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Summary of Cell Biology MCQs

This summary covers key concepts in cell biology presented through a series of multiple-choice questions (MCQs).

Organelles and Their Functions

• Golgi Apparatus: Responsible for packaging and distributing proteins.
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Involved in detoxification and lipid synthesis.
• Nucleolus: Primarily responsible for RNA synthesis.
• Ribosomes: Their role in the cell is protein synthesis.
• Lysosomes:
  • Primary function: Cellular digestion.
  • Enzymes are most active in an acidic environment.
• Centriole: Helps in cell division.
• Spindle Fibers: Responsible for separating sister chromatids during mitosis.
• Mitochondria:
  • Site of the Krebs cycle.
  • Site of oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP.
  • In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle within the mitochondria.

Cell Cycle and Division

• G1 Phase: The phase where the cell grows and performs its normal functions.
• S Phase: Characterized by the duplication of DNA.
• Interphase: The longest phase of the cell cycle.
• Mitosis:
  • Prophase: Chromosomes first become visible.
  • Telophase: The final stage of mitosis.
• Meiosis: Type of cell division responsible for the production of gametes.
• Cytokinesis: Refers to the division of the cytoplasm.
• Binary Fission: The method of cell division used by prokaryotic cells.

Cellular Structures and Molecules

• Nucleus:
  • Found only in eukaryotic cells.
  • Site of transcription in eukaryotic cells.
• Cytoplasm: Site of translation in eukaryotic cells.
• Ribosomes: Found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
• ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): The primary energy currency of the cell.
• mRNA (Messenger RNA): Carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome.
• tRNA (Transfer RNA): Brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation.
• Cell Junctions: Used by cells to interact with other cells.
• Centromere: The region of a chromosome where two chromatids are joined.
• Intermediate Filaments: Cytoskeletal component most involved in maintaining cell shape and resisting mechanical stress.
• Microtubules: The primary component of the mitotic spindle.