分,机制)。条件:限制性开卷一 一张 A4 双面手写或打印笔记(即“Memory Aid 表”)+一台 非可编程计算器。经由 Canvas 进行,Zoom 监考 (提前加入、唯一链接、仅限英文)。随后可能有一场 约 10 分钟的 Zoom 口试(1-2 名教职员),要求你为 答案做辩护以核实身份。考试中禁用 AI。 ✓ The strategy this dictates 由此决定的应考策略 Spend revision on the mechanisms short-answer rewards, and build your A4 around diagrams, not prose: a thumbnail HPG loop, the menstrual four- curve, spermatogenesis-vs-oogenesis side by side, the 3-shunt route, the oxytocin loop. The MCQ block mops up recall; the SAQ block is where the sheet earns its keep. Bring the calculator - the screening- stat questions need it. 把复习时间花在简答奖赏的机制上,并围绕图示而非 散文构建你的 A4:一张缩略的 HPG 环路、月经四曲 线图、并列的精子发生与卵子发生、三分流路线、催 产素环路。MCQ 那块负责扫清回忆题;简答那块才是 这张表发挥价值之处。带上计算器 -- 筛查统计题需 要它。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy CONTENTS - CONTENTS The make - grow - deliver arc 造→育→娩 的主线 Ordered exactly as Professor Pringle teaches it - gametes first, birth last 严格按 Professor Pringle 的授课顺序编排 -- 配子在先,分娩在后 Ch Topic Core content Part 1 . Make a baby - gametes, axes & the cycle 1 Male reproductive system testis & ducts . Sertoli vs Leydig . spermatogenesis . male HPG . SRY → 2 Female reproductive system anatomy · oogenesis & arrests · folliculogenesis → 3 HPG axis & the menstrual cycle feedback loops . the LH-surge switch . four-curve map → 4 Conception capacitation · fertilisation · pre-implantation · implantation →[7]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfPlacenta Amino acids cross the placenta by which mechanism? A. Simple diffusion B. Facilitated diffusion C. Active transport D. They do not cross Q12 SHORT ANSWER 4 marks . Labour Describe the oxytocin positive-feedback loop of labour, and state what finally breaks it. Q13 SHORT ANSWER 2 marks . Lactation Distinguish the roles of prolactin and oxytocin in lactation. Q14 SHORT ANSWER 3 marks . Fetal Name the three fetal shunts and state what each one bypasses. HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy Q10-Q14 Worked solutions - placenta, labour & fetal 1 Q10. B. hCG (from syncytiotrophoblast) rescues the corpus luteum so it keeps making progesterone until the placenta takes over (luteal-placental shift ~wk 6-9). Insulin resistance is hPL (distractor A). Q10. B. hCG (来自合体滋养层)挽救黄体,使其持续产生孕酮,直至胎盘接管(黄体一胎盘转换约第6-9周)。胰岛 素抵抗是hPL (干扰项A)。 2 Q11. C. Active transport. Amino acids move against their gradient (so fetal levels can exceed maternal). Contrast: O,/CO2 = simple diffusion; glucose = facilitated. Q11. C. 主动转运。氨基酸逆梯度移动(故胎儿水平可超过母体)。对照:O2/CO2= 单纯扩散;葡萄糖= 易化。 3 Q12. Contractions push the fetal head onto the cervix - cervical stretch signals the brain - posterior pituitary releases oxytocin - stronger contractions - more cervical stretch - more oxytocin (amplifying loop). It is broken only by delivery of the baby (removes the stretch stimulus). - Q12。宫缩把胎头压向宫颈→ 宫颈牵张向大脑发信号→神经垂体释放催产素→更强宫缩→ 更多宫颈牵张→更多催 产素(放大环路)。它只由胎儿娩出打破(移除牵张刺激)。 - 4 Q13. Prolactin (anterior pituitary) drives milk synthesis, sustained by suckling; oxytocin (posterior pituitary) drives milk ejection / let-down via myoepithelial contraction. Prolactin makes, oxytocin ejects. Q13。催乳素(腺垂体)驱动乳汁合成,由吸吮维持;催产素(神经垂体)经肌上皮收缩驱动乳汁喷出/喷乳反射。催乳 素产乳,催产素喷乳。 5 Q14. Ductus venosus - bypasses the liver; foramen ovale - bypasses the lungs (RA-LA); ductus arteriosus - bypasses the lungs (pulmonary artery++aorta). Q14。静脉导管 →绕过肝脏;卵圆孔→绕过肺(RA→LA);动脉导管→绕过肺(肺动脉→主动脉)。 ★ Open-book exam technique: build your A4 memory aid 开卷考试技巧:搭建你的 A4 速记表 HUBS3511 is restricted open book - you may bring one A4 double-sided handwritten or typed sheet (plus a non- programmable calculator). Use it well: (1) Put the diagrams you can't derive on it - the four-hormone cycle curve, the HPG feedback loop, the three fetal shunts, the fertilisation sequence. (2) Cram the contrast pairs and traps (prolactin vs oxytocin, Sertoli vs Leydig, tocolytic vs uterotonic, umbilical vein = oxygenated). (3) Make a hormone source-action table. Don't copy prose you already know - the sheet is for the few facts you keep forgetting, so you don't waste minutes of the 150 hunting for them. HUBS3511 是限制性开卷 -- 可携带一张 A4 双面手写或打印的纸(外加非编程计算器)。要善用它:(1)把你推导不出 来的图放上去 -- 四激素周期曲线、HPG 反馈环路、三个胎儿分流、受精序列。(2)背熟对比配对和陷阱(催乳素对催 产素、Sertoli 对 Leydig、宫缩抑制剂对宫缩剂、脐静脉=含氧)。(3)制作激素来源→作用表。不要抄你已经会的散文 -- 这张纸是为那几个你老是忘的事实准备的,免得你在150分钟里浪费时间去找它们。 Short-answer marks reward mechanism and sequence, not just the noun. Name the hormone source, the direction of feedback, and the order of steps - an examiner can give part-marks for a correct mechanism even when the final label slips. 简答题的分数奖励机制和序列,而不仅是名词。要点名激素来源、反馈方向和步骤顺序 -- 即便最终标签写错,考官也 能为正确的机制给部分分。 MARKER'S NOTE . HUBS3511 FINAL . SHORT -ANSWER

• 你复习的最优分配（非常实用）

  • MCQ：靠术语对比、陷阱对照、定位题“扫雷”。[4]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdf— — Done in vitro for IVF since it normally occurs in the female tract. ★ How to drill this glossary 如何操练这份术语表 Cover the right two columns and recite the meaning from the term; then reverse - read the meaning and recall the term. The high-yield contrast pairs (prolactin vs oxytocin, Sertoli vs Leydig, the three shunts and what each bypasses) are exactly where MCQ distractors live. The +X column fills in the bilingual pass. 遮住右侧两列,从术语背诵含义;再反过来 -- 读含义、回忆术语。高产出的对比配对(催乳素对催产素、Sertoli 对 Leydig、三个分流及各自绕开什么)正是 MCQ 干扰项的栖身之处。中文列在双语阶段填入。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy — — — — — — — — PRACTICE . Q1-Q5 - CHAPTER . PRACTICE BANK & WORKED SOLUTIONS DRILL TO EXAM STANDARD Drill the whole syllabus, exam-style 按考试风格通练整个教学大纲 MCQ recall + short-answer mechanism - fresh stems, worked end to end MCQ 回忆+简答机制 -- 全新题干,从头到尾完整解析 The one-line takeaway. The HUBS3511 final is 30 MCQ (recall) + 19 short-answer (mechanism, sequence, feedback), 150 minutes, restricted open book. This bank gives you fresh questions in that style across the whole arc - cover the answer, attempt it, then check. 一句话要点。HUBS3511 期末考试为 30 道 MCQ(回忆)+19 道简答(机制、序列、反馈),150分钟,限制性开卷。本题 库为你提供该风格、贯穿整条主线的全新题目 -- 盖住答案,先做,再核对。 ★ These are AskSia-authored - FRESH stems, real format 这些题由 AskSia 原创 -- 全新题干,真实格式 Written in the HUBS3511 style, not the lecturer's exact questions. The physiology is canonical (the cycle is the cycle). Short-answer marks come from naming the mechanism / source / sequence - so the worked answers below show the reasoning, not just the letter. 以 HUBS3511 的风格编写,而非讲师的原题。生理学是公认的(周期就是周期)。简答题的分数来自命名机制/来源/序 列 -- 故下方的范例答案展示推理,而不仅是选项字母。 01-05 Cycle hormones & the HPG axis Q1-Q5 周期激素与 HPG 轴[9]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfOne big idea: the male system is a continuous, steady-state production line. Unlike the female cycle, nothing here surges or arrests - from puberty onward the testis runs flat-out, making billions of sperm over a lifetime and a roughly constant level of testosterone. Everything in this chapter is one of two jobs: manufacture the gamete (spermatogenesis, in the seminiferous tubule) or regulate & deliver it (the HPG axis, the duct system). Get the two cell types and the two-layer feedback straight and the chapter falls out. 一个核心观念:男性系统是一条连续、稳态的生产线。与女性周期不同,这里没有任何东西会陡升或停滞 -- 从青春期起,睾 丸便全力运转,一生制造数十亿精子并维持大致恒定的睾酮水平。本章的一切只属于两项任务之一:制造配子(精子发生,发 生于生精小管)或调控并输送配子(HPG 轴、导管系统)。把两种细胞类型和两层反馈理清,本章便迎刃而解。 ★ What the exam asks here 此处考试会问什么 Short-answer favourites: (1) trace the sperm pathway from tubule to urethra in order; (2) contrast Sertoli vs Leydig cells (location, hormone, product); (3) the spermatogenesis ladder with ploidy (2n++n) and the 1-4 outcome; (4) why the male axis has no LH surge (all negative feedback); (5) the SRY switch and why the female pathway is default. MCQ loves the FSH-Sertoli / LH-+Leydig pairing and the scrotal-muscle swap. 简答常考项:(1)按顺序追踪从小管到尿道的精子通路;(2)对比 Sertoli cell 与 Leydig cell(位置、激素、产物);(3) 带倍性(2n→n)和1→4 结果的精子发生阶梯;(4)男性轴为何无 LH峰(全为负反馈);(5) SRY 开关及女性通路为何 为默认。MCQ 钟爱 FSH→Sertoli / LH→Leydig 的配对以及阴囊肌肉的互换。 1. 1 Testis & duct anatomy - the delivery line 1. 1 睾丸与管道解剖 -- 输送通路 Sperm are made in the testis but matured, stored and delivered through a duct system. The testis sits inside coverings - tunica vaginalis (outer serous sac) over the tough tunica albuginea, whose septa divide it into lobules packed with seminiferous tubules. Memorise the pathway as an unbroken sequence; the exam asks for it in order. 精子在睾丸内制造,但通过导管系统成熟、储存并输送。睾丸位于多层被膜内 -- 鞘膜(外层浆膜囊)覆于坚韧的白膜之上, 白膜的隔膜将其分成小叶,小叶内密布生精小管。把这条通路当作一条不间断的序列来记;考试会按顺序考查它。 The sperm pathway (in order) 精子通路(按顺序) 1 Seminiferous tubules - sperm are made here. 生精小管 -- 精子在此产生。 2 Rete testis - efferent ductules. 睾丸网 → 输出小管。 Accessory glands - semen 附属腺→ 精液 Gland Contributes Seminal vesicles ~60-70% of volume; fructose (energy), prostaglandins, alkaline Prostate milky, citrate, enzymes incl. PSA HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy 3 Epididymis (head-body-tail) - maturation & storage; sperm gain motility & zona-binding ability here, NOT in the testis. 附睾(头→体→尾) -- 成熟与储存;精子在此获得运动能 力和透明带结合能力,而非在睾丸中。 - 4 Ductus (vas) deferens - the tube cut at vasectomy. 输精管 -- 输精管结扎术中被切断的管道。 5 Ejaculatory duct - urethra - out. 射精管→尿道→ 排出。 Gland Contributes Bulbourethral (Cowper's) pre-ejaculate mucus; lubricates & neutralises urethra Semen ~ 1. 5-5 mL, ~200 million sperm per ejaculate - yet only a few hundred reach the ampulla. The alkaline buffering protects sperm from the acidic vagina.
  • SAQ：靠你那张 A4 里的小图 + 箭头 + 编号步骤快速复现机制。[1]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdf1 ·学习 You haven't watched the module yet. Read a chapter top to bottom. Every major concept is an AHA-unit: a labelled diagram, a structure - function explainer, the mechanism in numbered steps, a memorable analogy, and the exam trap. Learn the picture cold - short- answer marks live in the mechanism. 你还没看过该模块。从头到尾读 一章。每个重要概念都是一个 AHA 单元:一张带标注的示意 图、一段结构→功能讲解、分 步编号的机制、一个易记的类 比,以及考试陷阱。把图记得滚 瓜烂熟–––简答分就藏在机制 里。 B 2 . CONDENSE 2 · 浓缩 You've done the modules. Harvest each chapter's diagrams, KPI numbers and trap boxes onto your A4 Memory Aid sheet. The figures are designed to shrink to thumbnail size and still read - a labelled HPG loop beats a paragraph every time. 你已做完模块。把每章的示意 图、KPI 数字和陷阱框采集到你 的 A4 Memory Aid 表上。这些 图设计成缩到缩略图大小仍可读 一张带标注的 HPG 环路永 远胜过一段文字。 C 3 · EXAM 3 · 应考 It's exam week. Walk in with the typed A4 sheet (compliant) + calculator. The blueprint overleaf shows the 80-mark split, the Zoom-invigilation rules and the possible viva - so nothing on the day surprises you. 已是考试周。带着这张打印的 A4 表(合规)+计算器走进考 场。后页的蓝图展示了80分的 分布、Zoom 监考规则以及可能 的口试 -- 这样考试当天不会有 任何意外。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy ★ The killer hook - your typed cheat sheet is LEGAL, stated honestly 杀手锏 -- 你打印的速记表是合法的,坦诚声明 HUBS3511 is restricted open book. The permitted material is ONE A4 double-sided sheet of handwritten OR TYPED notes (the "Memory Aid sheet") plus a non-programmable calculator. Read that twice: typed is allowed, so a printed, typeset 2-side A4 is an explicitly compliant aid - not a loophole. This guide privileges exactly the dense mechanism/diagram facts that belong on it. Verify the rule on your own Canvas before the day; conditions can change between cohorts. HUBS3511 为限制性开卷。允许携带的材料是一张 A4 双面手写或打印的笔记(即“Memory Aid 表”)外加一台非可编 程计算器。请读两遍:允许打印,因此一张打印、排版好的双面A4 是明确合规的辅助工具 -- 并非钻空子。本指南着 重提供恰好适合放在其上的密集机制/图示事实。请在考试当天前在你自己的 Canvas 上核实该规则;不同届的条件可能 变动。 ! The single most important thing to understand about the HUBS3511 exam 理解 HUBS3511 考试最重要的一点 Half the marks are short-answer (50 of 80), and short-answer rewards mechanism, sequence and feedback sign - not one-word recall. The course is built on a handful of high-yield, hard-to-memorise diagrams: the HPG axis (negative feedback everywhere except the oestrogen positive-feedback LH surge), the menstrual multi-curve, spermatogenesis vs oogenesis, the 3 fetal shunts, and the oxytocin labour loop. A text-only sheet underserves it. Carry compact labelled diagrams. 一半的分数是简答(80分中占50分),而简答奖赏的是机制、序列与反馈符号 -- 不是单词式回忆。本课程建立在少 数高产出、难记的图示之上:HPG 轴(处处负反馈,唯独雌激素正反馈的 LH 峰例外)、月经多曲线图、精子发生与卵 子发生、三条胎儿分流,以及催产素分娩环路。纯文字的表无法胜任。请随身带紧凑的带标注示意图。 i How this book was built - and the two-layer rule 本书是如何构建的 -- 以及双层规则 Standard reproductive-physiology canon (the HPG feedback loop, the meiotic arrest points, the placental transport mechanisms) is stated plainly - it is universal, non-copyrightable science. The course's own framing and any specific slide wording are paraphrased, never copied; every diagram here is our own clean schematic drawn from the canon, not traced from a textbook figure. No set textbook is prescribed (recommended: Jones & Lopez; Blackburn). Verify dates and weights against your own Canvas (UON), as details can shift between cohorts. 标准的生殖生理学经典内容(HPG 反馈环路、减数分裂停滞点、胎盘转运机制)直白陈述 -- 它们是普适、不受版权保 护的科学。本课程自身的表述及任何特定幻灯片措辞均经改写,绝不照抄;此处每张图都是我们自己根据经典绘制的清 晰示意图,而非描摹教科书插图。本课程未指定教材(推荐:Jones & Lopez; Blackburn)。请对照你自己的 Canvas (UON)核实日期与权重,因为细节可能在不同届之间变动。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy THE BLUEPRINT - THE EXAM BLUEPRINT EXAM 50% . OPEN BOOK[6]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfSource - action of each hormone The one-glance hormone table A few quantitative items Sensitivity / specificity - hence the calculator HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy ★ The exam format - restricted open book, Zoom- invigilated 考试形式 -- 限制性开卷,Zoom 监考 120 minutes (fixed timed start inside a wider availability window). 49 questions = 80 marks: 30 MCQ (30 marks, recall) + 19 short-answer (50 marks, mechanism). Conditions: RESTRICTED OPEN BOOK - ONE A4 double-sided sheet of handwritten OR TYPED notes (the "Memory Aid sheet") + a non- programmable calculator. Delivered via Canvas, Zoom-invigilated (join early, unique link, English only). A possible ~10-minute Zoom viva (1-2 staff) may follow, asking you to justify your answers for authentication. AI is banned in the exam. 120 分钟(在更宽的可用窗口内有固定的限时开始)。 49 题=80分:30道 MCQ(30分,回忆)+19 道 简答(50分,机制)。条件:限制性开卷一 一张 A4 双面手写或打印笔记(即“Memory Aid 表”)+一台 非可编程计算器。经由 Canvas 进行,Zoom 监考 (提前加入、唯一链接、仅限英文)。随后可能有一场 约 10 分钟的 Zoom 口试(1-2 名教职员),要求你为 答案做辩护以核实身份。考试中禁用 AI。 ✓ The strategy this dictates 由此决定的应考策略 Spend revision on the mechanisms short-answer rewards, and build your A4 around diagrams, not prose: a thumbnail HPG loop, the menstrual four- curve, spermatogenesis-vs-oogenesis side by side, the 3-shunt route, the oxytocin loop. The MCQ block mops up recall; the SAQ block is where the sheet earns its keep. Bring the calculator - the screening- stat questions need it. 把复习时间花在简答奖赏的机制上,并围绕图示而非 散文构建你的 A4:一张缩略的 HPG 环路、月经四曲 线图、并列的精子发生与卵子发生、三分流路线、催 产素环路。MCQ 那块负责扫清回忆题;简答那块才是 这张表发挥价值之处。带上计算器 -- 筛查统计题需 要它。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy CONTENTS - CONTENTS The make - grow - deliver arc 造→育→娩 的主线 Ordered exactly as Professor Pringle teaches it - gametes first, birth last 严格按 Professor Pringle 的授课顺序编排 -- 配子在先,分娩在后 Ch Topic Core content Part 1 . Make a baby - gametes, axes & the cycle 1 Male reproductive system testis & ducts . Sertoli vs Leydig . spermatogenesis . male HPG . SRY → 2 Female reproductive system anatomy · oogenesis & arrests · folliculogenesis → 3 HPG axis & the menstrual cycle feedback loops . the LH-surge switch . four-curve map → 4 Conception capacitation · fertilisation · pre-implantation · implantation →[7]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfPlacenta Amino acids cross the placenta by which mechanism? A. Simple diffusion B. Facilitated diffusion C. Active transport D. They do not cross Q12 SHORT ANSWER 4 marks . Labour Describe the oxytocin positive-feedback loop of labour, and state what finally breaks it. Q13 SHORT ANSWER 2 marks . Lactation Distinguish the roles of prolactin and oxytocin in lactation. Q14 SHORT ANSWER 3 marks . Fetal Name the three fetal shunts and state what each one bypasses. HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy Q10-Q14 Worked solutions - placenta, labour & fetal 1 Q10. B. hCG (from syncytiotrophoblast) rescues the corpus luteum so it keeps making progesterone until the placenta takes over (luteal-placental shift ~wk 6-9). Insulin resistance is hPL (distractor A). Q10. B. hCG (来自合体滋养层)挽救黄体,使其持续产生孕酮,直至胎盘接管(黄体一胎盘转换约第6-9周)。胰岛 素抵抗是hPL (干扰项A)。 2 Q11. C. Active transport. Amino acids move against their gradient (so fetal levels can exceed maternal). Contrast: O,/CO2 = simple diffusion; glucose = facilitated. Q11. C. 主动转运。氨基酸逆梯度移动(故胎儿水平可超过母体)。对照:O2/CO2= 单纯扩散;葡萄糖= 易化。 3 Q12. Contractions push the fetal head onto the cervix - cervical stretch signals the brain - posterior pituitary releases oxytocin - stronger contractions - more cervical stretch - more oxytocin (amplifying loop). It is broken only by delivery of the baby (removes the stretch stimulus). - Q12。宫缩把胎头压向宫颈→ 宫颈牵张向大脑发信号→神经垂体释放催产素→更强宫缩→ 更多宫颈牵张→更多催 产素(放大环路)。它只由胎儿娩出打破(移除牵张刺激)。 - 4 Q13. Prolactin (anterior pituitary) drives milk synthesis, sustained by suckling; oxytocin (posterior pituitary) drives milk ejection / let-down via myoepithelial contraction. Prolactin makes, oxytocin ejects. Q13。催乳素(腺垂体)驱动乳汁合成,由吸吮维持;催产素(神经垂体)经肌上皮收缩驱动乳汁喷出/喷乳反射。催乳 素产乳,催产素喷乳。 5 Q14. Ductus venosus - bypasses the liver; foramen ovale - bypasses the lungs (RA-LA); ductus arteriosus - bypasses the lungs (pulmonary artery++aorta). Q14。静脉导管 →绕过肝脏;卵圆孔→绕过肺(RA→LA);动脉导管→绕过肺(肺动脉→主动脉)。 ★ Open-book exam technique: build your A4 memory aid 开卷考试技巧:搭建你的 A4 速记表 HUBS3511 is restricted open book - you may bring one A4 double-sided handwritten or typed sheet (plus a non- programmable calculator). Use it well: (1) Put the diagrams you can't derive on it - the four-hormone cycle curve, the HPG feedback loop, the three fetal shunts, the fertilisation sequence. (2) Cram the contrast pairs and traps (prolactin vs oxytocin, Sertoli vs Leydig, tocolytic vs uterotonic, umbilical vein = oxygenated). (3) Make a hormone source-action table. Don't copy prose you already know - the sheet is for the few facts you keep forgetting, so you don't waste minutes of the 150 hunting for them. HUBS3511 是限制性开卷 -- 可携带一张 A4 双面手写或打印的纸(外加非编程计算器)。要善用它:(1)把你推导不出 来的图放上去 -- 四激素周期曲线、HPG 反馈环路、三个胎儿分流、受精序列。(2)背熟对比配对和陷阱(催乳素对催 产素、Sertoli 对 Leydig、宫缩抑制剂对宫缩剂、脐静脉=含氧)。(3)制作激素来源→作用表。不要抄你已经会的散文 -- 这张纸是为那几个你老是忘的事实准备的,免得你在150分钟里浪费时间去找它们。 Short-answer marks reward mechanism and sequence, not just the noun. Name the hormone source, the direction of feedback, and the order of steps - an examiner can give part-marks for a correct mechanism even when the final label slips. 简答题的分数奖励机制和序列,而不仅是名词。要点名激素来源、反馈方向和步骤顺序 -- 即便最终标签写错,考官也 能为正确的机制给部分分。 MARKER'S NOTE . HUBS3511 FINAL . SHORT -ANSWER

• 2）这门课的“最核心高频图”（你 A4 上必须有）

你 A4 上文字不要堆太多，优先放“缩略图也能看懂”的图：考试短答的分就藏在这些图的箭头和顺序里。[1]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdf1 ·学习 You haven't watched the module yet. Read a chapter top to bottom. Every major concept is an AHA-unit: a labelled diagram, a structure - function explainer, the mechanism in numbered steps, a memorable analogy, and the exam trap. Learn the picture cold - short- answer marks live in the mechanism. 你还没看过该模块。从头到尾读 一章。每个重要概念都是一个 AHA 单元:一张带标注的示意 图、一段结构→功能讲解、分 步编号的机制、一个易记的类 比,以及考试陷阱。把图记得滚 瓜烂熟–––简答分就藏在机制 里。 B 2 . CONDENSE 2 · 浓缩 You've done the modules. Harvest each chapter's diagrams, KPI numbers and trap boxes onto your A4 Memory Aid sheet. The figures are designed to shrink to thumbnail size and still read - a labelled HPG loop beats a paragraph every time. 你已做完模块。把每章的示意 图、KPI 数字和陷阱框采集到你 的 A4 Memory Aid 表上。这些 图设计成缩到缩略图大小仍可读 一张带标注的 HPG 环路永 远胜过一段文字。 C 3 · EXAM 3 · 应考 It's exam week. Walk in with the typed A4 sheet (compliant) + calculator. The blueprint overleaf shows the 80-mark split, the Zoom-invigilation rules and the possible viva - so nothing on the day surprises you. 已是考试周。带着这张打印的 A4 表(合规)+计算器走进考 场。后页的蓝图展示了80分的 分布、Zoom 监考规则以及可能 的口试 -- 这样考试当天不会有 任何意外。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy ★ The killer hook - your typed cheat sheet is LEGAL, stated honestly 杀手锏 -- 你打印的速记表是合法的,坦诚声明 HUBS3511 is restricted open book. The permitted material is ONE A4 double-sided sheet of handwritten OR TYPED notes (the "Memory Aid sheet") plus a non-programmable calculator. Read that twice: typed is allowed, so a printed, typeset 2-side A4 is an explicitly compliant aid - not a loophole. This guide privileges exactly the dense mechanism/diagram facts that belong on it. Verify the rule on your own Canvas before the day; conditions can change between cohorts. HUBS3511 为限制性开卷。允许携带的材料是一张 A4 双面手写或打印的笔记(即“Memory Aid 表”)外加一台非可编 程计算器。请读两遍:允许打印,因此一张打印、排版好的双面A4 是明确合规的辅助工具 -- 并非钻空子。本指南着 重提供恰好适合放在其上的密集机制/图示事实。请在考试当天前在你自己的 Canvas 上核实该规则;不同届的条件可能 变动。 ! The single most important thing to understand about the HUBS3511 exam 理解 HUBS3511 考试最重要的一点 Half the marks are short-answer (50 of 80), and short-answer rewards mechanism, sequence and feedback sign - not one-word recall. The course is built on a handful of high-yield, hard-to-memorise diagrams: the HPG axis (negative feedback everywhere except the oestrogen positive-feedback LH surge), the menstrual multi-curve, spermatogenesis vs oogenesis, the 3 fetal shunts, and the oxytocin labour loop. A text-only sheet underserves it. Carry compact labelled diagrams. 一半的分数是简答(80分中占50分),而简答奖赏的是机制、序列与反馈符号 -- 不是单词式回忆。本课程建立在少 数高产出、难记的图示之上:HPG 轴(处处负反馈,唯独雌激素正反馈的 LH 峰例外)、月经多曲线图、精子发生与卵 子发生、三条胎儿分流,以及催产素分娩环路。纯文字的表无法胜任。请随身带紧凑的带标注示意图。 i How this book was built - and the two-layer rule 本书是如何构建的 -- 以及双层规则 Standard reproductive-physiology canon (the HPG feedback loop, the meiotic arrest points, the placental transport mechanisms) is stated plainly - it is universal, non-copyrightable science. The course's own framing and any specific slide wording are paraphrased, never copied; every diagram here is our own clean schematic drawn from the canon, not traced from a textbook figure. No set textbook is prescribed (recommended: Jones & Lopez; Blackburn). Verify dates and weights against your own Canvas (UON), as details can shift between cohorts. 标准的生殖生理学经典内容(HPG 反馈环路、减数分裂停滞点、胎盘转运机制)直白陈述 -- 它们是普适、不受版权保 护的科学。本课程自身的表述及任何特定幻灯片措辞均经改写,绝不照抄;此处每张图都是我们自己根据经典绘制的清 晰示意图,而非描摹教科书插图。本课程未指定教材(推荐:Jones & Lopez; Blackburn)。请对照你自己的 Canvas (UON)核实日期与权重,因为细节可能在不同届之间变动。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy THE BLUEPRINT - THE EXAM BLUEPRINT EXAM 50% . OPEN BOOK[6]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfSource - action of each hormone The one-glance hormone table A few quantitative items Sensitivity / specificity - hence the calculator HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy ★ The exam format - restricted open book, Zoom- invigilated 考试形式 -- 限制性开卷,Zoom 监考 120 minutes (fixed timed start inside a wider availability window). 49 questions = 80 marks: 30 MCQ (30 marks, recall) + 19 short-answer (50 marks, mechanism). Conditions: RESTRICTED OPEN BOOK - ONE A4 double-sided sheet of handwritten OR TYPED notes (the "Memory Aid sheet") + a non- programmable calculator. Delivered via Canvas, Zoom-invigilated (join early, unique link, English only). A possible ~10-minute Zoom viva (1-2 staff) may follow, asking you to justify your answers for authentication. AI is banned in the exam. 120 分钟(在更宽的可用窗口内有固定的限时开始)。 49 题=80分:30道 MCQ(30分,回忆)+19 道 简答(50分,机制)。条件:限制性开卷一 一张 A4 双面手写或打印笔记(即“Memory Aid 表”)+一台 非可编程计算器。经由 Canvas 进行,Zoom 监考 (提前加入、唯一链接、仅限英文)。随后可能有一场 约 10 分钟的 Zoom 口试(1-2 名教职员),要求你为 答案做辩护以核实身份。考试中禁用 AI。 ✓ The strategy this dictates 由此决定的应考策略 Spend revision on the mechanisms short-answer rewards, and build your A4 around diagrams, not prose: a thumbnail HPG loop, the menstrual four- curve, spermatogenesis-vs-oogenesis side by side, the 3-shunt route, the oxytocin loop. The MCQ block mops up recall; the SAQ block is where the sheet earns its keep. Bring the calculator - the screening- stat questions need it. 把复习时间花在简答奖赏的机制上,并围绕图示而非 散文构建你的 A4:一张缩略的 HPG 环路、月经四曲 线图、并列的精子发生与卵子发生、三分流路线、催 产素环路。MCQ 那块负责扫清回忆题;简答那块才是 这张表发挥价值之处。带上计算器 -- 筛查统计题需 要它。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy CONTENTS - CONTENTS The make - grow - deliver arc 造→育→娩 的主线 Ordered exactly as Professor Pringle teaches it - gametes first, birth last 严格按 Professor Pringle 的授课顺序编排 -- 配子在先,分娩在后 Ch Topic Core content Part 1 . Make a baby - gametes, axes & the cycle 1 Male reproductive system testis & ducts . Sertoli vs Leydig . spermatogenesis . male HPG . SRY → 2 Female reproductive system anatomy · oogenesis & arrests · folliculogenesis → 3 HPG axis & the menstrual cycle feedback loops . the LH-surge switch . four-curve map → 4 Conception capacitation · fertilisation · pre-implantation · implantation →[7]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfPlacenta Amino acids cross the placenta by which mechanism? A. Simple diffusion B. Facilitated diffusion C. Active transport D. They do not cross Q12 SHORT ANSWER 4 marks . Labour Describe the oxytocin positive-feedback loop of labour, and state what finally breaks it. Q13 SHORT ANSWER 2 marks . Lactation Distinguish the roles of prolactin and oxytocin in lactation. Q14 SHORT ANSWER 3 marks . Fetal Name the three fetal shunts and state what each one bypasses. HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy Q10-Q14 Worked solutions - placenta, labour & fetal 1 Q10. B. hCG (from syncytiotrophoblast) rescues the corpus luteum so it keeps making progesterone until the placenta takes over (luteal-placental shift ~wk 6-9). Insulin resistance is hPL (distractor A). Q10. B. hCG (来自合体滋养层)挽救黄体,使其持续产生孕酮,直至胎盘接管(黄体一胎盘转换约第6-9周)。胰岛 素抵抗是hPL (干扰项A)。 2 Q11. C. Active transport. Amino acids move against their gradient (so fetal levels can exceed maternal). Contrast: O,/CO2 = simple diffusion; glucose = facilitated. Q11. C. 主动转运。氨基酸逆梯度移动(故胎儿水平可超过母体)。对照:O2/CO2= 单纯扩散;葡萄糖= 易化。 3 Q12. Contractions push the fetal head onto the cervix - cervical stretch signals the brain - posterior pituitary releases oxytocin - stronger contractions - more cervical stretch - more oxytocin (amplifying loop). It is broken only by delivery of the baby (removes the stretch stimulus). - Q12。宫缩把胎头压向宫颈→ 宫颈牵张向大脑发信号→神经垂体释放催产素→更强宫缩→ 更多宫颈牵张→更多催 产素(放大环路)。它只由胎儿娩出打破(移除牵张刺激)。 - 4 Q13. Prolactin (anterior pituitary) drives milk synthesis, sustained by suckling; oxytocin (posterior pituitary) drives milk ejection / let-down via myoepithelial contraction. Prolactin makes, oxytocin ejects. Q13。催乳素(腺垂体)驱动乳汁合成,由吸吮维持;催产素(神经垂体)经肌上皮收缩驱动乳汁喷出/喷乳反射。催乳 素产乳,催产素喷乳。 5 Q14. Ductus venosus - bypasses the liver; foramen ovale - bypasses the lungs (RA-LA); ductus arteriosus - bypasses the lungs (pulmonary artery++aorta). Q14。静脉导管 →绕过肝脏;卵圆孔→绕过肺(RA→LA);动脉导管→绕过肺(肺动脉→主动脉)。 ★ Open-book exam technique: build your A4 memory aid 开卷考试技巧:搭建你的 A4 速记表 HUBS3511 is restricted open book - you may bring one A4 double-sided handwritten or typed sheet (plus a non- programmable calculator). Use it well: (1) Put the diagrams you can't derive on it - the four-hormone cycle curve, the HPG feedback loop, the three fetal shunts, the fertilisation sequence. (2) Cram the contrast pairs and traps (prolactin vs oxytocin, Sertoli vs Leydig, tocolytic vs uterotonic, umbilical vein = oxygenated). (3) Make a hormone source-action table. Don't copy prose you already know - the sheet is for the few facts you keep forgetting, so you don't waste minutes of the 150 hunting for them. HUBS3511 是限制性开卷 -- 可携带一张 A4 双面手写或打印的纸(外加非编程计算器)。要善用它:(1)把你推导不出 来的图放上去 -- 四激素周期曲线、HPG 反馈环路、三个胎儿分流、受精序列。(2)背熟对比配对和陷阱(催乳素对催 产素、Sertoli 对 Leydig、宫缩抑制剂对宫缩剂、脐静脉=含氧)。(3)制作激素来源→作用表。不要抄你已经会的散文 -- 这张纸是为那几个你老是忘的事实准备的,免得你在150分钟里浪费时间去找它们。 Short-answer marks reward mechanism and sequence, not just the noun. Name the hormone source, the direction of feedback, and the order of steps - an examiner can give part-marks for a correct mechanism even when the final label slips. 简答题的分数奖励机制和序列,而不仅是名词。要点名激素来源、反馈方向和步骤顺序 -- 即便最终标签写错,考官也 能为正确的机制给部分分。 MARKER'S NOTE . HUBS3511 FINAL . SHORT -ANSWER

• （A）HPG 轴 + 反馈符号（全课第一大核）

  • 三层链：Hypothalamus（GnRH）→ Pituitary（FSH/LH）→ Gonad（卵巢/睾丸产生类固醇与 inhibin）→ 反馈回上游。[10]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdf! Corpus luteum: progesterone, rescue, or scar corpus luteum:孕激素、被挽救,或成疤痕 The corpus luteum secretes mainly progesterone (not oestrogen-dominant). Its fate is binary: if pregnancy occurs it is rescued by hCG and keeps making progesterone; if not, it becomes the corpus albicans (scar) and hormones fall, triggering menses. Growth to maturity takes >100 days, but only the final ~2 weeks are FSH/gonadotropin- dependent. 黄体主要分泌孕酮(并非以雌激素为主)。其命运是二选一:若发生妊娠,它会被 hCG 挽救并继续产生孕酮;若未妊 娠,它会变成白体(瘢痕),激素水平下降并触发月经。生长至成熟需>100天,但只有最后约 2 周才依赖 FSH/促性腺 激素。 i Chapter 2 in six lines - exam-move recap 第 2 章六行回顾 -- 应考要点速记 (1) Fertilisation = ampulla; implantation = endometrial functional layer (~Day 6-7); ectopic = outside uterus. (2) Oogenesis is asymmetric - 1 ovum + up to 3 polar bodies. (3) Two arrests: prophase I (released by the LH surge each cycle) and metaphase II (released only by fertilisation). (4) Sperm vs egg: 4 equal vs 1 unequal, continuous vs arrested, billions vs hundreds - both haploid. (5) Follicle order: primordial-primary-secondary-antral-Graafian++ovulation-corpus luteum-albicans. (6) Two-cell model: theca+LH-+androgen, granulosa+FSH-aromatase++oestrogen; inhibin selects one dominant follicle. (1) 受精 = 壶腹部;着床= 子宫内膜功能层(约第6-7天);异位妊娠=子宫外。(2)卵子发生是不对称的→1个卵子 + 至多 3 个极体。(3)两次停滞:前期|(每个周期由 LH 峰释放)与中期 II(仅由受精释放)。(4)精子对卵子:4个均 等对1个不均等、连续对停滞、数十亿对数百 -- 两者都为单倍体。(5)卵泡顺序:原始→初级→次级→窦状→成 熟(Graafian) →排卵→黄体→白体。(6)双细胞模型:卵泡膜+ LH→ 雄激素,颗粒+ FSH→ 芳香化酶→ 雌激 素;抑制素选出一个优势卵泡。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy HPG AXIS . AHA 1 - CHAPTER . THE HPG AXIS & THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE EXAM CORE Four hormones, one clock - the most- examined system in the course 四种激素、一座时钟 -- 本课程考查最频繁的系统 Hypothalamus - pituitary - ovary . negative feedback . the positive-feedback switch . the 28-day cycle 下丘脑 → 垂体→ 卵巢 · 负反馈 · 正反馈开关 · 28 天周期 One big idea: the female reproductive system is a feedback loop that runs on a timer. The brain (hypothalamus + pituitary) drives the ovary; the ovary talks back with steroids. For most of the cycle that feedback is negative - it keeps the system damped and stable, exactly like the male axis. But once per cycle a single, deliberate sign-flip to positive feedback fires the LH surge that triggers ovulation. Master that switch, and map the four hormone curves onto the ovarian and uterine phases, and you own the biggest block of short-answer marks in the paper. 一个核心观念:女性生殖系统是一个按计时器运行的反馈环路。大脑(下丘脑+垂体)驱动卵巢;卵巢以类固醇回话。在周 期的大部分时间里,这种反馈是负向的 -- 它使系统受抑而稳定,与男性轴完全一样。但每个周期一次,单次刻意的符号翻转 为正反馈会点燃触发排卵的 LH 峰。掌握这个开关,并将四条激素曲线映射到卵巢相与子宫相上,你便拿下了试卷中最大一块 简答分。 ★ What the exam asks here 此处考试会问什么 Pringle's short-answer section lives here. Expect: (1) draw / interpret the four-hormone graph (FSH, LH, oestrogen, progesterone) and say which peaks when; (2) explain the positive-feedback switch - what triggers the LH surge; (3) tie each hormone to its source and action; (4) walk the ovarian phases (follicular - ovulation - luteal) and the time-aligned uterine phases (menstrual - proliferative - secretory); (5) say what happens without fertilisation (corpus luteum - albicans - falling progesterone - menses). The positive-feedback switch is THE single most- tested concept in the course. Pringle 的简答题部分就在这里。预期会考:(1)绘制/解读四激素曲线图(FSH、LH、雌激素、孕酮)并说明各自何时达 峰;(2)解释正反馈开关 -- 是什么触发了LH峰;(3)把每种激素与其来源和作用对应起来;(4)走一遍卵巢各时相 (卵泡期→排卵→黄体期)以及与之时间对齐的子宫各时相(月经期→增生期→分泌期);(5)说明未受精时会发生 什么(黄体→白体→孕酮下降→月经)。正反馈开关是本课程最常考的单一概念。 A The three nodes of the axis A 轴的三个节点 The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is a three-tier command chain. Each tier secretes a hormone that drives the tier below, and the bottom tier feeds signals back up. Learn the node - hormone - target mapping cold - every feedback question is just this chain read forwards or backwards. 下丘脑-垂体-性腺(HPG)轴是一条三级指挥链。每一级 分泌一种激素去驱动下一级,最底层再向上反馈信号。把节 点→激素→靶标的映射背得滚瓜烂熟–––每道反馈题不 过是这条链的正读或反读。 AXIS TOOLKIT The command chain Hypothalamus -GnRH+ pituitary pituitary -FSH + LH- ovary ovary -E2 / P4 / inhibin- back UP Hormone classes GnRH, FSH, LH = peptide (fast, membrane receptors) E2, P4, testosterone = steroid (slow, intracellular)
  • 全课头号陷阱（一定会考）：
    • 低/中度雌激素 = 负反馈（抑制轴）
    • 高且持续的雌激素 = 正反馈 → 触发 LH surge → 排卵
    • 不要写“雌激素下降触发排卵”，恰恰相反：雌激素在 LH 峰前达到高峰并触发它。[12]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdf3 Threshold crossed: high + sustained oestrogen flips to @ positive feedback on Structure - function 结构→ 功能 The trigger is not just how much oestrogen but for how long. A brief spike won't do it; the brain needs the sustained signal to read 'a follicle is genuinely ripe'. That level-and-duration requirement is what makes ovulation a clean, once-per-cycle, all-or-nothing event rather than a slow drift. 触发因素不仅是雌激素有多少,还在于持续多久。短暂的尖 峰不行;大脑需要持续信号才能读出“一个卵泡确实成熟 了”。这一对水平与时长的双重要求,使排卵成为一个干净 利落的每周期一次、全或无的事件,而非缓慢漂移。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy hypothalamus/pituitary. 越过阈值:高且持续的雌激素翻转为 正反馈作用于下丘 脑/垂体。 4 The LH surge: GnRH & LH are now amplified - a sharp LH spike (+ a smaller FSH rise). LH 峰:GnRH 和 LH 此时被放大 →尖锐的 LH 脉冲(+ 较小的FSH上升)。 5 Ovulation: the surge ruptures the Graafian follicle (~within 18-36 h; UON says ~18 h), completes oocyte meiosis I, and luteinises the follicle - corpus luteum. - 排卵:激增使成熟卵泡(Graafian)破裂(约 18-36 小时 内;UON 称约 18 小时),完成卵母细胞减数分裂 I,并使 卵泡黄素化→ 黄体。 ⊕ THE ONE POSITIVE LOOP 唯一的一个正反馈 环路 ~18h SURGE - OVULATION CUON) 激增 → 排卵 (UON) 14 THE SURGE DAY (~28-D CYCLE) 激增日(约28天 周期) A light dimmer that, turned past a hidden notch, suddenly becomes a floodlight switch. Low oestrogen dims the axis; cross the threshold and the same dial throws the floodlight - the surge. 一个调光器,越过隐藏的卡口后,骤然变成泛光灯开 关。低雌激素调暗该轴;越过阈值,同一个旋钮就打 开泛光灯 -- 即激增。 ANALOGY . THE DIMMER WITH A HIDDEN SWITCH ! It's HIGH SUSTAINED oestrogen that triggers the surge 触发峰的是持续高水平的雌激素 The number-one trap of the whole course: low/moderate oestrogen = negative feedback (inhibitory); high + sustained oestrogen = positive feedback - LH surge. Don't write 'a fall in oestrogen triggers ovulation' - oestrogen peaks just before the surge. Males have NO equivalent surge (their axis is purely negative). 整门课头号陷阱:低/中度雌激素 =负反馈(抑制性);高且持续的雌激素 = 正反馈→ LH 峰。不要写“雌激素下降触发 排卵” -- 雌激素恰恰在峰前达到峰值。男性没有对应的激增(其轴纯属负反馈)。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy THE CYCLE . AHA 3 c AHA-unit - the menstrual / ovarian cycle C AHA 单元 -- 月经周期 / 卵巢周期 The flagship figure of the course: four hormone curves over ~28 days, with the ovary and the endometrium drawn on the same day axis beneath. Everything you have learned now plays out as one timed sequence. Read it left to right as a story in three acts - follicular - ovulation - luteal. 本课程的旗舰图:约 28天内的四条激素曲线,下方在同一日期轴上画出卵巢与子宫内膜。你迄今所学的一切都化作一条限时 序列上演。从左到右把它读成一个三幕故事 -- 卵泡期→排卵→ 黄体期。 D1

• （B）月经周期“四曲线图”（FSH/LH/E2/P4）+ 卵巢相/子宫相对齐

  • 你要能“看图说话”：
    • E2（雌激素）在 d12–13 左右先峰值
    • LH 在 d14 出现尖锐高峰（最窄最高的红色峰）
    • P4（孕酮）在排卵后升高，黄体期穹顶样高峰；排卵前几乎为 0
    • 若未妊娠：黄体退化（约 d26）→ E2 + P4 同时崩 → 月经来潮（下一周期 d1）
    • 若妊娠：hCG 挽救黄体 → 孕酮维持高水平 → 不来月经。[18]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-hubs3511.pdfFLAGSHIP FIGURE Relative kermene level Folkular Luteal Progesterone Evtroger FSH Ovulation Cycle day [3-28) Estrogen peaks before the day-14 LH spike (it is the trigger). Progesterone is ~zero pre-ovulation, dome-peaks in the luteal phase; E + P crash by day 28 -> menses. Read it off: FSH (green) rises early then dips; oestrogen (blue) peaks ~d12-13; LH (red) spikes at d14; progesterone (purple) only climbs after ovulation. The estrogen peak precedes and causes the LH spike. A common short-answer is simply "label the four curves and the surge. " Four-curve cheat: if no pregnancy, the corpus luteum regresses (~d26) -> E + P both crash -> spiral-artery spasm -> menses (d1 of the next cycle). If pregnancy, hCG rescues the corpus luteum > progesterone stays high -> no menses. Colour key: blue = oestrogen, red = LH, green = FSH, purple = progesterone. The single tall red spike at day 14 is the diagnostic feature - narrower and taller than FSH's small mid-cycle bump. Compiled by AskSia . mapped to the HUBS3511 syllabus . asksia. ai/cheatsheet/uon-hubs3511 MAKE A BABY . Male system & spermatogenesis . Female system, oogenesis & follicles . HPG axis & feedback . The menstrual RESTRICTED OPEN BOOK . 1x A4 TYPED AID Memory Aid sheet . restricted open book - check your current unit outline . @ 2026 flip + for side 2 . conceive - deliver HUBS3511 Human Reproduction and Pregnancy UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE . BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES[20]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-hubs3511.pdfEstrogen peaks before the day-14 LH spike (it is the trigger). Progesterone is ~zero pre-ovulation, dome-peaks in the luteal phase; E + P crash by day 28 -> menses. Read it off: FSH (green) rises early then dips; oestrogen (blue) peaks ~d12-13; LH (red) spikes at d14; progesterone (purple) only climbs after ovulation. The estrogen peak precedes and causes the LH spike. A common short-answer is simply "label the four curves and the surge. " Four-curve cheat: if no pregnancy, the corpus luteum regresses (~d26) -> E + P both crash -> spiral-artery spasm -> menses (d1 of the next cycle). If pregnancy, hCG rescues the corpus luteum > progesterone stays high -> no menses. Colour key: blue = oestrogen, red = LH, green = FSH, purple = progesterone. The single tall red spike at day 14 is the diagnostic feature - narrower and taller than FSH's small mid-cycle bump. Compiled by AskSia . mapped to the HUBS3511 syllabus . asksia. ai/cheatsheet/uon-hubs3511 MAKE A BABY . Male system & spermatogenesis . Female system, oogenesis & follicles . HPG axis & feedback . The menstrual RESTRICTED OPEN BOOK . 1x A4 TYPED AID Memory Aid sheet . restricted open book - check your current unit outline . @ 2026 flip + for side 2 . conceive - deliver HUBS3511 Human Reproduction and Pregnancy UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE . BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES MEMORY AID SHEET Sem 1 2026 . SIDE 2 OF 2 Conceive -> deliver . modules 4-11 SIDE 2/2 GROW & DELIVER . Fertilisation & implantation . Placenta & pregnancy hormones . Maternal adaptations . Parturition & lactation . Fetal circulation . Contraception & ART RESTRICTED OPEN BOOK . 1x A4 TYPED AID Compiled by AskSia . mapped to the HUBS3511 syllabus . asksia. ai/cheatsheet/uon-hubs3511 17 . Capacitation & Fertilisation IN THE AMPULLA Epididymal maturation (in testis-> duct): sperm gain motility, condensed DNA, zona-binding ability. Capacitation happens in the female tract : cholesterol/inhibitory proteins removed -> +membrane fluidity, 1Ca2+/cAMP -> hyperactivated motility. Only capacitated sperm fertilise. Fertilisation sequence: 1. Cumulus penetration by hyperactivated sperm 2. Zona binding to ZP glycoproteins (classically ZP3) 3. Acrosome reaction - releases acrosin/hyaluronidase to digest the zona 4. Membrane fusion with the oolemma Fusion -> oocyte completes meiosis II > maternal + paternal pronuclei -> fuse -> 2-cell zygote. Mitochondria are maternally inherited (paternal destroyed).
  • 固定记忆点：黄体期长度大致固定（~14 天），周期长短的变化主要来自卵泡期。[24]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-hubs3511.pdf4. Two-cell model: theca->androgen (LH), granulosa->oestrogen (FSH). 5. Fertilisation in the ampulla. Progesterone peaks luteal, not ovulation. 6. Falling progesterone drives menstruation. Luteal phase fixed ~14 d. 7. GnRH must be pulsatile; continuous = pituitary shutdown. 8. Males: no LH surge, tonic axis. 9. Folliculogenesis order: primordial -> primary >> secondary > antral > Graafian > corpus luteum -> albicans. 10. Sperm pathway: tubules -> epididymis (mature) -> vas -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra. ----- SIA > Short-answers reward the mechanism + direction of feedback. Always name the hormone, its source, its target, and whether the arrow is @ or Θ. asksia. ai/cheatsheet/ uon-hubs3511 . side 1/2 AskSia CHEATSHEET SERIES 11 . Ovarian Cycle ~28 DAYS Follicular (d1-13): FSH+ recruits follicles -> oestrogen1; inhibin restricts recruitment; one dominant follicle selected. Ovulation (~d14): oestrogen peak -> LH surge > Graafian follicle ruptures, releases the secondary oocyte. Luteal (d15-28): corpus luteum -> progesterone (+ oestrogen); no pregnancy > regresses (~d26) -> P/E fall > menses. TRAP: luteal phase length is fixed (~14 d) - cycle- length variation is in the follicular phase. The corpus luteum has a built-in ~14-day lifespan unless rescued by hCG; that fixed timer is why progesterone falls on schedule and menses arrives ~14 d after ovulation. 12 · Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle ENDOMETRIUM PHASE / DAY DRIVER ENDOMETRIUM

• （C）精子发生 vs 卵子发生（对比表 + 停滞点）

  • 精子发生：从青春期起连续；1 → 4 等分；有“精子发生 vs 精子形成（spermiogenesis）”概念陷阱。[21]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-hubs3511.pdfMakes ABP, inhibin, AMH testosterone Role nurse cells; blood-testis barrier androgen source Mnemonic: FSH-> Sertoli (Support); LH-> Leydig. Blood-testis barrier (Sertoli tight junctions) hides haploid sperm from the immune system. ABP keeps local testosterone high for spermatogenesis. 2b · Semen THE EJACULATE Sperm + seminal plasma. ~ 1. 5-5 mL, ~200 million sperm per ejaculate; only a few hundred reach the ampulla. Lost to vaginal acidity, leukocytes, wrong tube and the journey. Plasma = fructose (energy), prostaglandins (stimulate female-tract motility), alkaline buffer (protects against vaginal acid), coagulation/liquefaction enzymes. Low count/motility or abnormal morphology = common male-factor infertility - addressed by IUI, IVF or ICSI. 2c . Sex Determination MODULE 1 Bipotential gonad (~wk 6) branches on SRY (Y chromosome). SRY present -> testis -> Sertoli (AMH) + Leydig (testosterone > DHT) > Wolffian duct persists, Müllerian regresses -> male. SRY absent > ovary, no AMH > Müllerian persists (uterus, tubes) -> female = the default pathway. 3 . 2N + N . 4 Spermatogenesis SPERM In the seminiferous tubule wall, continuous from puberty, ~64-74 days. Cells move periphery > lumen as they mature. 1. Spermatogonium (2n) -> mitosis -> keeps stem pool + primary spermatocyte (2n) 2. Primary spermatocyte -> meiosis I -> 2x secondary spermatocyte (n) 3. Secondary spermatocyte > meiosis II -> 2x spermatid (n) 4. Net 1 -> 4 spermatids (4 functional sperm) Spermiogenesis = final remodelling of round spermatid > spermatozoon: builds the acrosome (enzyme cap), condenses the nucleus, grows the flagellum + mitochondrial midpiece, sheds cytoplasm. No cell division. TRAP: spermatogenesis = whole process; spermiogenesis = only the maturation step. Mature sperm parts: head (condensed haploid nucleus + acrosome) . midpiece (mitochondria -> ATP for the tail) . flagellum (propulsion). Meiosis | = reduction (2n->n, homologues separate); meiosis II separates sister chromatids.[26]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-hubs3511.pdfmilk synthesis 15 . Steroid vs PeptideWHY IT MATTERS Peptide (GnRH, FSH, LH, oxytocin, prolactin, hCG, inhibin): water-soluble, surface receptors, 2nd messengers (cAMP), fast & brief; stored in vesicles. Steroid (oestrogen, progesterone, testosterone): lipid- soluble from cholesterol, intracellular receptors > alter gene transcription, slow & long-lasting; carried bound to plasma proteins. Exam use: steroid lag explains why the proliferative/secretory endometrium responds over days, while the LH surge (peptide) acts within hours to trigger ovulation. It also explains drug design: synthetic steroids (the pill) silently reset feedback over weeks; a peptide hCG "'trigger" in IVF mimics the LH surge within hours. Receptor logic: peptide hormones need a surface receptor on the target cell, so a tissue without that receptor ignores the signal; steroids diffuse into any cell but only act where the matching nuclear receptor + co- factors exist - selectivity comes from receptor expression, not hormone distribution. This is why oestrogen acts on the endometrium, breast and bone alike (all express its receptor) while a peptide like FSH only hits gonadal cells carrying the FSH receptor. 16 . Side-1 Trap List ONE GLANCE 1. FSH-> Sertoli (Support); LH-> Leydig. Inhibin @ FSH only. 2. Spermatogenesis = 4 sperm; oogenesis = 1 ovum + polar bodies. Arrests: prophase I then metaphase Il. 3. HIGH sustained oestrogen = > LH surge -> ovulation. Low oestrogen = O 4. Two-cell model: theca->androgen (LH), granulosa->oestrogen (FSH). 5. Fertilisation in the ampulla. Progesterone peaks luteal, not ovulation. 6. Falling progesterone drives menstruation. Luteal phase fixed ~14 d. 7. GnRH must be pulsatile; continuous = pituitary shutdown. 8. Males: no LH surge, tonic axis. 9. Folliculogenesis order: primordial -> primary >> secondary > antral > Graafian > corpus luteum -> albicans. 10. Sperm pathway: tubules -> epididymis (mature) -> vas -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra. ----- SIA > Short-answers reward the mechanism + direction of feedback. Always name the hormone, its source, its target, and whether the arrow is @ or Θ. asksia. ai/cheatsheet/ uon-hubs3511 . side 1/2 AskSia CHEATSHEET SERIES
  • 卵子发生：不对称；1 个卵子 + 极体；有两次停滞：
    • Prophase I（每个周期由 LH surge 解除）
    • Metaphase II（只有受精才解除）。[10]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdf! Corpus luteum: progesterone, rescue, or scar corpus luteum:孕激素、被挽救,或成疤痕 The corpus luteum secretes mainly progesterone (not oestrogen-dominant). Its fate is binary: if pregnancy occurs it is rescued by hCG and keeps making progesterone; if not, it becomes the corpus albicans (scar) and hormones fall, triggering menses. Growth to maturity takes >100 days, but only the final ~2 weeks are FSH/gonadotropin- dependent. 黄体主要分泌孕酮(并非以雌激素为主)。其命运是二选一:若发生妊娠,它会被 hCG 挽救并继续产生孕酮;若未妊 娠,它会变成白体(瘢痕),激素水平下降并触发月经。生长至成熟需>100天,但只有最后约 2 周才依赖 FSH/促性腺 激素。 i Chapter 2 in six lines - exam-move recap 第 2 章六行回顾 -- 应考要点速记 (1) Fertilisation = ampulla; implantation = endometrial functional layer (~Day 6-7); ectopic = outside uterus. (2) Oogenesis is asymmetric - 1 ovum + up to 3 polar bodies. (3) Two arrests: prophase I (released by the LH surge each cycle) and metaphase II (released only by fertilisation). (4) Sperm vs egg: 4 equal vs 1 unequal, continuous vs arrested, billions vs hundreds - both haploid. (5) Follicle order: primordial-primary-secondary-antral-Graafian++ovulation-corpus luteum-albicans. (6) Two-cell model: theca+LH-+androgen, granulosa+FSH-aromatase++oestrogen; inhibin selects one dominant follicle. (1) 受精 = 壶腹部;着床= 子宫内膜功能层(约第6-7天);异位妊娠=子宫外。(2)卵子发生是不对称的→1个卵子 + 至多 3 个极体。(3)两次停滞:前期|(每个周期由 LH 峰释放)与中期 II(仅由受精释放)。(4)精子对卵子:4个均 等对1个不均等、连续对停滞、数十亿对数百 -- 两者都为单倍体。(5)卵泡顺序:原始→初级→次级→窦状→成 熟(Graafian) →排卵→黄体→白体。(6)双细胞模型:卵泡膜+ LH→ 雄激素,颗粒+ FSH→ 芳香化酶→ 雌激 素;抑制素选出一个优势卵泡。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy HPG AXIS . AHA 1 - CHAPTER . THE HPG AXIS & THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE EXAM CORE Four hormones, one clock - the most- examined system in the course 四种激素、一座时钟 -- 本课程考查最频繁的系统 Hypothalamus - pituitary - ovary . negative feedback . the positive-feedback switch . the 28-day cycle 下丘脑 → 垂体→ 卵巢 · 负反馈 · 正反馈开关 · 28 天周期 One big idea: the female reproductive system is a feedback loop that runs on a timer. The brain (hypothalamus + pituitary) drives the ovary; the ovary talks back with steroids. For most of the cycle that feedback is negative - it keeps the system damped and stable, exactly like the male axis. But once per cycle a single, deliberate sign-flip to positive feedback fires the LH surge that triggers ovulation. Master that switch, and map the four hormone curves onto the ovarian and uterine phases, and you own the biggest block of short-answer marks in the paper. 一个核心观念:女性生殖系统是一个按计时器运行的反馈环路。大脑(下丘脑+垂体)驱动卵巢;卵巢以类固醇回话。在周 期的大部分时间里,这种反馈是负向的 -- 它使系统受抑而稳定,与男性轴完全一样。但每个周期一次,单次刻意的符号翻转 为正反馈会点燃触发排卵的 LH 峰。掌握这个开关,并将四条激素曲线映射到卵巢相与子宫相上,你便拿下了试卷中最大一块 简答分。 ★ What the exam asks here 此处考试会问什么 Pringle's short-answer section lives here. Expect: (1) draw / interpret the four-hormone graph (FSH, LH, oestrogen, progesterone) and say which peaks when; (2) explain the positive-feedback switch - what triggers the LH surge; (3) tie each hormone to its source and action; (4) walk the ovarian phases (follicular - ovulation - luteal) and the time-aligned uterine phases (menstrual - proliferative - secretory); (5) say what happens without fertilisation (corpus luteum - albicans - falling progesterone - menses). The positive-feedback switch is THE single most- tested concept in the course. Pringle 的简答题部分就在这里。预期会考:(1)绘制/解读四激素曲线图(FSH、LH、雌激素、孕酮)并说明各自何时达 峰;(2)解释正反馈开关 -- 是什么触发了LH峰;(3)把每种激素与其来源和作用对应起来;(4)走一遍卵巢各时相 (卵泡期→排卵→黄体期)以及与之时间对齐的子宫各时相(月经期→增生期→分泌期);(5)说明未受精时会发生 什么(黄体→白体→孕酮下降→月经)。正反馈开关是本课程最常考的单一概念。 A The three nodes of the axis A 轴的三个节点 The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is a three-tier command chain. Each tier secretes a hormone that drives the tier below, and the bottom tier feeds signals back up. Learn the node - hormone - target mapping cold - every feedback question is just this chain read forwards or backwards. 下丘脑-垂体-性腺(HPG)轴是一条三级指挥链。每一级 分泌一种激素去驱动下一级,最底层再向上反馈信号。把节 点→激素→靶标的映射背得滚瓜烂熟–––每道反馈题不 过是这条链的正读或反读。 AXIS TOOLKIT The command chain Hypothalamus -GnRH+ pituitary pituitary -FSH + LH- ovary ovary -E2 / P4 / inhibin- back UP Hormone classes GnRH, FSH, LH = peptide (fast, membrane receptors) E2, P4, testosterone = steroid (slow, intracellular)[11]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfi Chapter 1 in seven lines - exam-move recap 第 1章七行回顾 -- 应考要点速记 (1) Sperm pathway: tubule - rete - efferent ductules - epididymis (mature) - vas - ejaculatory duct - urethra. (2) Dartos = skin (smooth); Cremaster = raises testis (skeletal); 2-3℃ below core. (3) FSH-Sertoli (nurse, blood- testis barrier, ABP, inhibin); LH-Leydig (testosterone). (4) Spermatogenesis: 2n++n, 1-4 equal sperm; spermiogenesis = reshaping, no division. (5) Male HPG = all negative feedback, no surge; inhibin @ FSH only; GnRH pulsatile. (6) SRY = testis switch; Sertoli-AMH (Müllerian dies), Leydig-testosterone (Wolffian lives), DHT-external. (7) Female = default. (1) 精子通路:小管→ rete→输出小管→附睾(成熟)→输精管→射精管→ 尿道。(2)肉膜肌=皮肤(平滑肌); 提睾肌= 提升睾丸(骨骼肌);低于核心体温 2-3℃。(3) FSH→Sertoli(保育、血睾屏障、ABP、inhibin); LH→Leydig(睾酮)。(4)精子发生:2n→n,1→4个均等精子;spermiogenesis = 重塑,无分裂。(5)男性 HPG= 全 为负反馈、无峰;inhibin e 仅 FSH;GnRH 脉冲式。(6) SRY = 睾丸开关;Sertoli→AMH (Mullerian 管消亡), Leydig→睾酮(Wolffian 管存续),DHT→外生殖器。(7)女性=默认。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy CH 2 . FEMALE SYSTEM - CHAPTER 2 . THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MAKE A BABY A finite reserve, released one at a time 有限的储备,逐枚释放 Anatomy . oogenesis & its two arrests . folliculogenesis - Modules 1-2 解剖 · 卵子发生及其两次停滞 · 卵泡发生 -- 模块 1-2 One big idea: where the male runs a continuous factory, the female works from a finite, pre-made reserve released one egg at a time. Every primary oocyte a woman will ever have is present before birth, frozen mid-division for years; the cycle's job is to ripen one and finish its meiosis only at the moment it counts. This arrest-and-release logic - asymmetric, twice-paused, hormone-gated - is what every female-side exam question turns on. 一个核心观念:男性运行一座连续工厂,而女性则依靠一份有限的、预制的储备,每次释放一枚卵。一名女性此生拥有的每一 个初级卵母细胞都在出生前就已存在,在分裂中途冻结多年;周期的任务是让其中一个成熟,并仅在关键时刻才完成其减数分 裂。这种停滞-释放逻辑 -- 不对称、两次暂停、受激素门控 -- 正是每道女性侧考题的核心。 ★ What the exam asks here 此处考试会问什么 Short-answer favourites: (1) the two meiotic arrest points of oogenesis and what releases each; (2) spermatogenesis vs oogenesis (number, symmetry, timing, arrests); (3) the folliculogenesis order primordial-Graafian and what the corpus luteum becomes; (4) the two-cell, two-gonadotropin model of oestrogen synthesis. MCQ loves where fertilisation happens (ampulla) and the endometrial layers. 简答常考项:(1)卵子发生的两个减数分裂停滞点及各自由什么解除;(2)精子发生与卵子发生(数量、对称性、时序、 停滞);(3)从原始卵泡到 Graafian 卵泡的卵泡发生顺序及黄体最终变成什么;(4)雌激素合成的双细胞、双促性腺激素 模型。MCQ 钟爱受精发生在哪里(壶腹部)和子宫内膜各层。 2. 1 Anatomy - ovary, tube & the layered uterus 2. 1解剖 -- 卵巢、输卵管与分层的子宫 The female tract both produces the gamete (ovary) and hosts fertilisation and pregnancy (tube and uterus). Know the regions of the tube in order and the three layers of the uterine wall. 女性生殖道既产生配子(卵巢),又承载受精与妊娠(输卵管与子宫)。要按顺序记住输卵管的各段,以及子宫壁的三层结构。 Structure Key facts Ovary cortex = follicles (the reserve); medulla = vessels/nerves; makes oestrogen, progesterone, inhibin Uterine (Fallopian) tube fimbriae - infundibulum - ampulla (fertilisation site) - isthmus - uterus Uterus perimetrium - myometrium (labour muscle) - endometrium (cycles)[26]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-hubs3511.pdfmilk synthesis 15 . Steroid vs PeptideWHY IT MATTERS Peptide (GnRH, FSH, LH, oxytocin, prolactin, hCG, inhibin): water-soluble, surface receptors, 2nd messengers (cAMP), fast & brief; stored in vesicles. Steroid (oestrogen, progesterone, testosterone): lipid- soluble from cholesterol, intracellular receptors > alter gene transcription, slow & long-lasting; carried bound to plasma proteins. Exam use: steroid lag explains why the proliferative/secretory endometrium responds over days, while the LH surge (peptide) acts within hours to trigger ovulation. It also explains drug design: synthetic steroids (the pill) silently reset feedback over weeks; a peptide hCG "'trigger" in IVF mimics the LH surge within hours. Receptor logic: peptide hormones need a surface receptor on the target cell, so a tissue without that receptor ignores the signal; steroids diffuse into any cell but only act where the matching nuclear receptor + co- factors exist - selectivity comes from receptor expression, not hormone distribution. This is why oestrogen acts on the endometrium, breast and bone alike (all express its receptor) while a peptide like FSH only hits gonadal cells carrying the FSH receptor. 16 . Side-1 Trap List ONE GLANCE 1. FSH-> Sertoli (Support); LH-> Leydig. Inhibin @ FSH only. 2. Spermatogenesis = 4 sperm; oogenesis = 1 ovum + polar bodies. Arrests: prophase I then metaphase Il. 3. HIGH sustained oestrogen = > LH surge -> ovulation. Low oestrogen = O 4. Two-cell model: theca->androgen (LH), granulosa->oestrogen (FSH). 5. Fertilisation in the ampulla. Progesterone peaks luteal, not ovulation. 6. Falling progesterone drives menstruation. Luteal phase fixed ~14 d. 7. GnRH must be pulsatile; continuous = pituitary shutdown. 8. Males: no LH surge, tonic axis. 9. Folliculogenesis order: primordial -> primary >> secondary > antral > Graafian > corpus luteum -> albicans. 10. Sperm pathway: tubules -> epididymis (mature) -> vas -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra. ----- SIA > Short-answers reward the mechanism + direction of feedback. Always name the hormone, its source, its target, and whether the arrow is @ or Θ. asksia. ai/cheatsheet/ uon-hubs3511 . side 1/2 AskSia CHEATSHEET SERIES

• （D）受孕/着床的“锁定序列图”（按步骤给分）

  • 必背顺序（简答常考）：
    • Capacitation（发生在女性生殖道）→ 受精四步（cumulus → zona/ZP3 → acrosome reaction → fusion）→ 多精阻断（fast/slow）→ 卵裂到囊胚（zygote→morula→blastocyst）→ 着床三阶段（Apposition→Adhesion→Invasion）。[8]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfHUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy CONCEPTION . AHA 1 - CHAPTER . CONCEPTION EXAM CORE Capacitation - fertilisation - implantation 获能→ 受精 → 着床 Sperm priming . the acrosome reaction . blocks to polyspermy . cleavage to blastocyst . apposition-adhesion- invasion 精子激活 · 顶体反应 · 阻止多精入卵 · 卵裂至囊胚 · 贴附一黏附一侵入 One big idea: conception is a locked sequence - each step is the key to the next, and skipping one is fatal. A sperm cannot fertilise until it is capacitated in the female tract; it cannot reach the egg membrane until the acrosome reaction digests the zona; the moment one sperm fuses, the egg slams two blocks to polyspermy shut; the resulting zygote must cleave, compact and hatch before it can implant; and implantation itself runs a fixed three-stage order. Get the order right and the marks follow. 一个核心观念:受孕是一条锁定的序列 -- 每一步都是下一步的钥匙,跳过任何一步都是致命的。精子在于女性生殖道内获能 之前无法受精;在顶体反应消化透明带之前无法抵达卵膜;一旦有一个精子融合,卵子立即关上两道阻止多精入卵的屏障;由 此形成的受精卵必须卵裂、致密化并孵出才能着床;而着床本身遵循固定的三阶段顺序。把顺序搞对,分数自然就来。 ★ What the exam asks here 此处考试会问什么 Sequence-and-mechanism short answers dominate: (1) what is capacitation and where does it happen; (2) the four-step fertilisation sequence (cumulus - zona/ZP3 - acrosome reaction - fusion); (3) the fast vs slow blocks to polyspermy and why monospermy matters; (4) the pre-implantation timeline (zygote - morula - blastocyst) and the ICM-vs-trophoblast split; (5) the UON three-stage implantation order - Apposition - Adhesion - Invasion. Location traps recur: fertilisation in the ampulla, implantation in the endometrial functional layer. 以序列和机制为主的简答题占主导:(1)什么是获能,发生在何处;(2)受精四步顺序(放射冠→透明带/ZP3→ 顶体反 应→ 融合);(3)阻止多精入卵的快速对慢速屏障,以及单精受精为何重要;(4)着床前时间线(合子→桑椹胚→囊 胚)以及内细胞团与滋养层的分化;(5) UON 三阶段着床顺序 -- 定位(Apposition)→ 黏附(Adhesion)→ 侵入 (Invasion)。位置陷阱反复出现:受精在壶腹部,着床在子宫内膜功能层。 A The locked sequence at a glance A 锁定序列一览 Stage Where Gate that must open Capacitation female tract remove cholesterol / inhibitory proteins Fertilisation ampulla of tube ZP3 bind - acrosome reaction - fuse Polyspermy block oolemma + zona fast (depolarise) + slow (cortical) Cleavage - blastocyst oviduct - uterus compaction; hatch from zona Implantation endometrium (secretory)[22]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-hubs3511.pdfMEMORY AID SHEET Sem 1 2026 . SIDE 2 OF 2 Conceive -> deliver . modules 4-11 SIDE 2/2 GROW & DELIVER . Fertilisation & implantation . Placenta & pregnancy hormones . Maternal adaptations . Parturition & lactation . Fetal circulation . Contraception & ART RESTRICTED OPEN BOOK . 1x A4 TYPED AID Compiled by AskSia . mapped to the HUBS3511 syllabus . asksia. ai/cheatsheet/uon-hubs3511 17 . Capacitation & Fertilisation IN THE AMPULLA Epididymal maturation (in testis-> duct): sperm gain motility, condensed DNA, zona-binding ability. Capacitation happens in the female tract : cholesterol/inhibitory proteins removed -> +membrane fluidity, 1Ca2+/cAMP -> hyperactivated motility. Only capacitated sperm fertilise. Fertilisation sequence: 1. Cumulus penetration by hyperactivated sperm 2. Zona binding to ZP glycoproteins (classically ZP3) 3. Acrosome reaction - releases acrosin/hyaluronidase to digest the zona 4. Membrane fusion with the oolemma Fusion -> oocyte completes meiosis II > maternal + paternal pronuclei -> fuse -> 2-cell zygote. Mitochondria are maternally inherited (paternal destroyed). Sequence why it matters: capacitation enables hyperactivation; hyperactivation powers cumulus penetration; only zona contact triggers the acrosome reaction (so it cannot fire prematurely) - each step gates the next, securing one sperm into one receptive egg. Fertilisation also restores diploidy via pronuclear fusion. 18 . Blocks to Polyspermy MONOSPERMY Fast block - transient oolemma depolarisation (seconds). Slow block (cortical / zona reaction) - Ca2+ wave > cortical granules harden the zona + alter ZP receptors -> no further sperm bind. Polyspermy -> lethal triploidy. Zona roles: species-specific binding . polyspermy block . embryo protection . implantation timing. Why monospermy matters: two sperm sets -> triploid (3n), which is lethal/non-viable. The cortical (zona) reaction is the durable guarantee; the fast block just buys seconds. The Ca2+ wave that triggers the cortical reaction also activates the egg - restarting meiosis II and beginning development. ICSI works because injecting the sperm reproduces this Ca2+ activation directly. 19 . Pre-Implantation TIMELINE Zygote (d1) -> cleavage (smaller cells, no growth) -> d2 2-cell -> d3 4-8-cell -> d4 morula (solid) > d5 blastocyst (blastocoel + ICM + trophoblast) -> hatches from zona (d5-6) before implanting. Blastocyst: inner cell mass -> embryo; trophoblast > placenta. TRAP: morula = solid; blastocyst = cavity + ICM/trophoblast split. Must hatch before implanting. Anatomical track: ovary -> ampulla (fertilisation) -> oviduct (cleavage) + uterus (arrives ~blastocyst stage). Cilia + smooth muscle move it along; tube blockage (e. g. post-chlamydia) > ectopic risk. Compaction (~d4): blastomeres maximise contact and polarise -> this is the first cell-fate decision, splitting outer cells (> trophectoderm/placenta) from inner cells (-> ICM/embryo). Totipotency is lost as cells specialise. Twinning: two ovulated eggs -> dizygotic (fraternal); one zygote splitting > monozygotic (identical) - timing of the split sets shared membranes. Hatching: the blastocyst enzymatically thins and escapes the zona pellucida (~d5-6); only the now- exposed trophectoderm can contact and adhere to the endometrium. 20. ~DAY 6-7 . 3
  • 定位陷阱：受精在输卵管壶腹部（ampulla）；着床在子宫内膜功能层（functional layer）。[8]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfHUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy CONCEPTION . AHA 1 - CHAPTER . CONCEPTION EXAM CORE Capacitation - fertilisation - implantation 获能→ 受精 → 着床 Sperm priming . the acrosome reaction . blocks to polyspermy . cleavage to blastocyst . apposition-adhesion- invasion 精子激活 · 顶体反应 · 阻止多精入卵 · 卵裂至囊胚 · 贴附一黏附一侵入 One big idea: conception is a locked sequence - each step is the key to the next, and skipping one is fatal. A sperm cannot fertilise until it is capacitated in the female tract; it cannot reach the egg membrane until the acrosome reaction digests the zona; the moment one sperm fuses, the egg slams two blocks to polyspermy shut; the resulting zygote must cleave, compact and hatch before it can implant; and implantation itself runs a fixed three-stage order. Get the order right and the marks follow. 一个核心观念:受孕是一条锁定的序列 -- 每一步都是下一步的钥匙,跳过任何一步都是致命的。精子在于女性生殖道内获能 之前无法受精;在顶体反应消化透明带之前无法抵达卵膜;一旦有一个精子融合,卵子立即关上两道阻止多精入卵的屏障;由 此形成的受精卵必须卵裂、致密化并孵出才能着床;而着床本身遵循固定的三阶段顺序。把顺序搞对,分数自然就来。 ★ What the exam asks here 此处考试会问什么 Sequence-and-mechanism short answers dominate: (1) what is capacitation and where does it happen; (2) the four-step fertilisation sequence (cumulus - zona/ZP3 - acrosome reaction - fusion); (3) the fast vs slow blocks to polyspermy and why monospermy matters; (4) the pre-implantation timeline (zygote - morula - blastocyst) and the ICM-vs-trophoblast split; (5) the UON three-stage implantation order - Apposition - Adhesion - Invasion. Location traps recur: fertilisation in the ampulla, implantation in the endometrial functional layer. 以序列和机制为主的简答题占主导:(1)什么是获能,发生在何处;(2)受精四步顺序(放射冠→透明带/ZP3→ 顶体反 应→ 融合);(3)阻止多精入卵的快速对慢速屏障,以及单精受精为何重要;(4)着床前时间线(合子→桑椹胚→囊 胚)以及内细胞团与滋养层的分化;(5) UON 三阶段着床顺序 -- 定位(Apposition)→ 黏附(Adhesion)→ 侵入 (Invasion)。位置陷阱反复出现:受精在壶腹部,着床在子宫内膜功能层。 A The locked sequence at a glance A 锁定序列一览 Stage Where Gate that must open Capacitation female tract remove cholesterol / inhibitory proteins Fertilisation ampulla of tube ZP3 bind - acrosome reaction - fuse Polyspermy block oolemma + zona fast (depolarise) + slow (cortical) Cleavage - blastocyst oviduct - uterus compaction; hatch from zona Implantation endometrium (secretory)[10]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdf! Corpus luteum: progesterone, rescue, or scar corpus luteum:孕激素、被挽救,或成疤痕 The corpus luteum secretes mainly progesterone (not oestrogen-dominant). Its fate is binary: if pregnancy occurs it is rescued by hCG and keeps making progesterone; if not, it becomes the corpus albicans (scar) and hormones fall, triggering menses. Growth to maturity takes >100 days, but only the final ~2 weeks are FSH/gonadotropin- dependent. 黄体主要分泌孕酮(并非以雌激素为主)。其命运是二选一:若发生妊娠,它会被 hCG 挽救并继续产生孕酮;若未妊 娠,它会变成白体(瘢痕),激素水平下降并触发月经。生长至成熟需>100天,但只有最后约 2 周才依赖 FSH/促性腺 激素。 i Chapter 2 in six lines - exam-move recap 第 2 章六行回顾 -- 应考要点速记 (1) Fertilisation = ampulla; implantation = endometrial functional layer (~Day 6-7); ectopic = outside uterus. (2) Oogenesis is asymmetric - 1 ovum + up to 3 polar bodies. (3) Two arrests: prophase I (released by the LH surge each cycle) and metaphase II (released only by fertilisation). (4) Sperm vs egg: 4 equal vs 1 unequal, continuous vs arrested, billions vs hundreds - both haploid. (5) Follicle order: primordial-primary-secondary-antral-Graafian++ovulation-corpus luteum-albicans. (6) Two-cell model: theca+LH-+androgen, granulosa+FSH-aromatase++oestrogen; inhibin selects one dominant follicle. (1) 受精 = 壶腹部;着床= 子宫内膜功能层(约第6-7天);异位妊娠=子宫外。(2)卵子发生是不对称的→1个卵子 + 至多 3 个极体。(3)两次停滞:前期|(每个周期由 LH 峰释放)与中期 II(仅由受精释放)。(4)精子对卵子:4个均 等对1个不均等、连续对停滞、数十亿对数百 -- 两者都为单倍体。(5)卵泡顺序:原始→初级→次级→窦状→成 熟(Graafian) →排卵→黄体→白体。(6)双细胞模型:卵泡膜+ LH→ 雄激素,颗粒+ FSH→ 芳香化酶→ 雌激 素;抑制素选出一个优势卵泡。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy HPG AXIS . AHA 1 - CHAPTER . THE HPG AXIS & THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE EXAM CORE Four hormones, one clock - the most- examined system in the course 四种激素、一座时钟 -- 本课程考查最频繁的系统 Hypothalamus - pituitary - ovary . negative feedback . the positive-feedback switch . the 28-day cycle 下丘脑 → 垂体→ 卵巢 · 负反馈 · 正反馈开关 · 28 天周期 One big idea: the female reproductive system is a feedback loop that runs on a timer. The brain (hypothalamus + pituitary) drives the ovary; the ovary talks back with steroids. For most of the cycle that feedback is negative - it keeps the system damped and stable, exactly like the male axis. But once per cycle a single, deliberate sign-flip to positive feedback fires the LH surge that triggers ovulation. Master that switch, and map the four hormone curves onto the ovarian and uterine phases, and you own the biggest block of short-answer marks in the paper. 一个核心观念:女性生殖系统是一个按计时器运行的反馈环路。大脑(下丘脑+垂体)驱动卵巢;卵巢以类固醇回话。在周 期的大部分时间里,这种反馈是负向的 -- 它使系统受抑而稳定,与男性轴完全一样。但每个周期一次,单次刻意的符号翻转 为正反馈会点燃触发排卵的 LH 峰。掌握这个开关,并将四条激素曲线映射到卵巢相与子宫相上,你便拿下了试卷中最大一块 简答分。 ★ What the exam asks here 此处考试会问什么 Pringle's short-answer section lives here. Expect: (1) draw / interpret the four-hormone graph (FSH, LH, oestrogen, progesterone) and say which peaks when; (2) explain the positive-feedback switch - what triggers the LH surge; (3) tie each hormone to its source and action; (4) walk the ovarian phases (follicular - ovulation - luteal) and the time-aligned uterine phases (menstrual - proliferative - secretory); (5) say what happens without fertilisation (corpus luteum - albicans - falling progesterone - menses). The positive-feedback switch is THE single most- tested concept in the course. Pringle 的简答题部分就在这里。预期会考:(1)绘制/解读四激素曲线图(FSH、LH、雌激素、孕酮)并说明各自何时达 峰;(2)解释正反馈开关 -- 是什么触发了LH峰;(3)把每种激素与其来源和作用对应起来;(4)走一遍卵巢各时相 (卵泡期→排卵→黄体期)以及与之时间对齐的子宫各时相(月经期→增生期→分泌期);(5)说明未受精时会发生 什么(黄体→白体→孕酮下降→月经)。正反馈开关是本课程最常考的单一概念。 A The three nodes of the axis A 轴的三个节点 The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is a three-tier command chain. Each tier secretes a hormone that drives the tier below, and the bottom tier feeds signals back up. Learn the node - hormone - target mapping cold - every feedback question is just this chain read forwards or backwards. 下丘脑-垂体-性腺(HPG)轴是一条三级指挥链。每一级 分泌一种激素去驱动下一级,最底层再向上反馈信号。把节 点→激素→靶标的映射背得滚瓜烂熟–––每道反馈题不 过是这条链的正读或反读。 AXIS TOOLKIT The command chain Hypothalamus -GnRH+ pituitary pituitary -FSH + LH- ovary ovary -E2 / P4 / inhibin- back UP Hormone classes GnRH, FSH, LH = peptide (fast, membrane receptors) E2, P4, testosterone = steroid (slow, intracellular)[11]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfi Chapter 1 in seven lines - exam-move recap 第 1章七行回顾 -- 应考要点速记 (1) Sperm pathway: tubule - rete - efferent ductules - epididymis (mature) - vas - ejaculatory duct - urethra. (2) Dartos = skin (smooth); Cremaster = raises testis (skeletal); 2-3℃ below core. (3) FSH-Sertoli (nurse, blood- testis barrier, ABP, inhibin); LH-Leydig (testosterone). (4) Spermatogenesis: 2n++n, 1-4 equal sperm; spermiogenesis = reshaping, no division. (5) Male HPG = all negative feedback, no surge; inhibin @ FSH only; GnRH pulsatile. (6) SRY = testis switch; Sertoli-AMH (Müllerian dies), Leydig-testosterone (Wolffian lives), DHT-external. (7) Female = default. (1) 精子通路:小管→ rete→输出小管→附睾(成熟)→输精管→射精管→ 尿道。(2)肉膜肌=皮肤(平滑肌); 提睾肌= 提升睾丸(骨骼肌);低于核心体温 2-3℃。(3) FSH→Sertoli(保育、血睾屏障、ABP、inhibin); LH→Leydig(睾酮)。(4)精子发生:2n→n,1→4个均等精子;spermiogenesis = 重塑,无分裂。(5)男性 HPG= 全 为负反馈、无峰;inhibin e 仅 FSH;GnRH 脉冲式。(6) SRY = 睾丸开关;Sertoli→AMH (Mullerian 管消亡), Leydig→睾酮(Wolffian 管存续),DHT→外生殖器。(7)女性=默认。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy CH 2 . FEMALE SYSTEM - CHAPTER 2 . THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MAKE A BABY A finite reserve, released one at a time 有限的储备,逐枚释放 Anatomy . oogenesis & its two arrests . folliculogenesis - Modules 1-2 解剖 · 卵子发生及其两次停滞 · 卵泡发生 -- 模块 1-2 One big idea: where the male runs a continuous factory, the female works from a finite, pre-made reserve released one egg at a time. Every primary oocyte a woman will ever have is present before birth, frozen mid-division for years; the cycle's job is to ripen one and finish its meiosis only at the moment it counts. This arrest-and-release logic - asymmetric, twice-paused, hormone-gated - is what every female-side exam question turns on. 一个核心观念:男性运行一座连续工厂,而女性则依靠一份有限的、预制的储备,每次释放一枚卵。一名女性此生拥有的每一 个初级卵母细胞都在出生前就已存在,在分裂中途冻结多年;周期的任务是让其中一个成熟,并仅在关键时刻才完成其减数分 裂。这种停滞-释放逻辑 -- 不对称、两次暂停、受激素门控 -- 正是每道女性侧考题的核心。 ★ What the exam asks here 此处考试会问什么 Short-answer favourites: (1) the two meiotic arrest points of oogenesis and what releases each; (2) spermatogenesis vs oogenesis (number, symmetry, timing, arrests); (3) the folliculogenesis order primordial-Graafian and what the corpus luteum becomes; (4) the two-cell, two-gonadotropin model of oestrogen synthesis. MCQ loves where fertilisation happens (ampulla) and the endometrial layers. 简答常考项:(1)卵子发生的两个减数分裂停滞点及各自由什么解除;(2)精子发生与卵子发生(数量、对称性、时序、 停滞);(3)从原始卵泡到 Graafian 卵泡的卵泡发生顺序及黄体最终变成什么;(4)雌激素合成的双细胞、双促性腺激素 模型。MCQ 钟爱受精发生在哪里(壶腹部)和子宫内膜各层。 2. 1 Anatomy - ovary, tube & the layered uterus 2. 1解剖 -- 卵巢、输卵管与分层的子宫 The female tract both produces the gamete (ovary) and hosts fertilisation and pregnancy (tube and uterus). Know the regions of the tube in order and the three layers of the uterine wall. 女性生殖道既产生配子(卵巢),又承载受精与妊娠(输卵管与子宫)。要按顺序记住输卵管的各段,以及子宫壁的三层结构。 Structure Key facts Ovary cortex = follicles (the reserve); medulla = vessels/nerves; makes oestrogen, progesterone, inhibin Uterine (Fallopian) tube fimbriae - infundibulum - ampulla (fertilisation site) - isthmus - uterus Uterus perimetrium - myometrium (labour muscle) - endometrium (cycles)

• （E）胎儿循环 3 条分流（名字 + 绕开什么）

  • Ductus venosus：绕过 肝
  • Foramen ovale：绕过 肺（RA→LA）
  • Ductus arteriosus：绕过 肺（肺动脉→主动脉）。[7]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfPlacenta Amino acids cross the placenta by which mechanism? A. Simple diffusion B. Facilitated diffusion C. Active transport D. They do not cross Q12 SHORT ANSWER 4 marks . Labour Describe the oxytocin positive-feedback loop of labour, and state what finally breaks it. Q13 SHORT ANSWER 2 marks . Lactation Distinguish the roles of prolactin and oxytocin in lactation. Q14 SHORT ANSWER 3 marks . Fetal Name the three fetal shunts and state what each one bypasses. HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy Q10-Q14 Worked solutions - placenta, labour & fetal 1 Q10. B. hCG (from syncytiotrophoblast) rescues the corpus luteum so it keeps making progesterone until the placenta takes over (luteal-placental shift ~wk 6-9). Insulin resistance is hPL (distractor A). Q10. B. hCG (来自合体滋养层)挽救黄体,使其持续产生孕酮,直至胎盘接管(黄体一胎盘转换约第6-9周)。胰岛 素抵抗是hPL (干扰项A)。 2 Q11. C. Active transport. Amino acids move against their gradient (so fetal levels can exceed maternal). Contrast: O,/CO2 = simple diffusion; glucose = facilitated. Q11. C. 主动转运。氨基酸逆梯度移动(故胎儿水平可超过母体)。对照:O2/CO2= 单纯扩散;葡萄糖= 易化。 3 Q12. Contractions push the fetal head onto the cervix - cervical stretch signals the brain - posterior pituitary releases oxytocin - stronger contractions - more cervical stretch - more oxytocin (amplifying loop). It is broken only by delivery of the baby (removes the stretch stimulus). - Q12。宫缩把胎头压向宫颈→ 宫颈牵张向大脑发信号→神经垂体释放催产素→更强宫缩→ 更多宫颈牵张→更多催 产素(放大环路)。它只由胎儿娩出打破(移除牵张刺激)。 - 4 Q13. Prolactin (anterior pituitary) drives milk synthesis, sustained by suckling; oxytocin (posterior pituitary) drives milk ejection / let-down via myoepithelial contraction. Prolactin makes, oxytocin ejects. Q13。催乳素(腺垂体)驱动乳汁合成,由吸吮维持;催产素(神经垂体)经肌上皮收缩驱动乳汁喷出/喷乳反射。催乳 素产乳,催产素喷乳。 5 Q14. Ductus venosus - bypasses the liver; foramen ovale - bypasses the lungs (RA-LA); ductus arteriosus - bypasses the lungs (pulmonary artery++aorta). Q14。静脉导管 →绕过肝脏;卵圆孔→绕过肺(RA→LA);动脉导管→绕过肺(肺动脉→主动脉)。 ★ Open-book exam technique: build your A4 memory aid 开卷考试技巧:搭建你的 A4 速记表 HUBS3511 is restricted open book - you may bring one A4 double-sided handwritten or typed sheet (plus a non- programmable calculator). Use it well: (1) Put the diagrams you can't derive on it - the four-hormone cycle curve, the HPG feedback loop, the three fetal shunts, the fertilisation sequence. (2) Cram the contrast pairs and traps (prolactin vs oxytocin, Sertoli vs Leydig, tocolytic vs uterotonic, umbilical vein = oxygenated). (3) Make a hormone source-action table. Don't copy prose you already know - the sheet is for the few facts you keep forgetting, so you don't waste minutes of the 150 hunting for them. HUBS3511 是限制性开卷 -- 可携带一张 A4 双面手写或打印的纸(外加非编程计算器)。要善用它:(1)把你推导不出 来的图放上去 -- 四激素周期曲线、HPG 反馈环路、三个胎儿分流、受精序列。(2)背熟对比配对和陷阱(催乳素对催 产素、Sertoli 对 Leydig、宫缩抑制剂对宫缩剂、脐静脉=含氧)。(3)制作激素来源→作用表。不要抄你已经会的散文 -- 这张纸是为那几个你老是忘的事实准备的,免得你在150分钟里浪费时间去找它们。 Short-answer marks reward mechanism and sequence, not just the noun. Name the hormone source, the direction of feedback, and the order of steps - an examiner can give part-marks for a correct mechanism even when the final label slips. 简答题的分数奖励机制和序列,而不仅是名词。要点名激素来源、反馈方向和步骤顺序 -- 即便最终标签写错,考官也 能为正确的机制给部分分。 MARKER'S NOTE . HUBS3511 FINAL . SHORT -ANSWER[25]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-hubs3511.pdf2. FORAMEN OVALE (RA -> LA, bypasses lungs) > LV > aorta -> brain (best-oxygenated) 3. Pulmonary artery -> DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS (PA -> aorta, bypasses lungs) > body > umbilical arteries > placenta Most-oxygenated blood is preferentially streamed (via the foramen ovale) to the left heart -> aorta -> brain & coronaries, while less-oxygenated blood is shunted through the ductus arteriosus to the lower body and back to the placenta. At birth: first breath -> lungs inflate -> PVR drops; LA pressure + > foramen ovale closes (fossa ovalis); +O2 > ductus arteriosus closes (lig. arteriosum); ductus venosus closes (lig. venosum). TRAP: ductus venosus -> liver; foramen ovale + ductus arteriosus -> lungs. Umbilical VEIN = oxygenated (reverse of usual). Failures: PFO, PDA. 30 . Fetal Haemoglobin HBF HbF has higher O2 affinity than adult HbA > a left- shifted dissociation curve -> at the low placental PO2 it pulls O2 off maternal Hb across the placenta. HbF is replaced by HbA over the first ~6 months of life. At the placental working PO2 (~25-30 mmHg) HbF sits at higher saturation than HbA - the gradient that drives O2 transfer to the fetus. Why left-shift: HbF binds 2,3-BPG weakly, so it holds O2 more tightly. Combined with a higher fetal Hb concentration, this maximises O2 uptake from the relatively hypoxic maternal blood. 30b · Birth Transition NEONATE . MODULE 11 First breath -> lungs inflate -> PVR drops ; cord clamp > SVR rises > pressures reverse -> shunts close. Other transitions: thermoregulation begins (brown fat), independent glucose handling, gut/liver take over (jaundice if immature). TRAP: persistent shunts = PFO / PDA; ductus arteriosus is kept open by prostaglandins (PGE2) - indomethacin closes it. Closure order: ductus venosus (minutes) -> foramen ovale (functional, with the pressure flip) -> ductus arteriosus (hours-days). Remnants: fossa ovalis, lig. arteriosum, lig. venosum. 31 . Reproductive Ageing MODULE 6 Female: ovarian reserve + oocyte quality fall -> raneuploidy with maternal age (non-disjunction in long-arrested oocytes). Menopause = follicle depletion > voestrogen/inhibin > loss of @ > +FSH/LH (high FSH = marker) . Male: more gradual decline in testosterone & sperm quality; paternal age raises some new (de novo) mutations. No abrupt "andropause" equivalent of menopause. TRAP: postmenopausal FSH is HIGH (counterintuitive) - no inhibin/oestrogen to give negative feedback. Trisomy 21 risk rises sharply with maternal age via meiotic non-disjunction. Reserve markers: AMH (from small follicles) and antral follicle count estimate remaining reserve and predict IVF response; both fall with age. Menopause = ~ 12 months without menses. 32 . Contraception MODULE 3 · Hormonal (pill, POP, implant, injection, hormonal IUD) - @ feedback suppresses FSH/LH -> no LH surge -> no ovulation ; thickens cervical mucus; thins endometrium Common thread: most hormonal methods exploit the same physiology this sheet covers - feed back negatively to block the LH surge, so no ovulation occurs. Only condoms also protect against STIs. 33 . ART / IVF MODULE 6 IVF steps: (1) ovarian stimulation (FSH grows many follicles) + GnRH agonist/antagonist to block a premature surge; (2) hCG "trigger" mimics the LH surge > final maturation; (3) oocyte retrieval; (4) IVF; (5) culture; (6) embryo transfer + luteal progesterone support. ICSI - single sperm injected; for male-factor infertility. PGT/PGD - genetic testing pre-transfer. TRAP: the hCG trigger substitutes for the natural LH surge. ICSI is for male-factor, not routine.
  • 反直觉陷阱：脐静脉（umbilical vein）是含氧血到胎儿；两条脐动脉送去氧血回胎盘。[14]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfbasement membrane support 4. Fetal endothelium capillary wall encloses fetal blood VILLUS CHEAT - CARD Functional unit = the chorionic villus Two compartments maternal - intervillous space fetal - villus capillary Barrier = syncytio- + cytotrophoblast + lamina + endothelium HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy ✓ Umbilical vessel direction - the counter-intuitive bit 脐血管走向 -- 反直觉之处 The umbilical VEIN carries OXYGENATED blood TO the fetus; the two umbilical ARTERIES carry DEOXYGENATED blood back to the placenta. This is the opposite of the systemic convention (where arteries are oxygenated) - because the reference organ is the placenta, not the lungs. 脐静脉把含氧血带向胎儿;两条脐动脉把去氧血带回胎盘。这与体循环惯例(动脉含氧)相反 -- 因为参照器官是胎 盘,而非肺。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy CH 5 . PLACENTA 5. 1 AHA-UNIT 2 - placental transport: O2 & nutrients in, CO2 & waste out 5. 1 AHA 单元 2 -- 胎盘转运:02 与营养物质进,CO2 与废物出 Structure - function. The thin barrier of unit 1 exists to be crossed. The exam never asks "does it cross?" - it asks by which mechanism. The direction is set by fetal need: O2 and nutrients flow toward the fetus, CO2 and metabolic waste flow back to the mother for her lungs and kidneys to clear. Memorise the substrate - mechanism map below - it is the most reliable mark in this section. 结构→功能。单元1那层薄屏障的存在就是为了被穿越。考试从不问“它会穿过吗?” -- 它问通过哪种机制。方向由胎儿需 求决定:02 与营养物质流向胎儿,CO2 与代谢废物流回母体,由其肺脏和肾脏清除。务必记住下方的底物→机制对应表 -- 它是本节最稳妥的得分点。 - D15 placental barrier MATERNAL side FETAL side O2 / CO2 simple / passive diffusion (partial-pressure gradient) Glucose facilitated diffusion GLUT-1 carrier[25]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-hubs3511.pdf2. FORAMEN OVALE (RA -> LA, bypasses lungs) > LV > aorta -> brain (best-oxygenated) 3. Pulmonary artery -> DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS (PA -> aorta, bypasses lungs) > body > umbilical arteries > placenta Most-oxygenated blood is preferentially streamed (via the foramen ovale) to the left heart -> aorta -> brain & coronaries, while less-oxygenated blood is shunted through the ductus arteriosus to the lower body and back to the placenta. At birth: first breath -> lungs inflate -> PVR drops; LA pressure + > foramen ovale closes (fossa ovalis); +O2 > ductus arteriosus closes (lig. arteriosum); ductus venosus closes (lig. venosum). TRAP: ductus venosus -> liver; foramen ovale + ductus arteriosus -> lungs. Umbilical VEIN = oxygenated (reverse of usual). Failures: PFO, PDA. 30 . Fetal Haemoglobin HBF HbF has higher O2 affinity than adult HbA > a left- shifted dissociation curve -> at the low placental PO2 it pulls O2 off maternal Hb across the placenta. HbF is replaced by HbA over the first ~6 months of life. At the placental working PO2 (~25-30 mmHg) HbF sits at higher saturation than HbA - the gradient that drives O2 transfer to the fetus. Why left-shift: HbF binds 2,3-BPG weakly, so it holds O2 more tightly. Combined with a higher fetal Hb concentration, this maximises O2 uptake from the relatively hypoxic maternal blood. 30b · Birth Transition NEONATE . MODULE 11 First breath -> lungs inflate -> PVR drops ; cord clamp > SVR rises > pressures reverse -> shunts close. Other transitions: thermoregulation begins (brown fat), independent glucose handling, gut/liver take over (jaundice if immature). TRAP: persistent shunts = PFO / PDA; ductus arteriosus is kept open by prostaglandins (PGE2) - indomethacin closes it. Closure order: ductus venosus (minutes) -> foramen ovale (functional, with the pressure flip) -> ductus arteriosus (hours-days). Remnants: fossa ovalis, lig. arteriosum, lig. venosum. 31 . Reproductive Ageing MODULE 6 Female: ovarian reserve + oocyte quality fall -> raneuploidy with maternal age (non-disjunction in long-arrested oocytes). Menopause = follicle depletion > voestrogen/inhibin > loss of @ > +FSH/LH (high FSH = marker) . Male: more gradual decline in testosterone & sperm quality; paternal age raises some new (de novo) mutations. No abrupt "andropause" equivalent of menopause. TRAP: postmenopausal FSH is HIGH (counterintuitive) - no inhibin/oestrogen to give negative feedback. Trisomy 21 risk rises sharply with maternal age via meiotic non-disjunction. Reserve markers: AMH (from small follicles) and antral follicle count estimate remaining reserve and predict IVF response; both fall with age. Menopause = ~ 12 months without menses. 32 . Contraception MODULE 3 · Hormonal (pill, POP, implant, injection, hormonal IUD) - @ feedback suppresses FSH/LH -> no LH surge -> no ovulation ; thickens cervical mucus; thins endometrium Common thread: most hormonal methods exploit the same physiology this sheet covers - feed back negatively to block the LH surge, so no ovulation occurs. Only condoms also protect against STIs. 33 . ART / IVF MODULE 6 IVF steps: (1) ovarian stimulation (FSH grows many follicles) + GnRH agonist/antagonist to block a premature surge; (2) hCG "trigger" mimics the LH surge > final maturation; (3) oocyte retrieval; (4) IVF; (5) culture; (6) embryo transfer + luteal progesterone support. ICSI - single sperm injected; for male-factor infertility. PGT/PGD - genetic testing pre-transfer. TRAP: the hCG trigger substitutes for the natural LH surge. ICSI is for male-factor, not routine.

• （F）分娩催产素正反馈环（最经典正反馈题）

  • 机制链条（你要会写成编号步骤）：宫缩→胎头压宫颈→宫颈牵张信号→脑/垂体后叶释放催产素→更强宫缩→更多牵张…
  • 怎么终止：只有把胎儿娩出，移除牵张刺激才会打断环路。[7]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfPlacenta Amino acids cross the placenta by which mechanism? A. Simple diffusion B. Facilitated diffusion C. Active transport D. They do not cross Q12 SHORT ANSWER 4 marks . Labour Describe the oxytocin positive-feedback loop of labour, and state what finally breaks it. Q13 SHORT ANSWER 2 marks . Lactation Distinguish the roles of prolactin and oxytocin in lactation. Q14 SHORT ANSWER 3 marks . Fetal Name the three fetal shunts and state what each one bypasses. HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy Q10-Q14 Worked solutions - placenta, labour & fetal 1 Q10. B. hCG (from syncytiotrophoblast) rescues the corpus luteum so it keeps making progesterone until the placenta takes over (luteal-placental shift ~wk 6-9). Insulin resistance is hPL (distractor A). Q10. B. hCG (来自合体滋养层)挽救黄体,使其持续产生孕酮,直至胎盘接管(黄体一胎盘转换约第6-9周)。胰岛 素抵抗是hPL (干扰项A)。 2 Q11. C. Active transport. Amino acids move against their gradient (so fetal levels can exceed maternal). Contrast: O,/CO2 = simple diffusion; glucose = facilitated. Q11. C. 主动转运。氨基酸逆梯度移动(故胎儿水平可超过母体)。对照:O2/CO2= 单纯扩散;葡萄糖= 易化。 3 Q12. Contractions push the fetal head onto the cervix - cervical stretch signals the brain - posterior pituitary releases oxytocin - stronger contractions - more cervical stretch - more oxytocin (amplifying loop). It is broken only by delivery of the baby (removes the stretch stimulus). - Q12。宫缩把胎头压向宫颈→ 宫颈牵张向大脑发信号→神经垂体释放催产素→更强宫缩→ 更多宫颈牵张→更多催 产素(放大环路)。它只由胎儿娩出打破(移除牵张刺激)。 - 4 Q13. Prolactin (anterior pituitary) drives milk synthesis, sustained by suckling; oxytocin (posterior pituitary) drives milk ejection / let-down via myoepithelial contraction. Prolactin makes, oxytocin ejects. Q13。催乳素(腺垂体)驱动乳汁合成,由吸吮维持;催产素(神经垂体)经肌上皮收缩驱动乳汁喷出/喷乳反射。催乳 素产乳,催产素喷乳。 5 Q14. Ductus venosus - bypasses the liver; foramen ovale - bypasses the lungs (RA-LA); ductus arteriosus - bypasses the lungs (pulmonary artery++aorta). Q14。静脉导管 →绕过肝脏;卵圆孔→绕过肺(RA→LA);动脉导管→绕过肺(肺动脉→主动脉)。 ★ Open-book exam technique: build your A4 memory aid 开卷考试技巧:搭建你的 A4 速记表 HUBS3511 is restricted open book - you may bring one A4 double-sided handwritten or typed sheet (plus a non- programmable calculator). Use it well: (1) Put the diagrams you can't derive on it - the four-hormone cycle curve, the HPG feedback loop, the three fetal shunts, the fertilisation sequence. (2) Cram the contrast pairs and traps (prolactin vs oxytocin, Sertoli vs Leydig, tocolytic vs uterotonic, umbilical vein = oxygenated). (3) Make a hormone source-action table. Don't copy prose you already know - the sheet is for the few facts you keep forgetting, so you don't waste minutes of the 150 hunting for them. HUBS3511 是限制性开卷 -- 可携带一张 A4 双面手写或打印的纸(外加非编程计算器)。要善用它:(1)把你推导不出 来的图放上去 -- 四激素周期曲线、HPG 反馈环路、三个胎儿分流、受精序列。(2)背熟对比配对和陷阱(催乳素对催 产素、Sertoli 对 Leydig、宫缩抑制剂对宫缩剂、脐静脉=含氧)。(3)制作激素来源→作用表。不要抄你已经会的散文 -- 这张纸是为那几个你老是忘的事实准备的,免得你在150分钟里浪费时间去找它们。 Short-answer marks reward mechanism and sequence, not just the noun. Name the hormone source, the direction of feedback, and the order of steps - an examiner can give part-marks for a correct mechanism even when the final label slips. 简答题的分数奖励机制和序列,而不仅是名词。要点名激素来源、反馈方向和步骤顺序 -- 即便最终标签写错,考官也 能为正确的机制给部分分。 MARKER'S NOTE . HUBS3511 FINAL . SHORT -ANSWER[28]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-hubs3511.pdfTRAP: pregnancy anaemia is dilutional = normal, not pathology. A failure of BP to fall, or rising BP, flags preeclampsia. CARDIAC OUTPUT CO = HR x SV 1 ~30-50% in pregnancy (early via THR, later via 1SV) 24b . DOHaD BARKER An adverse in-utero environment programmes later disease (CVD, T2DM, obesity). Thrifty phenotype: a nutrient-restricted fetus adapts to scarcity; a postnatal mismatch with plenty -> metabolic disease. Mediated by epigenetic change (DNA methylation), e. g. reduced nephron number. TRAP: it is the mismatch that harms; low birth weight is the classic marker. Screening vs diagnostic: screening (e. g. NIPT, combined first-trimester) estimates risk - judged by sensitivity/specificity/false-positive rate; diagnostic (CVS, amniocentesis) is definitive but invasive (miscarriage risk). A positive screen needs a confirmatory diagnostic. Calculator note: sensitivity = true positives / all affected; specificity = true negatives / all unaffected; a false positive is a high-risk screen in an unaffected pregnancy - high sensitivity catches cases, high specificity avoids needless invasive tests. 25 . Onset of Labour 4 DRIVERS 1. Progesterone functional withdrawal - its quiescence action falls near term -> myometrial excitability + 2. Oestrogen priming - +oxytocin receptors + +gap junctions (coordinated contraction) 3. Oxytocin positive feedback (the loop, §26) 4. Prostaglandins - fetal membranes > cervical ripening + +contraction strength TRAP: in humans it is a functional/relative progesterone withdrawal (not always a blood-level drop). Oestrogen primes, it does not directly contract. Contrast: many animals show an absolute progesterone fall before labour. Triggers behind the functional withdrawal: inflammation, placental senescence, uterine distension and fetal/maternal stress (fetal cortisol via the HPA axis) - together they convert a quiescent uterus to a contractile one. 26 . Oxytocin @ Loop THE EXEMPLAR Contraction > fetal head onto cervix > cervical stretch -> brain -> posterior pituitary releases OXYTOCIN > blood -> stronger contraction -> more stretch . . . Self-amplifying; broken only by delivery (the stop signal). Oxytocin from posterior pituitary (made in hypothalamus). Synthetic oxytocin (Syntocinon) = uterotonic to induce/augment labour & prevent PPH. THE textbook positive-feedback example. Contrast: most homeostasis is negative feedback (returns to set-point); this @ loop deliberately runs away from set-point to completion - like the LH surge and the clotting cascade.[29]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-hubs3511.pdf2. Oestrogen priming - +oxytocin receptors + +gap junctions (coordinated contraction) 3. Oxytocin positive feedback (the loop, §26) 4. Prostaglandins - fetal membranes > cervical ripening + +contraction strength TRAP: in humans it is a functional/relative progesterone withdrawal (not always a blood-level drop). Oestrogen primes, it does not directly contract. Contrast: many animals show an absolute progesterone fall before labour. Triggers behind the functional withdrawal: inflammation, placental senescence, uterine distension and fetal/maternal stress (fetal cortisol via the HPA axis) - together they convert a quiescent uterus to a contractile one. 26 . Oxytocin @ Loop THE EXEMPLAR Contraction > fetal head onto cervix > cervical stretch -> brain -> posterior pituitary releases OXYTOCIN > blood -> stronger contraction -> more stretch . . . Self-amplifying; broken only by delivery (the stop signal). Oxytocin from posterior pituitary (made in hypothalamus). Synthetic oxytocin (Syntocinon) = uterotonic to induce/augment labour & prevent PPH. THE textbook positive-feedback example. Contrast: most homeostasis is negative feedback (returns to set-point); this @ loop deliberately runs away from set-point to completion - like the LH surge and the clotting cascade. The afferent limb (cervical stretch > hypothalamus > posterior pituitary) is the Ferguson reflex; oxytocin is the efferent signal that closes the loop on the myometrium. 27 . Stages of Labour 3 STAGES · 1 . Dilation - onset -> full cervical dilation (10 cm); longest · 3 . Placental - delivery of placenta (oxytocin contraction limits bleeding) TRAP: cervix fully dilated at 10 cm. Stage-3 failure > retained placenta / PPH (postpartum haemorrhage, often uterine atony). Stage 1 = latent (slow, to ~6 cm) then active (faster). 28 . Lactation TWO-HORMONE SPLIT Pregnancy: oestrogen (ducts) + progesterone (alveoli) + prolactin prepare the breast, but high progesterone blocks milk synthesis . After birth progesterone falls > brake released. Prolactin (ant. pit. ) MAKES milk (sustained by suckling > ¿dopamine -> +prolactin). Oxytocin (post. pit. ) EJECTS milk (let-down: contracts myoepithelial cells). Don't swap them. Let-down can be conditioned (baby crying) and inhibited by stress. TRAP: retained placental fragments keep progesterone up -> delay lactogenesis. Colostrum (IgA-rich) precedes mature milk. High prolactin during breastfeeding suppresses GnRH > lactational amenorrhoea (a natural, partial fertility brake). Suckling drives both hormones - the more the infant feeds, the more milk is made and ejected (a supply-and-demand loop). 29 . Fetal Circulation 3 SHUNTS Why: lungs fluid-filled, high pulmonary resistance; placenta is the O2 source > bypass lungs + liver. 1. Placenta -> umbilical vein (oxygenated!) > DUCTUS VENOSUS (bypasses liver) > IVC -> right atrium

• 3）必须会写的“定义/一句话解释”（简答拿分句型）

• Restricted open book 的本质：奖赏你用 A4 迅速重建机制，而不是逐字抄教材。[2]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfHUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy AskSia Library VISUAL EXAM BIBLE . ASKSIA SCHOOL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES & PHARMACY SEMESTER 1 . 2026 H LH surge − P + G THE COMPLETE VISUAL EXAM BIBLE Human Reproduction & Pregnancy 人类生殖与妊娠 MAKE A BABY GROW A BABY - DELIVER A BABY - THE WHOLE ARC, EVERY FEEDBACK LOOP AND DEVELOPMENTAL SEQUENCE DRAWN OUT FOR ONE RESTRICTED-OPEN-BOOK EXAM. 纽卡斯尔大学 HUBS3511 · 双语视觉精读 · 限制性开卷(可带一张手写/打印 A4 记忆辅助页)· 生 殖生理全流程图解 HUBS3511 . THE UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE 中英双语版 · BILINGUAL EDITION 英文主讲,中文随行 一考试要点与术语保留英文原词 The exam is restricted open book: you may bring one A4 double-sided sheet of handwritten or typed notes - a "Memory Aid sheet" - plus a non-programmable calculator. A printed, typeset 2-side A4 is therefore an explicitly compliant aid. This book is built to help you author that sheet from its highest-yield diagrams. Independent study companion. Not affiliated with or endorsed by the University of Newcastle. Corrections: takedowns@asksia. ai PREFACE - HOW TO USE THIS BOOK Built around the Memory Aid sheet 围绕 Memory Aid 速记表构建 Restricted open book - the exam rewards mechanisms, sequences and feedback loops 限制性开卷 -- 本考试重在机制、序列与反馈环路 This is not a transcript of Professor Pringle's slides. It is a self-contained, visual course in every mechanism HUBS3511 examines - each structure tied to its function, each pathway drawn as a labelled diagram, each classic trap flagged. Because the exam is restricted open book, the prize is not raw recall: it is being able to read your own one-page Memory Aid fast and reconstruct the mechanism under time. Every chapter is engineered to feed that sheet. 这并非 Professor Pringle 幻灯片的逐字记录,而是一门自成体系的可视化课程,涵盖 HUBS3511 所考的每一种机制 -- 每 个结构都与其功能相系,每条通路都画成带标注的示意图,每个经典陷阱都被标出。由于考试为限制性开卷,奖赏的并非死记 硬背:而是能够快速读懂你自己那张一页 Memory Aid,并在限时之下重建机制。每一章都是为喂养那张表而设计的。 A 1 . LEARN[6]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfSource - action of each hormone The one-glance hormone table A few quantitative items Sensitivity / specificity - hence the calculator HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy ★ The exam format - restricted open book, Zoom- invigilated 考试形式 -- 限制性开卷,Zoom 监考 120 minutes (fixed timed start inside a wider availability window). 49 questions = 80 marks: 30 MCQ (30 marks, recall) + 19 short-answer (50 marks, mechanism). Conditions: RESTRICTED OPEN BOOK - ONE A4 double-sided sheet of handwritten OR TYPED notes (the "Memory Aid sheet") + a non- programmable calculator. Delivered via Canvas, Zoom-invigilated (join early, unique link, English only). A possible ~10-minute Zoom viva (1-2 staff) may follow, asking you to justify your answers for authentication. AI is banned in the exam. 120 分钟(在更宽的可用窗口内有固定的限时开始)。 49 题=80分:30道 MCQ(30分,回忆)+19 道 简答(50分,机制)。条件:限制性开卷一 一张 A4 双面手写或打印笔记(即“Memory Aid 表”)+一台 非可编程计算器。经由 Canvas 进行,Zoom 监考 (提前加入、唯一链接、仅限英文)。随后可能有一场 约 10 分钟的 Zoom 口试(1-2 名教职员),要求你为 答案做辩护以核实身份。考试中禁用 AI。 ✓ The strategy this dictates 由此决定的应考策略 Spend revision on the mechanisms short-answer rewards, and build your A4 around diagrams, not prose: a thumbnail HPG loop, the menstrual four- curve, spermatogenesis-vs-oogenesis side by side, the 3-shunt route, the oxytocin loop. The MCQ block mops up recall; the SAQ block is where the sheet earns its keep. Bring the calculator - the screening- stat questions need it. 把复习时间花在简答奖赏的机制上,并围绕图示而非 散文构建你的 A4:一张缩略的 HPG 环路、月经四曲 线图、并列的精子发生与卵子发生、三分流路线、催 产素环路。MCQ 那块负责扫清回忆题;简答那块才是 这张表发挥价值之处。带上计算器 -- 筛查统计题需 要它。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy CONTENTS - CONTENTS The make - grow - deliver arc 造→育→娩 的主线 Ordered exactly as Professor Pringle teaches it - gametes first, birth last 严格按 Professor Pringle 的授课顺序编排 -- 配子在先,分娩在后 Ch Topic Core content Part 1 . Make a baby - gametes, axes & the cycle 1 Male reproductive system testis & ducts . Sertoli vs Leydig . spermatogenesis . male HPG . SRY → 2 Female reproductive system anatomy · oogenesis & arrests · folliculogenesis → 3 HPG axis & the menstrual cycle feedback loops . the LH-surge switch . four-curve map → 4 Conception capacitation · fertilisation · pre-implantation · implantation →
• LH surge 的触发条件：高且持续的雌激素把反馈从负翻成正，从而放大 GnRH/LH，产生尖峰并触发排卵。[12]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdf3 Threshold crossed: high + sustained oestrogen flips to @ positive feedback on Structure - function 结构→ 功能 The trigger is not just how much oestrogen but for how long. A brief spike won't do it; the brain needs the sustained signal to read 'a follicle is genuinely ripe'. That level-and-duration requirement is what makes ovulation a clean, once-per-cycle, all-or-nothing event rather than a slow drift. 触发因素不仅是雌激素有多少,还在于持续多久。短暂的尖 峰不行;大脑需要持续信号才能读出“一个卵泡确实成熟 了”。这一对水平与时长的双重要求,使排卵成为一个干净 利落的每周期一次、全或无的事件,而非缓慢漂移。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy hypothalamus/pituitary. 越过阈值:高且持续的雌激素翻转为 正反馈作用于下丘 脑/垂体。 4 The LH surge: GnRH & LH are now amplified - a sharp LH spike (+ a smaller FSH rise). LH 峰:GnRH 和 LH 此时被放大 →尖锐的 LH 脉冲(+ 较小的FSH上升)。 5 Ovulation: the surge ruptures the Graafian follicle (~within 18-36 h; UON says ~18 h), completes oocyte meiosis I, and luteinises the follicle - corpus luteum. - 排卵:激增使成熟卵泡(Graafian)破裂(约 18-36 小时 内;UON 称约 18 小时),完成卵母细胞减数分裂 I,并使 卵泡黄素化→ 黄体。 ⊕ THE ONE POSITIVE LOOP 唯一的一个正反馈 环路 ~18h SURGE - OVULATION CUON) 激增 → 排卵 (UON) 14 THE SURGE DAY (~28-D CYCLE) 激增日(约28天 周期) A light dimmer that, turned past a hidden notch, suddenly becomes a floodlight switch. Low oestrogen dims the axis; cross the threshold and the same dial throws the floodlight - the surge. 一个调光器,越过隐藏的卡口后,骤然变成泛光灯开 关。低雌激素调暗该轴;越过阈值,同一个旋钮就打 开泛光灯 -- 即激增。 ANALOGY . THE DIMMER WITH A HIDDEN SWITCH ! It's HIGH SUSTAINED oestrogen that triggers the surge 触发峰的是持续高水平的雌激素 The number-one trap of the whole course: low/moderate oestrogen = negative feedback (inhibitory); high + sustained oestrogen = positive feedback - LH surge. Don't write 'a fall in oestrogen triggers ovulation' - oestrogen peaks just before the surge. Males have NO equivalent surge (their axis is purely negative). 整门课头号陷阱:低/中度雌激素 =负反馈(抑制性);高且持续的雌激素 = 正反馈→ LH 峰。不要写“雌激素下降触发 排卵” -- 雌激素恰恰在峰前达到峰值。男性没有对应的激增(其轴纯属负反馈)。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy THE CYCLE . AHA 3 c AHA-unit - the menstrual / ovarian cycle C AHA 单元 -- 月经周期 / 卵巢周期 The flagship figure of the course: four hormone curves over ~28 days, with the ovary and the endometrium drawn on the same day axis beneath. Everything you have learned now plays out as one timed sequence. Read it left to right as a story in three acts - follicular - ovulation - luteal. 本课程的旗舰图:约 28天内的四条激素曲线,下方在同一日期轴上画出卵巢与子宫内膜。你迄今所学的一切都化作一条限时 序列上演。从左到右把它读成一个三幕故事 -- 卵泡期→排卵→ 黄体期。 D1
• Corpus luteum（黄体）的二选一命运：
  • 有妊娠：被 hCG 挽救→持续分泌以孕酮为主的激素
  • 无妊娠：退化成 corpus albicans（瘢痕）→激素下降→触发月经。[10]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdf! Corpus luteum: progesterone, rescue, or scar corpus luteum:孕激素、被挽救,或成疤痕 The corpus luteum secretes mainly progesterone (not oestrogen-dominant). Its fate is binary: if pregnancy occurs it is rescued by hCG and keeps making progesterone; if not, it becomes the corpus albicans (scar) and hormones fall, triggering menses. Growth to maturity takes >100 days, but only the final ~2 weeks are FSH/gonadotropin- dependent. 黄体主要分泌孕酮(并非以雌激素为主)。其命运是二选一:若发生妊娠,它会被 hCG 挽救并继续产生孕酮;若未妊 娠,它会变成白体(瘢痕),激素水平下降并触发月经。生长至成熟需>100天,但只有最后约 2 周才依赖 FSH/促性腺 激素。 i Chapter 2 in six lines - exam-move recap 第 2 章六行回顾 -- 应考要点速记 (1) Fertilisation = ampulla; implantation = endometrial functional layer (~Day 6-7); ectopic = outside uterus. (2) Oogenesis is asymmetric - 1 ovum + up to 3 polar bodies. (3) Two arrests: prophase I (released by the LH surge each cycle) and metaphase II (released only by fertilisation). (4) Sperm vs egg: 4 equal vs 1 unequal, continuous vs arrested, billions vs hundreds - both haploid. (5) Follicle order: primordial-primary-secondary-antral-Graafian++ovulation-corpus luteum-albicans. (6) Two-cell model: theca+LH-+androgen, granulosa+FSH-aromatase++oestrogen; inhibin selects one dominant follicle. (1) 受精 = 壶腹部;着床= 子宫内膜功能层(约第6-7天);异位妊娠=子宫外。(2)卵子发生是不对称的→1个卵子 + 至多 3 个极体。(3)两次停滞:前期|(每个周期由 LH 峰释放)与中期 II(仅由受精释放)。(4)精子对卵子:4个均 等对1个不均等、连续对停滞、数十亿对数百 -- 两者都为单倍体。(5)卵泡顺序:原始→初级→次级→窦状→成 熟(Graafian) →排卵→黄体→白体。(6)双细胞模型:卵泡膜+ LH→ 雄激素,颗粒+ FSH→ 芳香化酶→ 雌激 素;抑制素选出一个优势卵泡。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy HPG AXIS . AHA 1 - CHAPTER . THE HPG AXIS & THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE EXAM CORE Four hormones, one clock - the most- examined system in the course 四种激素、一座时钟 -- 本课程考查最频繁的系统 Hypothalamus - pituitary - ovary . negative feedback . the positive-feedback switch . the 28-day cycle 下丘脑 → 垂体→ 卵巢 · 负反馈 · 正反馈开关 · 28 天周期 One big idea: the female reproductive system is a feedback loop that runs on a timer. The brain (hypothalamus + pituitary) drives the ovary; the ovary talks back with steroids. For most of the cycle that feedback is negative - it keeps the system damped and stable, exactly like the male axis. But once per cycle a single, deliberate sign-flip to positive feedback fires the LH surge that triggers ovulation. Master that switch, and map the four hormone curves onto the ovarian and uterine phases, and you own the biggest block of short-answer marks in the paper. 一个核心观念:女性生殖系统是一个按计时器运行的反馈环路。大脑(下丘脑+垂体)驱动卵巢;卵巢以类固醇回话。在周 期的大部分时间里,这种反馈是负向的 -- 它使系统受抑而稳定,与男性轴完全一样。但每个周期一次,单次刻意的符号翻转 为正反馈会点燃触发排卵的 LH 峰。掌握这个开关,并将四条激素曲线映射到卵巢相与子宫相上,你便拿下了试卷中最大一块 简答分。 ★ What the exam asks here 此处考试会问什么 Pringle's short-answer section lives here. Expect: (1) draw / interpret the four-hormone graph (FSH, LH, oestrogen, progesterone) and say which peaks when; (2) explain the positive-feedback switch - what triggers the LH surge; (3) tie each hormone to its source and action; (4) walk the ovarian phases (follicular - ovulation - luteal) and the time-aligned uterine phases (menstrual - proliferative - secretory); (5) say what happens without fertilisation (corpus luteum - albicans - falling progesterone - menses). The positive-feedback switch is THE single most- tested concept in the course. Pringle 的简答题部分就在这里。预期会考:(1)绘制/解读四激素曲线图(FSH、LH、雌激素、孕酮)并说明各自何时达 峰;(2)解释正反馈开关 -- 是什么触发了LH峰;(3)把每种激素与其来源和作用对应起来;(4)走一遍卵巢各时相 (卵泡期→排卵→黄体期)以及与之时间对齐的子宫各时相(月经期→增生期→分泌期);(5)说明未受精时会发生 什么(黄体→白体→孕酮下降→月经)。正反馈开关是本课程最常考的单一概念。 A The three nodes of the axis A 轴的三个节点 The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is a three-tier command chain. Each tier secretes a hormone that drives the tier below, and the bottom tier feeds signals back up. Learn the node - hormone - target mapping cold - every feedback question is just this chain read forwards or backwards. 下丘脑-垂体-性腺(HPG)轴是一条三级指挥链。每一级 分泌一种激素去驱动下一级,最底层再向上反馈信号。把节 点→激素→靶标的映射背得滚瓜烂熟–––每道反馈题不 过是这条链的正读或反读。 AXIS TOOLKIT The command chain Hypothalamus -GnRH+ pituitary pituitary -FSH + LH- ovary ovary -E2 / P4 / inhibin- back UP Hormone classes GnRH, FSH, LH = peptide (fast, membrane receptors) E2, P4, testosterone = steroid (slow, intracellular)
• 两种泌乳激素分工：
  • Prolactin（腺垂体）= 合成乳汁
  • Oxytocin（神经垂体）= 排乳/喷乳（肌上皮收缩）。[7]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfPlacenta Amino acids cross the placenta by which mechanism? A. Simple diffusion B. Facilitated diffusion C. Active transport D. They do not cross Q12 SHORT ANSWER 4 marks . Labour Describe the oxytocin positive-feedback loop of labour, and state what finally breaks it. Q13 SHORT ANSWER 2 marks . Lactation Distinguish the roles of prolactin and oxytocin in lactation. Q14 SHORT ANSWER 3 marks . Fetal Name the three fetal shunts and state what each one bypasses. HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy Q10-Q14 Worked solutions - placenta, labour & fetal 1 Q10. B. hCG (from syncytiotrophoblast) rescues the corpus luteum so it keeps making progesterone until the placenta takes over (luteal-placental shift ~wk 6-9). Insulin resistance is hPL (distractor A). Q10. B. hCG (来自合体滋养层)挽救黄体,使其持续产生孕酮,直至胎盘接管(黄体一胎盘转换约第6-9周)。胰岛 素抵抗是hPL (干扰项A)。 2 Q11. C. Active transport. Amino acids move against their gradient (so fetal levels can exceed maternal). Contrast: O,/CO2 = simple diffusion; glucose = facilitated. Q11. C. 主动转运。氨基酸逆梯度移动(故胎儿水平可超过母体)。对照:O2/CO2= 单纯扩散;葡萄糖= 易化。 3 Q12. Contractions push the fetal head onto the cervix - cervical stretch signals the brain - posterior pituitary releases oxytocin - stronger contractions - more cervical stretch - more oxytocin (amplifying loop). It is broken only by delivery of the baby (removes the stretch stimulus). - Q12。宫缩把胎头压向宫颈→ 宫颈牵张向大脑发信号→神经垂体释放催产素→更强宫缩→ 更多宫颈牵张→更多催 产素(放大环路)。它只由胎儿娩出打破(移除牵张刺激)。 - 4 Q13. Prolactin (anterior pituitary) drives milk synthesis, sustained by suckling; oxytocin (posterior pituitary) drives milk ejection / let-down via myoepithelial contraction. Prolactin makes, oxytocin ejects. Q13。催乳素(腺垂体)驱动乳汁合成,由吸吮维持;催产素(神经垂体)经肌上皮收缩驱动乳汁喷出/喷乳反射。催乳 素产乳,催产素喷乳。 5 Q14. Ductus venosus - bypasses the liver; foramen ovale - bypasses the lungs (RA-LA); ductus arteriosus - bypasses the lungs (pulmonary artery++aorta). Q14。静脉导管 →绕过肝脏;卵圆孔→绕过肺(RA→LA);动脉导管→绕过肺(肺动脉→主动脉)。 ★ Open-book exam technique: build your A4 memory aid 开卷考试技巧:搭建你的 A4 速记表 HUBS3511 is restricted open book - you may bring one A4 double-sided handwritten or typed sheet (plus a non- programmable calculator). Use it well: (1) Put the diagrams you can't derive on it - the four-hormone cycle curve, the HPG feedback loop, the three fetal shunts, the fertilisation sequence. (2) Cram the contrast pairs and traps (prolactin vs oxytocin, Sertoli vs Leydig, tocolytic vs uterotonic, umbilical vein = oxygenated). (3) Make a hormone source-action table. Don't copy prose you already know - the sheet is for the few facts you keep forgetting, so you don't waste minutes of the 150 hunting for them. HUBS3511 是限制性开卷 -- 可携带一张 A4 双面手写或打印的纸(外加非编程计算器)。要善用它:(1)把你推导不出 来的图放上去 -- 四激素周期曲线、HPG 反馈环路、三个胎儿分流、受精序列。(2)背熟对比配对和陷阱(催乳素对催 产素、Sertoli 对 Leydig、宫缩抑制剂对宫缩剂、脐静脉=含氧)。(3)制作激素来源→作用表。不要抄你已经会的散文 -- 这张纸是为那几个你老是忘的事实准备的,免得你在150分钟里浪费时间去找它们。 Short-answer marks reward mechanism and sequence, not just the noun. Name the hormone source, the direction of feedback, and the order of steps - an examiner can give part-marks for a correct mechanism even when the final label slips. 简答题的分数奖励机制和序列,而不仅是名词。要点名激素来源、反馈方向和步骤顺序 -- 即便最终标签写错,考官也 能为正确的机制给部分分。 MARKER'S NOTE . HUBS3511 FINAL . SHORT -ANSWER[29]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-hubs3511.pdf2. Oestrogen priming - +oxytocin receptors + +gap junctions (coordinated contraction) 3. Oxytocin positive feedback (the loop, §26) 4. Prostaglandins - fetal membranes > cervical ripening + +contraction strength TRAP: in humans it is a functional/relative progesterone withdrawal (not always a blood-level drop). Oestrogen primes, it does not directly contract. Contrast: many animals show an absolute progesterone fall before labour. Triggers behind the functional withdrawal: inflammation, placental senescence, uterine distension and fetal/maternal stress (fetal cortisol via the HPA axis) - together they convert a quiescent uterus to a contractile one. 26 . Oxytocin @ Loop THE EXEMPLAR Contraction > fetal head onto cervix > cervical stretch -> brain -> posterior pituitary releases OXYTOCIN > blood -> stronger contraction -> more stretch . . . Self-amplifying; broken only by delivery (the stop signal). Oxytocin from posterior pituitary (made in hypothalamus). Synthetic oxytocin (Syntocinon) = uterotonic to induce/augment labour & prevent PPH. THE textbook positive-feedback example. Contrast: most homeostasis is negative feedback (returns to set-point); this @ loop deliberately runs away from set-point to completion - like the LH surge and the clotting cascade. The afferent limb (cervical stretch > hypothalamus > posterior pituitary) is the Ferguson reflex; oxytocin is the efferent signal that closes the loop on the myometrium. 27 . Stages of Labour 3 STAGES · 1 . Dilation - onset -> full cervical dilation (10 cm); longest · 3 . Placental - delivery of placenta (oxytocin contraction limits bleeding) TRAP: cervix fully dilated at 10 cm. Stage-3 failure > retained placenta / PPH (postpartum haemorrhage, often uterine atony). Stage 1 = latent (slow, to ~6 cm) then active (faster). 28 . Lactation TWO-HORMONE SPLIT Pregnancy: oestrogen (ducts) + progesterone (alveoli) + prolactin prepare the breast, but high progesterone blocks milk synthesis . After birth progesterone falls > brake released. Prolactin (ant. pit. ) MAKES milk (sustained by suckling > ¿dopamine -> +prolactin). Oxytocin (post. pit. ) EJECTS milk (let-down: contracts myoepithelial cells). Don't swap them. Let-down can be conditioned (baby crying) and inhibited by stress. TRAP: retained placental fragments keep progesterone up -> delay lactogenesis. Colostrum (IgA-rich) precedes mature milk. High prolactin during breastfeeding suppresses GnRH > lactational amenorrhoea (a natural, partial fertility brake). Suckling drives both hormones - the more the infant feeds, the more milk is made and ejected (a supply-and-demand loop). 29 . Fetal Circulation 3 SHUNTS Why: lungs fluid-filled, high pulmonary resistance; placenta is the O2 source > bypass lungs + liver. 1. Placenta -> umbilical vein (oxygenated!) > DUCTUS VENOSUS (bypasses liver) > IVC -> right atrium
• 胎盘转运“问法”：考试常问“通过什么机制过胎盘”，不是问“能不能过”。例：氨基酸主动转运；O2/CO2 简单扩散；葡萄糖易化扩散。[7]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfPlacenta Amino acids cross the placenta by which mechanism? A. Simple diffusion B. Facilitated diffusion C. Active transport D. They do not cross Q12 SHORT ANSWER 4 marks . Labour Describe the oxytocin positive-feedback loop of labour, and state what finally breaks it. Q13 SHORT ANSWER 2 marks . Lactation Distinguish the roles of prolactin and oxytocin in lactation. Q14 SHORT ANSWER 3 marks . Fetal Name the three fetal shunts and state what each one bypasses. HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy Q10-Q14 Worked solutions - placenta, labour & fetal 1 Q10. B. hCG (from syncytiotrophoblast) rescues the corpus luteum so it keeps making progesterone until the placenta takes over (luteal-placental shift ~wk 6-9). Insulin resistance is hPL (distractor A). Q10. B. hCG (来自合体滋养层)挽救黄体,使其持续产生孕酮,直至胎盘接管(黄体一胎盘转换约第6-9周)。胰岛 素抵抗是hPL (干扰项A)。 2 Q11. C. Active transport. Amino acids move against their gradient (so fetal levels can exceed maternal). Contrast: O,/CO2 = simple diffusion; glucose = facilitated. Q11. C. 主动转运。氨基酸逆梯度移动(故胎儿水平可超过母体)。对照:O2/CO2= 单纯扩散;葡萄糖= 易化。 3 Q12. Contractions push the fetal head onto the cervix - cervical stretch signals the brain - posterior pituitary releases oxytocin - stronger contractions - more cervical stretch - more oxytocin (amplifying loop). It is broken only by delivery of the baby (removes the stretch stimulus). - Q12。宫缩把胎头压向宫颈→ 宫颈牵张向大脑发信号→神经垂体释放催产素→更强宫缩→ 更多宫颈牵张→更多催 产素(放大环路)。它只由胎儿娩出打破(移除牵张刺激)。 - 4 Q13. Prolactin (anterior pituitary) drives milk synthesis, sustained by suckling; oxytocin (posterior pituitary) drives milk ejection / let-down via myoepithelial contraction. Prolactin makes, oxytocin ejects. Q13。催乳素(腺垂体)驱动乳汁合成,由吸吮维持;催产素(神经垂体)经肌上皮收缩驱动乳汁喷出/喷乳反射。催乳 素产乳,催产素喷乳。 5 Q14. Ductus venosus - bypasses the liver; foramen ovale - bypasses the lungs (RA-LA); ductus arteriosus - bypasses the lungs (pulmonary artery++aorta). Q14。静脉导管 →绕过肝脏;卵圆孔→绕过肺(RA→LA);动脉导管→绕过肺(肺动脉→主动脉)。 ★ Open-book exam technique: build your A4 memory aid 开卷考试技巧:搭建你的 A4 速记表 HUBS3511 is restricted open book - you may bring one A4 double-sided handwritten or typed sheet (plus a non- programmable calculator). Use it well: (1) Put the diagrams you can't derive on it - the four-hormone cycle curve, the HPG feedback loop, the three fetal shunts, the fertilisation sequence. (2) Cram the contrast pairs and traps (prolactin vs oxytocin, Sertoli vs Leydig, tocolytic vs uterotonic, umbilical vein = oxygenated). (3) Make a hormone source-action table. Don't copy prose you already know - the sheet is for the few facts you keep forgetting, so you don't waste minutes of the 150 hunting for them. HUBS3511 是限制性开卷 -- 可携带一张 A4 双面手写或打印的纸(外加非编程计算器)。要善用它:(1)把你推导不出 来的图放上去 -- 四激素周期曲线、HPG 反馈环路、三个胎儿分流、受精序列。(2)背熟对比配对和陷阱(催乳素对催 产素、Sertoli 对 Leydig、宫缩抑制剂对宫缩剂、脐静脉=含氧)。(3)制作激素来源→作用表。不要抄你已经会的散文 -- 这张纸是为那几个你老是忘的事实准备的,免得你在150分钟里浪费时间去找它们。 Short-answer marks reward mechanism and sequence, not just the noun. Name the hormone source, the direction of feedback, and the order of steps - an examiner can give part-marks for a correct mechanism even when the final label slips. 简答题的分数奖励机制和序列,而不仅是名词。要点名激素来源、反馈方向和步骤顺序 -- 即便最终标签写错,考官也 能为正确的机制给部分分。 MARKER'S NOTE . HUBS3511 FINAL . SHORT -ANSWER[14]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfbasement membrane support 4. Fetal endothelium capillary wall encloses fetal blood VILLUS CHEAT - CARD Functional unit = the chorionic villus Two compartments maternal - intervillous space fetal - villus capillary Barrier = syncytio- + cytotrophoblast + lamina + endothelium HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy ✓ Umbilical vessel direction - the counter-intuitive bit 脐血管走向 -- 反直觉之处 The umbilical VEIN carries OXYGENATED blood TO the fetus; the two umbilical ARTERIES carry DEOXYGENATED blood back to the placenta. This is the opposite of the systemic convention (where arteries are oxygenated) - because the reference organ is the placenta, not the lungs. 脐静脉把含氧血带向胎儿;两条脐动脉把去氧血带回胎盘。这与体循环惯例(动脉含氧)相反 -- 因为参照器官是胎 盘,而非肺。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy CH 5 . PLACENTA 5. 1 AHA-UNIT 2 - placental transport: O2 & nutrients in, CO2 & waste out 5. 1 AHA 单元 2 -- 胎盘转运:02 与营养物质进,CO2 与废物出 Structure - function. The thin barrier of unit 1 exists to be crossed. The exam never asks "does it cross?" - it asks by which mechanism. The direction is set by fetal need: O2 and nutrients flow toward the fetus, CO2 and metabolic waste flow back to the mother for her lungs and kidneys to clear. Memorise the substrate - mechanism map below - it is the most reliable mark in this section. 结构→功能。单元1那层薄屏障的存在就是为了被穿越。考试从不问“它会穿过吗?” -- 它问通过哪种机制。方向由胎儿需 求决定:02 与营养物质流向胎儿,CO2 与代谢废物流回母体,由其肺脏和肾脏清除。务必记住下方的底物→机制对应表 -- 它是本节最稳妥的得分点。 - D15 placental barrier MATERNAL side FETAL side O2 / CO2 simple / passive diffusion (partial-pressure gradient) Glucose facilitated diffusion GLUT-1 carrier

• 4）“陷阱清单”（你最容易丢分的地方，优先背）

• HPG 最大陷阱：低/中 E2 负反馈；高且持续 E2 正反馈→LH surge；别写反。[12]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdf3 Threshold crossed: high + sustained oestrogen flips to @ positive feedback on Structure - function 结构→ 功能 The trigger is not just how much oestrogen but for how long. A brief spike won't do it; the brain needs the sustained signal to read 'a follicle is genuinely ripe'. That level-and-duration requirement is what makes ovulation a clean, once-per-cycle, all-or-nothing event rather than a slow drift. 触发因素不仅是雌激素有多少,还在于持续多久。短暂的尖 峰不行;大脑需要持续信号才能读出“一个卵泡确实成熟 了”。这一对水平与时长的双重要求,使排卵成为一个干净 利落的每周期一次、全或无的事件,而非缓慢漂移。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy hypothalamus/pituitary. 越过阈值:高且持续的雌激素翻转为 正反馈作用于下丘 脑/垂体。 4 The LH surge: GnRH & LH are now amplified - a sharp LH spike (+ a smaller FSH rise). LH 峰:GnRH 和 LH 此时被放大 →尖锐的 LH 脉冲(+ 较小的FSH上升)。 5 Ovulation: the surge ruptures the Graafian follicle (~within 18-36 h; UON says ~18 h), completes oocyte meiosis I, and luteinises the follicle - corpus luteum. - 排卵:激增使成熟卵泡(Graafian)破裂(约 18-36 小时 内;UON 称约 18 小时),完成卵母细胞减数分裂 I,并使 卵泡黄素化→ 黄体。 ⊕ THE ONE POSITIVE LOOP 唯一的一个正反馈 环路 ~18h SURGE - OVULATION CUON) 激增 → 排卵 (UON) 14 THE SURGE DAY (~28-D CYCLE) 激增日(约28天 周期) A light dimmer that, turned past a hidden notch, suddenly becomes a floodlight switch. Low oestrogen dims the axis; cross the threshold and the same dial throws the floodlight - the surge. 一个调光器,越过隐藏的卡口后,骤然变成泛光灯开 关。低雌激素调暗该轴;越过阈值,同一个旋钮就打 开泛光灯 -- 即激增。 ANALOGY . THE DIMMER WITH A HIDDEN SWITCH ! It's HIGH SUSTAINED oestrogen that triggers the surge 触发峰的是持续高水平的雌激素 The number-one trap of the whole course: low/moderate oestrogen = negative feedback (inhibitory); high + sustained oestrogen = positive feedback - LH surge. Don't write 'a fall in oestrogen triggers ovulation' - oestrogen peaks just before the surge. Males have NO equivalent surge (their axis is purely negative). 整门课头号陷阱:低/中度雌激素 =负反馈(抑制性);高且持续的雌激素 = 正反馈→ LH 峰。不要写“雌激素下降触发 排卵” -- 雌激素恰恰在峰前达到峰值。男性没有对应的激增(其轴纯属负反馈)。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy THE CYCLE . AHA 3 c AHA-unit - the menstrual / ovarian cycle C AHA 单元 -- 月经周期 / 卵巢周期 The flagship figure of the course: four hormone curves over ~28 days, with the ovary and the endometrium drawn on the same day axis beneath. Everything you have learned now plays out as one timed sequence. Read it left to right as a story in three acts - follicular - ovulation - luteal. 本课程的旗舰图:约 28天内的四条激素曲线,下方在同一日期轴上画出卵巢与子宫内膜。你迄今所学的一切都化作一条限时 序列上演。从左到右把它读成一个三幕故事 -- 卵泡期→排卵→ 黄体期。 D1
• 定位陷阱：capacit. 在女性生殖道；受精在 ampulla；着床按 Apposition→Adhesion→Invasion。[8]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfHUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy CONCEPTION . AHA 1 - CHAPTER . CONCEPTION EXAM CORE Capacitation - fertilisation - implantation 获能→ 受精 → 着床 Sperm priming . the acrosome reaction . blocks to polyspermy . cleavage to blastocyst . apposition-adhesion- invasion 精子激活 · 顶体反应 · 阻止多精入卵 · 卵裂至囊胚 · 贴附一黏附一侵入 One big idea: conception is a locked sequence - each step is the key to the next, and skipping one is fatal. A sperm cannot fertilise until it is capacitated in the female tract; it cannot reach the egg membrane until the acrosome reaction digests the zona; the moment one sperm fuses, the egg slams two blocks to polyspermy shut; the resulting zygote must cleave, compact and hatch before it can implant; and implantation itself runs a fixed three-stage order. Get the order right and the marks follow. 一个核心观念:受孕是一条锁定的序列 -- 每一步都是下一步的钥匙,跳过任何一步都是致命的。精子在于女性生殖道内获能 之前无法受精;在顶体反应消化透明带之前无法抵达卵膜;一旦有一个精子融合,卵子立即关上两道阻止多精入卵的屏障;由 此形成的受精卵必须卵裂、致密化并孵出才能着床;而着床本身遵循固定的三阶段顺序。把顺序搞对,分数自然就来。 ★ What the exam asks here 此处考试会问什么 Sequence-and-mechanism short answers dominate: (1) what is capacitation and where does it happen; (2) the four-step fertilisation sequence (cumulus - zona/ZP3 - acrosome reaction - fusion); (3) the fast vs slow blocks to polyspermy and why monospermy matters; (4) the pre-implantation timeline (zygote - morula - blastocyst) and the ICM-vs-trophoblast split; (5) the UON three-stage implantation order - Apposition - Adhesion - Invasion. Location traps recur: fertilisation in the ampulla, implantation in the endometrial functional layer. 以序列和机制为主的简答题占主导:(1)什么是获能,发生在何处;(2)受精四步顺序(放射冠→透明带/ZP3→ 顶体反 应→ 融合);(3)阻止多精入卵的快速对慢速屏障,以及单精受精为何重要;(4)着床前时间线(合子→桑椹胚→囊 胚)以及内细胞团与滋养层的分化;(5) UON 三阶段着床顺序 -- 定位(Apposition)→ 黏附(Adhesion)→ 侵入 (Invasion)。位置陷阱反复出现:受精在壶腹部,着床在子宫内膜功能层。 A The locked sequence at a glance A 锁定序列一览 Stage Where Gate that must open Capacitation female tract remove cholesterol / inhibitory proteins Fertilisation ampulla of tube ZP3 bind - acrosome reaction - fuse Polyspermy block oolemma + zona fast (depolarise) + slow (cortical) Cleavage - blastocyst oviduct - uterus compaction; hatch from zona Implantation endometrium (secretory)[22]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-hubs3511.pdfMEMORY AID SHEET Sem 1 2026 . SIDE 2 OF 2 Conceive -> deliver . modules 4-11 SIDE 2/2 GROW & DELIVER . Fertilisation & implantation . Placenta & pregnancy hormones . Maternal adaptations . Parturition & lactation . Fetal circulation . Contraception & ART RESTRICTED OPEN BOOK . 1x A4 TYPED AID Compiled by AskSia . mapped to the HUBS3511 syllabus . asksia. ai/cheatsheet/uon-hubs3511 17 . Capacitation & Fertilisation IN THE AMPULLA Epididymal maturation (in testis-> duct): sperm gain motility, condensed DNA, zona-binding ability. Capacitation happens in the female tract : cholesterol/inhibitory proteins removed -> +membrane fluidity, 1Ca2+/cAMP -> hyperactivated motility. Only capacitated sperm fertilise. Fertilisation sequence: 1. Cumulus penetration by hyperactivated sperm 2. Zona binding to ZP glycoproteins (classically ZP3) 3. Acrosome reaction - releases acrosin/hyaluronidase to digest the zona 4. Membrane fusion with the oolemma Fusion -> oocyte completes meiosis II > maternal + paternal pronuclei -> fuse -> 2-cell zygote. Mitochondria are maternally inherited (paternal destroyed). Sequence why it matters: capacitation enables hyperactivation; hyperactivation powers cumulus penetration; only zona contact triggers the acrosome reaction (so it cannot fire prematurely) - each step gates the next, securing one sperm into one receptive egg. Fertilisation also restores diploidy via pronuclear fusion. 18 . Blocks to Polyspermy MONOSPERMY Fast block - transient oolemma depolarisation (seconds). Slow block (cortical / zona reaction) - Ca2+ wave > cortical granules harden the zona + alter ZP receptors -> no further sperm bind. Polyspermy -> lethal triploidy. Zona roles: species-specific binding . polyspermy block . embryo protection . implantation timing. Why monospermy matters: two sperm sets -> triploid (3n), which is lethal/non-viable. The cortical (zona) reaction is the durable guarantee; the fast block just buys seconds. The Ca2+ wave that triggers the cortical reaction also activates the egg - restarting meiosis II and beginning development. ICSI works because injecting the sperm reproduces this Ca2+ activation directly. 19 . Pre-Implantation TIMELINE Zygote (d1) -> cleavage (smaller cells, no growth) -> d2 2-cell -> d3 4-8-cell -> d4 morula (solid) > d5 blastocyst (blastocoel + ICM + trophoblast) -> hatches from zona (d5-6) before implanting. Blastocyst: inner cell mass -> embryo; trophoblast > placenta. TRAP: morula = solid; blastocyst = cavity + ICM/trophoblast split. Must hatch before implanting. Anatomical track: ovary -> ampulla (fertilisation) -> oviduct (cleavage) + uterus (arrives ~blastocyst stage). Cilia + smooth muscle move it along; tube blockage (e. g. post-chlamydia) > ectopic risk. Compaction (~d4): blastomeres maximise contact and polarise -> this is the first cell-fate decision, splitting outer cells (> trophectoderm/placenta) from inner cells (-> ICM/embryo). Totipotency is lost as cells specialise. Twinning: two ovulated eggs -> dizygotic (fraternal); one zygote splitting > monozygotic (identical) - timing of the split sets shared membranes. Hatching: the blastocyst enzymatically thins and escapes the zona pellucida (~d5-6); only the now- exposed trophectoderm can contact and adhere to the endometrium. 20. ~DAY 6-7 . 3
• “产地-作用”陷阱：hCG 来自 syncytiotrophoblast，作用是“挽救黄体”，不是“直接让胎盘工作”。[7]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfPlacenta Amino acids cross the placenta by which mechanism? A. Simple diffusion B. Facilitated diffusion C. Active transport D. They do not cross Q12 SHORT ANSWER 4 marks . Labour Describe the oxytocin positive-feedback loop of labour, and state what finally breaks it. Q13 SHORT ANSWER 2 marks . Lactation Distinguish the roles of prolactin and oxytocin in lactation. Q14 SHORT ANSWER 3 marks . Fetal Name the three fetal shunts and state what each one bypasses. HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy Q10-Q14 Worked solutions - placenta, labour & fetal 1 Q10. B. hCG (from syncytiotrophoblast) rescues the corpus luteum so it keeps making progesterone until the placenta takes over (luteal-placental shift ~wk 6-9). Insulin resistance is hPL (distractor A). Q10. B. hCG (来自合体滋养层)挽救黄体,使其持续产生孕酮,直至胎盘接管(黄体一胎盘转换约第6-9周)。胰岛 素抵抗是hPL (干扰项A)。 2 Q11. C. Active transport. Amino acids move against their gradient (so fetal levels can exceed maternal). Contrast: O,/CO2 = simple diffusion; glucose = facilitated. Q11. C. 主动转运。氨基酸逆梯度移动(故胎儿水平可超过母体)。对照:O2/CO2= 单纯扩散;葡萄糖= 易化。 3 Q12. Contractions push the fetal head onto the cervix - cervical stretch signals the brain - posterior pituitary releases oxytocin - stronger contractions - more cervical stretch - more oxytocin (amplifying loop). It is broken only by delivery of the baby (removes the stretch stimulus). - Q12。宫缩把胎头压向宫颈→ 宫颈牵张向大脑发信号→神经垂体释放催产素→更强宫缩→ 更多宫颈牵张→更多催 产素(放大环路)。它只由胎儿娩出打破(移除牵张刺激)。 - 4 Q13. Prolactin (anterior pituitary) drives milk synthesis, sustained by suckling; oxytocin (posterior pituitary) drives milk ejection / let-down via myoepithelial contraction. Prolactin makes, oxytocin ejects. Q13。催乳素(腺垂体)驱动乳汁合成,由吸吮维持;催产素(神经垂体)经肌上皮收缩驱动乳汁喷出/喷乳反射。催乳 素产乳,催产素喷乳。 5 Q14. Ductus venosus - bypasses the liver; foramen ovale - bypasses the lungs (RA-LA); ductus arteriosus - bypasses the lungs (pulmonary artery++aorta). Q14。静脉导管 →绕过肝脏;卵圆孔→绕过肺(RA→LA);动脉导管→绕过肺(肺动脉→主动脉)。 ★ Open-book exam technique: build your A4 memory aid 开卷考试技巧:搭建你的 A4 速记表 HUBS3511 is restricted open book - you may bring one A4 double-sided handwritten or typed sheet (plus a non- programmable calculator). Use it well: (1) Put the diagrams you can't derive on it - the four-hormone cycle curve, the HPG feedback loop, the three fetal shunts, the fertilisation sequence. (2) Cram the contrast pairs and traps (prolactin vs oxytocin, Sertoli vs Leydig, tocolytic vs uterotonic, umbilical vein = oxygenated). (3) Make a hormone source-action table. Don't copy prose you already know - the sheet is for the few facts you keep forgetting, so you don't waste minutes of the 150 hunting for them. HUBS3511 是限制性开卷 -- 可携带一张 A4 双面手写或打印的纸(外加非编程计算器)。要善用它:(1)把你推导不出 来的图放上去 -- 四激素周期曲线、HPG 反馈环路、三个胎儿分流、受精序列。(2)背熟对比配对和陷阱(催乳素对催 产素、Sertoli 对 Leydig、宫缩抑制剂对宫缩剂、脐静脉=含氧)。(3)制作激素来源→作用表。不要抄你已经会的散文 -- 这张纸是为那几个你老是忘的事实准备的,免得你在150分钟里浪费时间去找它们。 Short-answer marks reward mechanism and sequence, not just the noun. Name the hormone source, the direction of feedback, and the order of steps - an examiner can give part-marks for a correct mechanism even when the final label slips. 简答题的分数奖励机制和序列,而不仅是名词。要点名激素来源、反馈方向和步骤顺序 -- 即便最终标签写错,考官也 能为正确的机制给部分分。 MARKER'S NOTE . HUBS3511 FINAL . SHORT -ANSWER[30]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-hubs3511.pdfhCG syncytiotrophoblast (peak wk 8-10); rescues corpus luteum; pregnancy test Progest. CL early -> placenta wk 6-9; uterine quiescence Oestrogen fetoplacental (estriol needs fetal adrenal); +flow, labour priming hPL syncytiotroph . ; maternal insulin resistance -> glucose to fetus Relaxin softens cervix/pelvis Luteal-placental shift (~wk 6-9): early progesterone from the hCG-rescued corpus luteum ; then the placenta takes over (CL no longer essential). TRAP: hCG keeps the corpus luteum alive (not the placenta directly). hPL causes the insulin resistance behind gestational diabetes. Low estriol can signal fetal compromise. Estriol needs both: the fetal adrenal makes DHEAS, the placenta aromatises it -> estriol is a read-out of a healthy fetoplacental unit, which is why it falls with fetal compromise. Progesterone = "pro-gestation": relaxes the myometrium, supports the decidua, blocks lactation until birth, and is anti- inflammatory/immunomodulatory - its functional withdrawal is what later permits labour. 24 . Maternal Adaptations MODULE 9 · CV: blood volume +30-50% ( plasma + > RBC + > dilutional anaemia ); CO +30-50% (early +HR, later +SV); +SVR -> BP falls, lowest mid-pregnancy · Resp: +tidal volume (progesterone) -> mild respiratory alkalosis (+PaCO2 aids fetal CO2 offload) · Renal: +GFR/RPF ~50% > creatinine/urea; mild glucosuria · Metabolic: insulin resistance (hPL) spares glucose for fetus
• “反直觉血管”陷阱：脐静脉含氧、脐动脉去氧（以胎盘为参照器官）。[14]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfbasement membrane support 4. Fetal endothelium capillary wall encloses fetal blood VILLUS CHEAT - CARD Functional unit = the chorionic villus Two compartments maternal - intervillous space fetal - villus capillary Barrier = syncytio- + cytotrophoblast + lamina + endothelium HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy ✓ Umbilical vessel direction - the counter-intuitive bit 脐血管走向 -- 反直觉之处 The umbilical VEIN carries OXYGENATED blood TO the fetus; the two umbilical ARTERIES carry DEOXYGENATED blood back to the placenta. This is the opposite of the systemic convention (where arteries are oxygenated) - because the reference organ is the placenta, not the lungs. 脐静脉把含氧血带向胎儿;两条脐动脉把去氧血带回胎盘。这与体循环惯例(动脉含氧)相反 -- 因为参照器官是胎 盘,而非肺。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy CH 5 . PLACENTA 5. 1 AHA-UNIT 2 - placental transport: O2 & nutrients in, CO2 & waste out 5. 1 AHA 单元 2 -- 胎盘转运:02 与营养物质进,CO2 与废物出 Structure - function. The thin barrier of unit 1 exists to be crossed. The exam never asks "does it cross?" - it asks by which mechanism. The direction is set by fetal need: O2 and nutrients flow toward the fetus, CO2 and metabolic waste flow back to the mother for her lungs and kidneys to clear. Memorise the substrate - mechanism map below - it is the most reliable mark in this section. 结构→功能。单元1那层薄屏障的存在就是为了被穿越。考试从不问“它会穿过吗?” -- 它问通过哪种机制。方向由胎儿需 求决定:02 与营养物质流向胎儿,CO2 与代谢废物流回母体,由其肺脏和肾脏清除。务必记住下方的底物→机制对应表 -- 它是本节最稳妥的得分点。 - D15 placental barrier MATERNAL side FETAL side O2 / CO2 simple / passive diffusion (partial-pressure gradient) Glucose facilitated diffusion GLUT-1 carrier
• “成熟地点”陷阱（男）：精子在生精小管产生，但在附睾成熟并获得运动/透明带结合能力，不是在睾丸本体。[9]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfOne big idea: the male system is a continuous, steady-state production line. Unlike the female cycle, nothing here surges or arrests - from puberty onward the testis runs flat-out, making billions of sperm over a lifetime and a roughly constant level of testosterone. Everything in this chapter is one of two jobs: manufacture the gamete (spermatogenesis, in the seminiferous tubule) or regulate & deliver it (the HPG axis, the duct system). Get the two cell types and the two-layer feedback straight and the chapter falls out. 一个核心观念:男性系统是一条连续、稳态的生产线。与女性周期不同,这里没有任何东西会陡升或停滞 -- 从青春期起,睾 丸便全力运转,一生制造数十亿精子并维持大致恒定的睾酮水平。本章的一切只属于两项任务之一:制造配子(精子发生,发 生于生精小管)或调控并输送配子(HPG 轴、导管系统)。把两种细胞类型和两层反馈理清,本章便迎刃而解。 ★ What the exam asks here 此处考试会问什么 Short-answer favourites: (1) trace the sperm pathway from tubule to urethra in order; (2) contrast Sertoli vs Leydig cells (location, hormone, product); (3) the spermatogenesis ladder with ploidy (2n++n) and the 1-4 outcome; (4) why the male axis has no LH surge (all negative feedback); (5) the SRY switch and why the female pathway is default. MCQ loves the FSH-Sertoli / LH-+Leydig pairing and the scrotal-muscle swap. 简答常考项:(1)按顺序追踪从小管到尿道的精子通路;(2)对比 Sertoli cell 与 Leydig cell(位置、激素、产物);(3) 带倍性(2n→n)和1→4 结果的精子发生阶梯;(4)男性轴为何无 LH峰(全为负反馈);(5) SRY 开关及女性通路为何 为默认。MCQ 钟爱 FSH→Sertoli / LH→Leydig 的配对以及阴囊肌肉的互换。 1. 1 Testis & duct anatomy - the delivery line 1. 1 睾丸与管道解剖 -- 输送通路 Sperm are made in the testis but matured, stored and delivered through a duct system. The testis sits inside coverings - tunica vaginalis (outer serous sac) over the tough tunica albuginea, whose septa divide it into lobules packed with seminiferous tubules. Memorise the pathway as an unbroken sequence; the exam asks for it in order. 精子在睾丸内制造,但通过导管系统成熟、储存并输送。睾丸位于多层被膜内 -- 鞘膜(外层浆膜囊)覆于坚韧的白膜之上, 白膜的隔膜将其分成小叶,小叶内密布生精小管。把这条通路当作一条不间断的序列来记;考试会按顺序考查它。 The sperm pathway (in order) 精子通路(按顺序) 1 Seminiferous tubules - sperm are made here. 生精小管 -- 精子在此产生。 2 Rete testis - efferent ductules. 睾丸网 → 输出小管。 Accessory glands - semen 附属腺→ 精液 Gland Contributes Seminal vesicles ~60-70% of volume; fructose (energy), prostaglandins, alkaline Prostate milky, citrate, enzymes incl. PSA HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy 3 Epididymis (head-body-tail) - maturation & storage; sperm gain motility & zona-binding ability here, NOT in the testis. 附睾(头→体→尾) -- 成熟与储存;精子在此获得运动能 力和透明带结合能力,而非在睾丸中。 - 4 Ductus (vas) deferens - the tube cut at vasectomy. 输精管 -- 输精管结扎术中被切断的管道。 5 Ejaculatory duct - urethra - out. 射精管→尿道→ 排出。 Gland Contributes Bulbourethral (Cowper's) pre-ejaculate mucus; lubricates & neutralises urethra Semen ~ 1. 5-5 mL, ~200 million sperm per ejaculate - yet only a few hundred reach the ampulla. The alkaline buffering protects sperm from the acidic vagina.[16]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-hubs3511.pdfHUBS3511 Human Reproduction and Pregnancy UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE . BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES MEMORY AID SHEET Sem 1 2026 . SIDE 1 OF 2 Make & cycle · modules 1-3 SIDE 1/2 ovarian cycle 0 · Exam Blueprint READ FIRST * The course arc is Pringle's "make a baby -> grow a baby -> deliver a baby. " Side 1 = make & cycle; side 2 = conceive > deliver. Assessment: Assignment 1 educational resource (group) 40% · 5× online tests 10% · Formal Exam 50%. Exam shape: 120 min . 80 marks = 30 MCQ (30) + 19 short-answer (50), Zoom-invigilated. Short-answer carries most marks => this sheet privileges mechanisms, feedback loops & sequences . Possible -10-min Zoom viva on your rationale. HOOK >> The exam is RESTRICTED OPEN BOOK: one A4 double-sided sheet of handwritten OR TYPED notes (a "Memory Aid sheet") + a non-programmable calculator. This typed 2-side A4 IS that permitted sheet. Confirm on your current unit outline. 1 . Male System ANATOMY + GLANDS Scrotum keeps testes 2-3 ℃ below core (needed for spermatogenesis). Dartos (smooth, wrinkles skin) + cremaster (skeletal, raises testis) thermoregulate. Heat ¥ sperm (fever, varicocele, cryptorchidism). Sperm pathway (memorise): seminiferous tubules > rete testis -> efferent ductules -> epididymis (mature + store) > vas deferens -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra. Glands > semen: seminal vesicles (~60-70%; fructose, prostaglandins, alkaline) · prostate (citrate, PSA) · bulbourethral (pre-ejaculate mucus). TRAP: sperm are made in tubules but mature & gain motility in the epididymis , not the testis. Vasectomy = cut vas deferens (production continues, no exit). 2 . Sertoli vs Leydig HIGH-YIELD SERTOLI LEYDIG Where inside tubule between tubules Driven by FSH LH

• 5）你这周冲刺怎么做（给你一个可执行的 3 步法）

• 第 1 轮（2–3 小时）：把“6 张核心图”画到 A4 上

  • HPG 轴（含 +/-）
  • 四曲线周期图
  • 精子发生 vs 卵子发生对比 + 卵子两次停滞
  • 受孕锁定序列 + 着床三阶段
  • 3 fetal shunts + umbilical vein/artery 氧合方向
  • 催产素正反馈环。[6]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfSource - action of each hormone The one-glance hormone table A few quantitative items Sensitivity / specificity - hence the calculator HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy ★ The exam format - restricted open book, Zoom- invigilated 考试形式 -- 限制性开卷,Zoom 监考 120 minutes (fixed timed start inside a wider availability window). 49 questions = 80 marks: 30 MCQ (30 marks, recall) + 19 short-answer (50 marks, mechanism). Conditions: RESTRICTED OPEN BOOK - ONE A4 double-sided sheet of handwritten OR TYPED notes (the "Memory Aid sheet") + a non- programmable calculator. Delivered via Canvas, Zoom-invigilated (join early, unique link, English only). A possible ~10-minute Zoom viva (1-2 staff) may follow, asking you to justify your answers for authentication. AI is banned in the exam. 120 分钟(在更宽的可用窗口内有固定的限时开始)。 49 题=80分:30道 MCQ(30分,回忆)+19 道 简答(50分,机制)。条件:限制性开卷一 一张 A4 双面手写或打印笔记(即“Memory Aid 表”)+一台 非可编程计算器。经由 Canvas 进行,Zoom 监考 (提前加入、唯一链接、仅限英文)。随后可能有一场 约 10 分钟的 Zoom 口试(1-2 名教职员),要求你为 答案做辩护以核实身份。考试中禁用 AI。 ✓ The strategy this dictates 由此决定的应考策略 Spend revision on the mechanisms short-answer rewards, and build your A4 around diagrams, not prose: a thumbnail HPG loop, the menstrual four- curve, spermatogenesis-vs-oogenesis side by side, the 3-shunt route, the oxytocin loop. The MCQ block mops up recall; the SAQ block is where the sheet earns its keep. Bring the calculator - the screening- stat questions need it. 把复习时间花在简答奖赏的机制上,并围绕图示而非 散文构建你的 A4:一张缩略的 HPG 环路、月经四曲 线图、并列的精子发生与卵子发生、三分流路线、催 产素环路。MCQ 那块负责扫清回忆题;简答那块才是 这张表发挥价值之处。带上计算器 -- 筛查统计题需 要它。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy CONTENTS - CONTENTS The make - grow - deliver arc 造→育→娩 的主线 Ordered exactly as Professor Pringle teaches it - gametes first, birth last 严格按 Professor Pringle 的授课顺序编排 -- 配子在先,分娩在后 Ch Topic Core content Part 1 . Make a baby - gametes, axes & the cycle 1 Male reproductive system testis & ducts . Sertoli vs Leydig . spermatogenesis . male HPG . SRY → 2 Female reproductive system anatomy · oogenesis & arrests · folliculogenesis → 3 HPG axis & the menstrual cycle feedback loops . the LH-surge switch . four-curve map → 4 Conception capacitation · fertilisation · pre-implantation · implantation →[7]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfPlacenta Amino acids cross the placenta by which mechanism? A. Simple diffusion B. Facilitated diffusion C. Active transport D. They do not cross Q12 SHORT ANSWER 4 marks . Labour Describe the oxytocin positive-feedback loop of labour, and state what finally breaks it. Q13 SHORT ANSWER 2 marks . Lactation Distinguish the roles of prolactin and oxytocin in lactation. Q14 SHORT ANSWER 3 marks . Fetal Name the three fetal shunts and state what each one bypasses. HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy Q10-Q14 Worked solutions - placenta, labour & fetal 1 Q10. B. hCG (from syncytiotrophoblast) rescues the corpus luteum so it keeps making progesterone until the placenta takes over (luteal-placental shift ~wk 6-9). Insulin resistance is hPL (distractor A). Q10. B. hCG (来自合体滋养层)挽救黄体,使其持续产生孕酮,直至胎盘接管(黄体一胎盘转换约第6-9周)。胰岛 素抵抗是hPL (干扰项A)。 2 Q11. C. Active transport. Amino acids move against their gradient (so fetal levels can exceed maternal). Contrast: O,/CO2 = simple diffusion; glucose = facilitated. Q11. C. 主动转运。氨基酸逆梯度移动(故胎儿水平可超过母体)。对照:O2/CO2= 单纯扩散;葡萄糖= 易化。 3 Q12. Contractions push the fetal head onto the cervix - cervical stretch signals the brain - posterior pituitary releases oxytocin - stronger contractions - more cervical stretch - more oxytocin (amplifying loop). It is broken only by delivery of the baby (removes the stretch stimulus). - Q12。宫缩把胎头压向宫颈→ 宫颈牵张向大脑发信号→神经垂体释放催产素→更强宫缩→ 更多宫颈牵张→更多催 产素(放大环路)。它只由胎儿娩出打破(移除牵张刺激)。 - 4 Q13. Prolactin (anterior pituitary) drives milk synthesis, sustained by suckling; oxytocin (posterior pituitary) drives milk ejection / let-down via myoepithelial contraction. Prolactin makes, oxytocin ejects. Q13。催乳素(腺垂体)驱动乳汁合成,由吸吮维持;催产素(神经垂体)经肌上皮收缩驱动乳汁喷出/喷乳反射。催乳 素产乳,催产素喷乳。 5 Q14. Ductus venosus - bypasses the liver; foramen ovale - bypasses the lungs (RA-LA); ductus arteriosus - bypasses the lungs (pulmonary artery++aorta). Q14。静脉导管 →绕过肝脏;卵圆孔→绕过肺(RA→LA);动脉导管→绕过肺(肺动脉→主动脉)。 ★ Open-book exam technique: build your A4 memory aid 开卷考试技巧:搭建你的 A4 速记表 HUBS3511 is restricted open book - you may bring one A4 double-sided handwritten or typed sheet (plus a non- programmable calculator). Use it well: (1) Put the diagrams you can't derive on it - the four-hormone cycle curve, the HPG feedback loop, the three fetal shunts, the fertilisation sequence. (2) Cram the contrast pairs and traps (prolactin vs oxytocin, Sertoli vs Leydig, tocolytic vs uterotonic, umbilical vein = oxygenated). (3) Make a hormone source-action table. Don't copy prose you already know - the sheet is for the few facts you keep forgetting, so you don't waste minutes of the 150 hunting for them. HUBS3511 是限制性开卷 -- 可携带一张 A4 双面手写或打印的纸(外加非编程计算器)。要善用它:(1)把你推导不出 来的图放上去 -- 四激素周期曲线、HPG 反馈环路、三个胎儿分流、受精序列。(2)背熟对比配对和陷阱(催乳素对催 产素、Sertoli 对 Leydig、宫缩抑制剂对宫缩剂、脐静脉=含氧)。(3)制作激素来源→作用表。不要抄你已经会的散文 -- 这张纸是为那几个你老是忘的事实准备的,免得你在150分钟里浪费时间去找它们。 Short-answer marks reward mechanism and sequence, not just the noun. Name the hormone source, the direction of feedback, and the order of steps - an examiner can give part-marks for a correct mechanism even when the final label slips. 简答题的分数奖励机制和序列,而不仅是名词。要点名激素来源、反馈方向和步骤顺序 -- 即便最终标签写错,考官也 能为正确的机制给部分分。 MARKER'S NOTE . HUBS3511 FINAL . SHORT -ANSWER[8]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfHUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy CONCEPTION . AHA 1 - CHAPTER . CONCEPTION EXAM CORE Capacitation - fertilisation - implantation 获能→ 受精 → 着床 Sperm priming . the acrosome reaction . blocks to polyspermy . cleavage to blastocyst . apposition-adhesion- invasion 精子激活 · 顶体反应 · 阻止多精入卵 · 卵裂至囊胚 · 贴附一黏附一侵入 One big idea: conception is a locked sequence - each step is the key to the next, and skipping one is fatal. A sperm cannot fertilise until it is capacitated in the female tract; it cannot reach the egg membrane until the acrosome reaction digests the zona; the moment one sperm fuses, the egg slams two blocks to polyspermy shut; the resulting zygote must cleave, compact and hatch before it can implant; and implantation itself runs a fixed three-stage order. Get the order right and the marks follow. 一个核心观念:受孕是一条锁定的序列 -- 每一步都是下一步的钥匙,跳过任何一步都是致命的。精子在于女性生殖道内获能 之前无法受精;在顶体反应消化透明带之前无法抵达卵膜;一旦有一个精子融合,卵子立即关上两道阻止多精入卵的屏障;由 此形成的受精卵必须卵裂、致密化并孵出才能着床;而着床本身遵循固定的三阶段顺序。把顺序搞对,分数自然就来。 ★ What the exam asks here 此处考试会问什么 Sequence-and-mechanism short answers dominate: (1) what is capacitation and where does it happen; (2) the four-step fertilisation sequence (cumulus - zona/ZP3 - acrosome reaction - fusion); (3) the fast vs slow blocks to polyspermy and why monospermy matters; (4) the pre-implantation timeline (zygote - morula - blastocyst) and the ICM-vs-trophoblast split; (5) the UON three-stage implantation order - Apposition - Adhesion - Invasion. Location traps recur: fertilisation in the ampulla, implantation in the endometrial functional layer. 以序列和机制为主的简答题占主导:(1)什么是获能,发生在何处;(2)受精四步顺序(放射冠→透明带/ZP3→ 顶体反 应→ 融合);(3)阻止多精入卵的快速对慢速屏障,以及单精受精为何重要;(4)着床前时间线(合子→桑椹胚→囊 胚)以及内细胞团与滋养层的分化;(5) UON 三阶段着床顺序 -- 定位(Apposition)→ 黏附(Adhesion)→ 侵入 (Invasion)。位置陷阱反复出现:受精在壶腹部,着床在子宫内膜功能层。 A The locked sequence at a glance A 锁定序列一览 Stage Where Gate that must open Capacitation female tract remove cholesterol / inhibitory proteins Fertilisation ampulla of tube ZP3 bind - acrosome reaction - fuse Polyspermy block oolemma + zona fast (depolarise) + slow (cortical) Cleavage - blastocyst oviduct - uterus compaction; hatch from zona Implantation endometrium (secretory)

• 第 2 轮（2–3 小时）：每张图配“3 句得分句型”

  • 每一题都强迫自己写：来源→作用→反馈符号/方向→顺序。[6]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfSource - action of each hormone The one-glance hormone table A few quantitative items Sensitivity / specificity - hence the calculator HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy ★ The exam format - restricted open book, Zoom- invigilated 考试形式 -- 限制性开卷,Zoom 监考 120 minutes (fixed timed start inside a wider availability window). 49 questions = 80 marks: 30 MCQ (30 marks, recall) + 19 short-answer (50 marks, mechanism). Conditions: RESTRICTED OPEN BOOK - ONE A4 double-sided sheet of handwritten OR TYPED notes (the "Memory Aid sheet") + a non- programmable calculator. Delivered via Canvas, Zoom-invigilated (join early, unique link, English only). A possible ~10-minute Zoom viva (1-2 staff) may follow, asking you to justify your answers for authentication. AI is banned in the exam. 120 分钟(在更宽的可用窗口内有固定的限时开始)。 49 题=80分:30道 MCQ(30分,回忆)+19 道 简答(50分,机制)。条件:限制性开卷一 一张 A4 双面手写或打印笔记(即“Memory Aid 表”)+一台 非可编程计算器。经由 Canvas 进行,Zoom 监考 (提前加入、唯一链接、仅限英文)。随后可能有一场 约 10 分钟的 Zoom 口试(1-2 名教职员),要求你为 答案做辩护以核实身份。考试中禁用 AI。 ✓ The strategy this dictates 由此决定的应考策略 Spend revision on the mechanisms short-answer rewards, and build your A4 around diagrams, not prose: a thumbnail HPG loop, the menstrual four- curve, spermatogenesis-vs-oogenesis side by side, the 3-shunt route, the oxytocin loop. The MCQ block mops up recall; the SAQ block is where the sheet earns its keep. Bring the calculator - the screening- stat questions need it. 把复习时间花在简答奖赏的机制上,并围绕图示而非 散文构建你的 A4:一张缩略的 HPG 环路、月经四曲 线图、并列的精子发生与卵子发生、三分流路线、催 产素环路。MCQ 那块负责扫清回忆题;简答那块才是 这张表发挥价值之处。带上计算器 -- 筛查统计题需 要它。 HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy CONTENTS - CONTENTS The make - grow - deliver arc 造→育→娩 的主线 Ordered exactly as Professor Pringle teaches it - gametes first, birth last 严格按 Professor Pringle 的授课顺序编排 -- 配子在先,分娩在后 Ch Topic Core content Part 1 . Make a baby - gametes, axes & the cycle 1 Male reproductive system testis & ducts . Sertoli vs Leydig . spermatogenesis . male HPG . SRY → 2 Female reproductive system anatomy · oogenesis & arrests · folliculogenesis → 3 HPG axis & the menstrual cycle feedback loops . the LH-surge switch . four-curve map → 4 Conception capacitation · fertilisation · pre-implantation · implantation →[7]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfPlacenta Amino acids cross the placenta by which mechanism? A. Simple diffusion B. Facilitated diffusion C. Active transport D. They do not cross Q12 SHORT ANSWER 4 marks . Labour Describe the oxytocin positive-feedback loop of labour, and state what finally breaks it. Q13 SHORT ANSWER 2 marks . Lactation Distinguish the roles of prolactin and oxytocin in lactation. Q14 SHORT ANSWER 3 marks . Fetal Name the three fetal shunts and state what each one bypasses. HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy Q10-Q14 Worked solutions - placenta, labour & fetal 1 Q10. B. hCG (from syncytiotrophoblast) rescues the corpus luteum so it keeps making progesterone until the placenta takes over (luteal-placental shift ~wk 6-9). Insulin resistance is hPL (distractor A). Q10. B. hCG (来自合体滋养层)挽救黄体,使其持续产生孕酮,直至胎盘接管(黄体一胎盘转换约第6-9周)。胰岛 素抵抗是hPL (干扰项A)。 2 Q11. C. Active transport. Amino acids move against their gradient (so fetal levels can exceed maternal). Contrast: O,/CO2 = simple diffusion; glucose = facilitated. Q11. C. 主动转运。氨基酸逆梯度移动(故胎儿水平可超过母体)。对照:O2/CO2= 单纯扩散;葡萄糖= 易化。 3 Q12. Contractions push the fetal head onto the cervix - cervical stretch signals the brain - posterior pituitary releases oxytocin - stronger contractions - more cervical stretch - more oxytocin (amplifying loop). It is broken only by delivery of the baby (removes the stretch stimulus). - Q12。宫缩把胎头压向宫颈→ 宫颈牵张向大脑发信号→神经垂体释放催产素→更强宫缩→ 更多宫颈牵张→更多催 产素(放大环路)。它只由胎儿娩出打破(移除牵张刺激)。 - 4 Q13. Prolactin (anterior pituitary) drives milk synthesis, sustained by suckling; oxytocin (posterior pituitary) drives milk ejection / let-down via myoepithelial contraction. Prolactin makes, oxytocin ejects. Q13。催乳素(腺垂体)驱动乳汁合成,由吸吮维持;催产素(神经垂体)经肌上皮收缩驱动乳汁喷出/喷乳反射。催乳 素产乳,催产素喷乳。 5 Q14. Ductus venosus - bypasses the liver; foramen ovale - bypasses the lungs (RA-LA); ductus arteriosus - bypasses the lungs (pulmonary artery++aorta). Q14。静脉导管 →绕过肝脏;卵圆孔→绕过肺(RA→LA);动脉导管→绕过肺(肺动脉→主动脉)。 ★ Open-book exam technique: build your A4 memory aid 开卷考试技巧:搭建你的 A4 速记表 HUBS3511 is restricted open book - you may bring one A4 double-sided handwritten or typed sheet (plus a non- programmable calculator). Use it well: (1) Put the diagrams you can't derive on it - the four-hormone cycle curve, the HPG feedback loop, the three fetal shunts, the fertilisation sequence. (2) Cram the contrast pairs and traps (prolactin vs oxytocin, Sertoli vs Leydig, tocolytic vs uterotonic, umbilical vein = oxygenated). (3) Make a hormone source-action table. Don't copy prose you already know - the sheet is for the few facts you keep forgetting, so you don't waste minutes of the 150 hunting for them. HUBS3511 是限制性开卷 -- 可携带一张 A4 双面手写或打印的纸(外加非编程计算器)。要善用它:(1)把你推导不出 来的图放上去 -- 四激素周期曲线、HPG 反馈环路、三个胎儿分流、受精序列。(2)背熟对比配对和陷阱(催乳素对催 产素、Sertoli 对 Leydig、宫缩抑制剂对宫缩剂、脐静脉=含氧)。(3)制作激素来源→作用表。不要抄你已经会的散文 -- 这张纸是为那几个你老是忘的事实准备的,免得你在150分钟里浪费时间去找它们。 Short-answer marks reward mechanism and sequence, not just the noun. Name the hormone source, the direction of feedback, and the order of steps - an examiner can give part-marks for a correct mechanism even when the final label slips. 简答题的分数奖励机制和序列,而不仅是名词。要点名激素来源、反馈方向和步骤顺序 -- 即便最终标签写错,考官也 能为正确的机制给部分分。 MARKER'S NOTE . HUBS3511 FINAL . SHORT -ANSWER[24]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-hubs3511.pdf4. Two-cell model: theca->androgen (LH), granulosa->oestrogen (FSH). 5. Fertilisation in the ampulla. Progesterone peaks luteal, not ovulation. 6. Falling progesterone drives menstruation. Luteal phase fixed ~14 d. 7. GnRH must be pulsatile; continuous = pituitary shutdown. 8. Males: no LH surge, tonic axis. 9. Folliculogenesis order: primordial -> primary >> secondary > antral > Graafian > corpus luteum -> albicans. 10. Sperm pathway: tubules -> epididymis (mature) -> vas -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra. ----- SIA > Short-answers reward the mechanism + direction of feedback. Always name the hormone, its source, its target, and whether the arrow is @ or Θ. asksia. ai/cheatsheet/ uon-hubs3511 . side 1/2 AskSia CHEATSHEET SERIES 11 . Ovarian Cycle ~28 DAYS Follicular (d1-13): FSH+ recruits follicles -> oestrogen1; inhibin restricts recruitment; one dominant follicle selected. Ovulation (~d14): oestrogen peak -> LH surge > Graafian follicle ruptures, releases the secondary oocyte. Luteal (d15-28): corpus luteum -> progesterone (+ oestrogen); no pregnancy > regresses (~d26) -> P/E fall > menses. TRAP: luteal phase length is fixed (~14 d) - cycle- length variation is in the follicular phase. The corpus luteum has a built-in ~14-day lifespan unless rescued by hCG; that fixed timer is why progesterone falls on schedule and menses arrives ~14 d after ovulation. 12 · Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle ENDOMETRIUM PHASE / DAY DRIVER ENDOMETRIUM

• 第 3 轮（考前 24 小时）：只刷“简答模板题”

  • 例如：解释 oxytocin 正反馈并说明如何终止；列出 3 shunts 并说各自 bypass 什么；解释 LH surge 的触发机制；写 fertilisation 四步 + polyspermy fast/slow block。[7]Source: asksia-bible-hubs3511-bilingual.pdfPlacenta Amino acids cross the placenta by which mechanism? A. Simple diffusion B. Facilitated diffusion C. Active transport D. They do not cross Q12 SHORT ANSWER 4 marks . Labour Describe the oxytocin positive-feedback loop of labour, and state what finally breaks it. Q13 SHORT ANSWER 2 marks . Lactation Distinguish the roles of prolactin and oxytocin in lactation. Q14 SHORT ANSWER 3 marks . Fetal Name the three fetal shunts and state what each one bypasses. HUBS3511 . Human Reproduction and Pregnancy Q10-Q14 Worked solutions - placenta, labour & fetal 1 Q10. B. hCG (from syncytiotrophoblast) rescues the corpus luteum so it keeps making progesterone until the placenta takes over (luteal-placental shift ~wk 6-9). Insulin resistance is hPL (distractor A). Q10. B. hCG (来自合体滋养层)挽救黄体,使其持续产生孕酮,直至胎盘接管(黄体一胎盘转换约第6-9周)。胰岛 素抵抗是hPL (干扰项A)。 2 Q11. C. Active transport. Amino acids move against their gradient (so fetal levels can exceed maternal). Contrast: O,/CO2 = simple diffusion; glucose = facilitated. Q11. C. 主动转运。氨基酸逆梯度移动(故胎儿水平可超过母体)。对照:O2/CO2= 单纯扩散;葡萄糖= 易化。 3 Q12. Contractions push the fetal head onto the cervix - cervical stretch signals the brain - posterior pituitary releases oxytocin - stronger contractions - more cervical stretch - more oxytocin (amplifying loop). It is broken only by delivery of the baby (removes the stretch stimulus). - Q12。宫缩把胎头压向宫颈→ 宫颈牵张向大脑发信号→神经垂体释放催产素→更强宫缩→ 更多宫颈牵张→更多催 产素(放大环路)。它只由胎儿娩出打破(移除牵张刺激)。 - 4 Q13. Prolactin (anterior pituitary) drives milk synthesis, sustained by suckling; oxytocin (posterior pituitary) drives milk ejection / let-down via myoepithelial contraction. Prolactin makes, oxytocin ejects. Q13。催乳素(腺垂体)驱动乳汁合成,由吸吮维持;催产素(神经垂体)经肌上皮收缩驱动乳汁喷出/喷乳反射。催乳 素产乳,催产素喷乳。 5 Q14. Ductus venosus - bypasses the liver; foramen ovale - bypasses the lungs (RA-LA); ductus arteriosus - bypasses the lungs (pulmonary artery++aorta). Q14。静脉导管 →绕过肝脏;卵圆孔→绕过肺(RA→LA);动脉导管→绕过肺(肺动脉→主动脉)。 ★ Open-book exam technique: build your A4 memory aid 开卷考试技巧:搭建你的 A4 速记表 HUBS3511 is restricted open book - you may bring one A4 double-sided handwritten or typed sheet (plus a non- programmable calculator). Use it well: (1) Put the diagrams you can't derive on it - the four-hormone cycle curve, the HPG feedback loop, the three fetal shunts, the fertilisation sequence. (2) Cram the contrast pairs and traps (prolactin vs oxytocin, Sertoli vs Leydig, tocolytic vs uterotonic, umbilical vein = oxygenated). (3) Make a hormone source-action table. Don't copy prose you already know - the sheet is for the few facts you keep forgetting, so you don't waste minutes of the 150 hunting for them. HUBS3511 是限制性开卷 -- 可携带一张 A4 双面手写或打印的纸(外加非编程计算器)。要善用它:(1)把你推导不出 来的图放上去 -- 四激素周期曲线、HPG 反馈环路、三个胎儿分流、受精序列。(2)背熟对比配对和陷阱(催乳素对催 产素、Sertoli 对 Leydig、宫缩抑制剂对宫缩剂、脐静脉=含氧)。(3)制作激素来源→作用表。不要抄你已经会的散文 -- 这张纸是为那几个你老是忘的事实准备的,免得你在150分钟里浪费时间去找它们。 Short-answer marks reward mechanism and sequence, not just the noun. Name the hormone source, the direction of feedback, and the order of steps - an examiner can give part-marks for a correct mechanism even when the final label slips. 简答题的分数奖励机制和序列,而不仅是名词。要点名激素来源、反馈方向和步骤顺序 -- 即便最终标签写错,考官也 能为正确的机制给部分分。 MARKER'S NOTE . HUBS3511 FINAL . SHORT -ANSWER[22]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-hubs3511.pdfMEMORY AID SHEET Sem 1 2026 . SIDE 2 OF 2 Conceive -> deliver . modules 4-11 SIDE 2/2 GROW & DELIVER . Fertilisation & implantation . Placenta & pregnancy hormones . Maternal adaptations . Parturition & lactation . Fetal circulation . Contraception & ART RESTRICTED OPEN BOOK . 1x A4 TYPED AID Compiled by AskSia . mapped to the HUBS3511 syllabus . asksia. ai/cheatsheet/uon-hubs3511 17 . Capacitation & Fertilisation IN THE AMPULLA Epididymal maturation (in testis-> duct): sperm gain motility, condensed DNA, zona-binding ability. Capacitation happens in the female tract : cholesterol/inhibitory proteins removed -> +membrane fluidity, 1Ca2+/cAMP -> hyperactivated motility. Only capacitated sperm fertilise. Fertilisation sequence: 1. Cumulus penetration by hyperactivated sperm 2. Zona binding to ZP glycoproteins (classically ZP3) 3. Acrosome reaction - releases acrosin/hyaluronidase to digest the zona 4. Membrane fusion with the oolemma Fusion -> oocyte completes meiosis II > maternal + paternal pronuclei -> fuse -> 2-cell zygote. Mitochondria are maternally inherited (paternal destroyed). Sequence why it matters: capacitation enables hyperactivation; hyperactivation powers cumulus penetration; only zona contact triggers the acrosome reaction (so it cannot fire prematurely) - each step gates the next, securing one sperm into one receptive egg. Fertilisation also restores diploidy via pronuclear fusion. 18 . Blocks to Polyspermy MONOSPERMY Fast block - transient oolemma depolarisation (seconds). Slow block (cortical / zona reaction) - Ca2+ wave > cortical granules harden the zona + alter ZP receptors -> no further sperm bind. Polyspermy -> lethal triploidy. Zona roles: species-specific binding . polyspermy block . embryo protection . implantation timing. Why monospermy matters: two sperm sets -> triploid (3n), which is lethal/non-viable. The cortical (zona) reaction is the durable guarantee; the fast block just buys seconds. The Ca2+ wave that triggers the cortical reaction also activates the egg - restarting meiosis II and beginning development. ICSI works because injecting the sperm reproduces this Ca2+ activation directly. 19 . Pre-Implantation TIMELINE Zygote (d1) -> cleavage (smaller cells, no growth) -> d2 2-cell -> d3 4-8-cell -> d4 morula (solid) > d5 blastocyst (blastocoel + ICM + trophoblast) -> hatches from zona (d5-6) before implanting. Blastocyst: inner cell mass -> embryo; trophoblast > placenta. TRAP: morula = solid; blastocyst = cavity + ICM/trophoblast split. Must hatch before implanting. Anatomical track: ovary -> ampulla (fertilisation) -> oviduct (cleavage) + uterus (arrives ~blastocyst stage). Cilia + smooth muscle move it along; tube blockage (e. g. post-chlamydia) > ectopic risk. Compaction (~d4): blastomeres maximise contact and polarise -> this is the first cell-fate decision, splitting outer cells (> trophectoderm/placenta) from inner cells (-> ICM/embryo). Totipotency is lost as cells specialise. Twinning: two ovulated eggs -> dizygotic (fraternal); one zygote splitting > monozygotic (identical) - timing of the split sets shared membranes. Hatching: the blastocyst enzymatically thins and escapes the zona pellucida (~d5-6); only the now- exposed trophectoderm can contact and adhere to the endometrium. 20. ~DAY 6-7 . 3[29]Source: asksia-cheatsheet-hubs3511.pdf2. Oestrogen priming - +oxytocin receptors + +gap junctions (coordinated contraction) 3. Oxytocin positive feedback (the loop, §26) 4. Prostaglandins - fetal membranes > cervical ripening + +contraction strength TRAP: in humans it is a functional/relative progesterone withdrawal (not always a blood-level drop). Oestrogen primes, it does not directly contract. Contrast: many animals show an absolute progesterone fall before labour. Triggers behind the functional withdrawal: inflammation, placental senescence, uterine distension and fetal/maternal stress (fetal cortisol via the HPA axis) - together they convert a quiescent uterus to a contractile one. 26 . Oxytocin @ Loop THE EXEMPLAR Contraction > fetal head onto cervix > cervical stretch -> brain -> posterior pituitary releases OXYTOCIN > blood -> stronger contraction -> more stretch . . . Self-amplifying; broken only by delivery (the stop signal). Oxytocin from posterior pituitary (made in hypothalamus). Synthetic oxytocin (Syntocinon) = uterotonic to induce/augment labour & prevent PPH. THE textbook positive-feedback example. Contrast: most homeostasis is negative feedback (returns to set-point); this @ loop deliberately runs away from set-point to completion - like the LH surge and the clotting cascade. The afferent limb (cervical stretch > hypothalamus > posterior pituitary) is the Ferguson reflex; oxytocin is the efferent signal that closes the loop on the myometrium. 27 . Stages of Labour 3 STAGES · 1 . Dilation - onset -> full cervical dilation (10 cm); longest · 3 . Placental - delivery of placenta (oxytocin contraction limits bleeding) TRAP: cervix fully dilated at 10 cm. Stage-3 failure > retained placenta / PPH (postpartum haemorrhage, often uterine atony). Stage 1 = latent (slow, to ~6 cm) then active (faster). 28 . Lactation TWO-HORMONE SPLIT Pregnancy: oestrogen (ducts) + progesterone (alveoli) + prolactin prepare the breast, but high progesterone blocks milk synthesis . After birth progesterone falls > brake released. Prolactin (ant. pit. ) MAKES milk (sustained by suckling > ¿dopamine -> +prolactin). Oxytocin (post. pit. ) EJECTS milk (let-down: contracts myoepithelial cells). Don't swap them. Let-down can be conditioned (baby crying) and inhibited by stress. TRAP: retained placental fragments keep progesterone up -> delay lactogenesis. Colostrum (IgA-rich) precedes mature milk. High prolactin during breastfeeding suppresses GnRH > lactational amenorrhoea (a natural, partial fertility brake). Suckling drives both hormones - the more the infant feeds, the more milk is made and ejected (a supply-and-demand loop). 29 . Fetal Circulation 3 SHUNTS Why: lungs fluid-filled, high pulmonary resistance; placenta is the O2 source > bypass lungs + liver. 1. Placenta -> umbilical vein (oxygenated!) > DUCTUS VENOSUS (bypasses liver) > IVC -> right atrium

• 6）我需要你回我 2 个信息，我就能把复习“继续细化到逐题模板”

• 你现在最怕的 2 块是哪两个？（直接选字母就行）

  • A. HPG 轴 + 四曲线周期图（LH surge 正反馈）
  • B. 男/女配子发生对比（Sertoli/Leydig；卵子两次停滞）
  • C. 受孕-多精阻断-囊胚-着床（锁定序列）
  • D. 胎盘转运 + 妊娠激素（hCG/hPL/孕酮转换）
  • E. 胎儿循环 3 shunts + 出生后关闭
  • F. 分娩/泌乳（催产素正反馈；prolactin vs oxytocin）

• 你想要我怎么带你复习：

  • 1）按“简答题标准答案模板”带你逐题写；还是
  • 2）把你的 A4 Memory Aid 直接帮你排版成“最省时可复现”的版本？

• （可选）如果你愿意，我也可以把你选的薄弱模块和常见陷阱“记住”，之后每次你来我就先从那两块开始复习。