PUBH6003 · Health Systems and EconomicsPUBH6003 · 卫生系统与卫生经济学
A core Master of Public Health subject — 12 modules taking you from the WHO six building blocks and the Australian health system through to health financing, economic evaluation and QALYs/DALYs. Assessed by coursework, no formal exam.公共卫生硕士核心课：12 个模块，从 WHO 卫生系统六大模块、澳大利亚卫生系统，一路讲到卫生筹资、经济评价与 QALY/DALY。全程作业评估，无正式期末考。PUBH6003 runs over 12 modules: Module 1 analyses health systems and the WHO six building blocks; Modules 2–6 cover the Australian system, systems thinking, health financing & universal health coverage, the health workforce and primary health care; Modules 7–11 build health economics — scarcity and opportunity cost, demand and supply, equity vs efficiency, and economic evaluation (CBA / CEA / CUA, ICERs, QALYs and DALYs). It is a core subject of Torrens University's Master of Public Health, assessed entirely through coursework — a Case Study Report (35%), a Group Report (40%) and an Online Test (25%) — with <strong>no formal exam</strong>. This guide is built from <strong>45 real PUBH6003 course materials</strong> in the AskSia Library.
PUBH6003 共 12 个模块：模块 1 分析卫生系统与 WHO 六大模块；模块 2–6 涵盖澳大利亚卫生系统、系统思维、卫生筹资与全民健康覆盖、卫生人力与初级卫生保健；模块 7–11 构建卫生经济学 —— 稀缺与机会成本、供给与需求、公平 vs 效率，以及经济评价（CBA / CEA / CUA、ICER、QALY 与 DALY）。它是托伦斯大学公共卫生硕士的核心科目，完全以课程作业评估 —— 案例研究报告（35%）、小组报告（40%）与在线测验（25%）—— <strong>没有正式期末考试</strong>。本指南基于 AskSia Library 中 <strong>45 份真实 PUBH6003 课程材料</strong>整理而成。
Built from 45 real PUBH6003 course materials in the AskSia Library.
由 AskSia Library 中 45 份真实 PUBH6003 课程材料整理而成。
What PUBH6003 is aboutPUBH6003 讲什么
PUBH6003 Health Systems and Economics is a core subject in Torrens University Australia's Master of Public Health (AQF Level 9, 10 credit points, delivered over a 12-week / 12-module duration). The subject has two halves that build on each other. The first half (Modules 1–6) is health systems: it analyses what a health system is and the WHO six building blocks (service delivery, health workforce, information, medical products, financing, and leadership/governance), examines the Australian health system (Medicare, the PBS) against systems in other developed and developing countries, and covers systems thinking and the multisectoral approach, health financing and universal health coverage (raising, pooling and purchasing), the health workforce, and primary health care (rooted in the 1978 Alma-Ata Declaration). The second half (Modules 7–11) is health economics: scarcity, choice, opportunity cost, margin and utility; demand and supply (and why they behave oddly in health care, including supplier-induced demand); equity versus efficiency and the trade-offs between them; and methods of economic evaluation — cost-benefit, cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis, average and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs), and valuing health outcomes with QALYs and DALYs. Module 12 reviews everything as preparation for the test. It is assessed entirely by coursework — an individual Case Study Report, a Group Report and an Online Test — with no formal exam.
PUBH6003《卫生系统与卫生经济学》是托伦斯大学澳大利亚校区公共卫生硕士（AQF 第 9 级，10 学分，12 周 / 12 模块授课）的核心科目。课程分为相互衔接的两半。前半部分（模块 1–6）讲卫生系统：分析什么是卫生系统以及 WHO 提出的六大模块（服务提供、卫生人力、信息、医药产品、筹资、领导与治理），将澳大利亚卫生系统（Medicare、PBS）与其他发达及发展中国家的系统对比，并涵盖系统思维与多部门协作、卫生筹资与全民健康覆盖（筹资、汇集 pooling 与购买 purchasing）、卫生人力，以及源自 1978 年《阿拉木图宣言》的初级卫生保健。后半部分（模块 7–11）讲卫生经济学：稀缺、选择、机会成本、边际与效用；供给与需求（以及为何它们在卫生领域表现异常，包括供方诱导需求）；公平与效率及二者的权衡；以及经济评价方法 —— 成本效益分析、成本效果分析与成本效用分析、平均与增量成本效果比（ICER），并用 QALY 与 DALY 衡量健康产出。模块 12 复习全部内容以备测验。本课完全以课程作业评估 —— 一份个人案例研究报告、一份小组报告与一次在线测验 —— 没有正式期末考试。
The PUBH6003 syllabus, topic by topicPUBH6003 大纲 · 逐个主题
Analysis of health systems and the building blocks卫生系统分析与六大模块
What a health system is, its objectives and functions, and the types and evolution of systems — grounded in the World Health Report 2000. Introduces the WHO six building blocks (service delivery; health workforce; information; medical products, vaccines & technologies; financing; leadership/governance) and why strengthening them improves health outcomes.
什么是卫生系统、其目标与功能，以及系统的类型与演变 —— 以《2000 年世界卫生报告》为基础。引入 WHO 六大模块（服务提供；卫生人力；信息；医药产品、疫苗与技术；筹资；领导与治理），并说明为何强化这些模块能改善健康结果。
The Australian health care system澳大利亚卫生系统
How Australia organises and finances health care, including the purpose, function and role of Medicare and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS). Compares and contrasts the Australian system with other developed and developing countries to explain differences in access and health outcomes.
澳大利亚如何组织与筹资卫生服务，包括 Medicare 与药品福利计划（PBS）的目的、功能与角色。将澳大利亚系统与其他发达及发展中国家对比，解释获取与健康结果的差异。
Systems thinking and the multisectoral approach系统思维与多部门协作
Systems thinking as a paradigm shift for tackling complex, interconnected health problems. How a multisectoral approach is applied to find solutions that no single sector can deliver alone.
系统思维作为应对复杂、相互关联的卫生问题的范式转变。如何运用多部门协作，找到任何单一部门都无法独自实现的解决方案。
Health financing and universal health coverage (UHC)卫生筹资与全民健康覆盖（UHC）
The three core financing functions — raising revenue (government budgets, prepaid insurance, out-of-pocket, external aid), pooling of prepaid funds, and purchasing of services — and how they determine progress toward universal health coverage. Includes comparing health expenditure across OECD countries.
三大筹资职能 —— 筹集收入（政府预算、预付保险、自付、外部援助）、汇集（pooling）预付资金、购买（purchasing）服务 —— 以及它们如何决定迈向全民健康覆盖的进程。包含跨 OECD 国家卫生支出的比较。
Health workforce: education, competencies and migration卫生人力：教育、能力与迁移
Human resources for health — clinical and non-clinical staff — as a building block. Education and training, the competencies required of a public health workforce, the Australian workforce, the demand-supply gap, and the international migration of health personnel (and the WHO Code of Practice on recruitment).
作为模块之一的卫生人力（人力资源）—— 临床与非临床人员。教育与培训、公共卫生人力所需的能力、澳大利亚卫生人力、供需缺口，以及卫生人员的国际迁移（及 WHO 关于招聘的行为守则）。
Primary health care初级卫生保健
Primary health care rooted in the 1978 Alma-Ata Declaration and health as a fundamental human right. Its definition, objectives, components, organisation and functions in Australia, the scope of practice for nurses, and its role in achieving universal health coverage.
源自 1978 年《阿拉木图宣言》、以健康为基本人权的初级卫生保健。其定义、目标、组成、在澳大利亚的组织与功能、护士的执业范围，以及其在实现全民健康覆盖中的作用。
Key concepts and principles of health economics卫生经济学的核心概念与原理
Foundations of economics and health economics: economy and markets, scarcity, choice and opportunity cost, the margin, utility, and a first look at efficiency and equity. Sets up the rest of the economics modules.
经济学与卫生经济学的基础：经济与市场、稀缺、选择与机会成本、边际、效用，以及对效率与公平的初步认识。为后续经济学模块奠定基础。
Demand and supply in health care卫生服务中的供给与需求
Demand, supply and market equilibrium; determinants of each and elasticity of demand. Why standard demand-supply analysis is problematic in health care, the phenomenon of supplier-induced demand, and the drivers of rising demand for health services.
需求、供给与市场均衡；各自的决定因素与需求弹性。为何标准供需分析在卫生领域存在问题、供方诱导需求（supplier-induced demand）现象，以及卫生服务需求上升的驱动因素。
Equity and efficiency in health care provision卫生服务提供中的公平与效率
Definitions and types of efficiency (e.g. technical and allocative) and equity (horizontal and vertical), how they apply in health care settings under resource scarcity, and the potential trade-offs between equity and efficiency.
效率（如技术效率与配置效率）与公平（横向与纵向公平）的定义和类型、它们在资源稀缺下如何应用于卫生场景，以及公平与效率之间可能的权衡。
Methods of economic evaluation — Part 1 (CBA, CEA, CUA)经济评价方法 · 第一部分（CBA、CEA、CUA）
Economic evaluation as a comparative analysis of two or more alternatives, weighing costs against consequences. The three main types — cost-benefit (BCR), cost-effectiveness (ACER and incremental ICER), and cost-utility analysis — and the four steps of an evaluation.
经济评价作为对两个或更多备选方案的比较分析，权衡成本与产出。三种主要类型 —— 成本效益分析（BCR）、成本效果分析（ACER 与增量 ICER）、成本效用分析 —— 以及经济评价的四个步骤。
Methods of economic evaluation — Part 2 (QALYs & DALYs)经济评价方法 · 第二部分（QALY 与 DALY）
Measuring health consequences (mortality, morbidity, intermediate and process measures) and valuing health outcomes. Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY = YLL + YLD), the differences and limitations of each, and the WHO concept of 'best buys'.
衡量健康产出（死亡率、发病率、中间指标与过程指标）与对健康产出赋值。质量调整生命年（QALY）与失能调整生命年（DALY = YLL + YLD）、二者的差异与局限，以及 WHO 的「最佳投资（best buys）」概念。
Review of all modules (test preparation)全模块复习（测验备考）
A consolidating review across Modules 1–11 that links health systems, the building blocks, financing, the workforce and primary health care to the economics half — opportunity cost, demand and supply, equity vs efficiency and economic evaluation — in direct preparation for the Online Test.
对模块 1–11 的综合复习，将卫生系统、六大模块、筹资、人力与初级卫生保健，与经济学部分（机会成本、供给与需求、公平 vs 效率、经济评价）串联起来，直接为在线测验做准备。
How PUBH6003 is assessedPUBH6003 怎么考核
Final exam: No期末考试：无| Component考核项 | Weight占比 | Note说明 |
|---|---|---|
| Assessment 1 — Case Study Report (individual)评估 1 — 案例研究报告（个人） | 35% | Due Week 5. An individual case study report (~1,500 words, +/- 10%) applying systems thinking and the health-system building blocks to a chosen country context/setting on a public health issue. Assesses SLOs a, b and c.第 5 周提交。个人案例研究报告（约 1,500 字，±10%），将系统思维与卫生系统六大模块应用于所选国家/情境中的某一公共卫生议题。考核学习目标 a、b、c。 |
| Assessment 2 — Report (group)评估 2 — 报告（小组） | 40% | Due Week 10. A group report summary (~1,200 words, +/- 10%). The largest-weighted task. Assesses SLOs a, b, c and d.第 10 周提交。小组报告摘要（约 1,200 字，±10%）。权重最高的任务。考核学习目标 a、b、c、d。 |
| Assessment 3 — Online Test (individual)评估 3 — 在线测验（个人） | 25% | Wednesday of Week 12. A 30-minute individual online test that may include MCQ, true/false, short answer and calculations. Sat via Respondus LockDown Browser + webcam. Covers all SLOs (a–e). This is an in-subject online test, not a formal end-of-term exam.第 12 周周三。30 分钟的个人在线测验，可能包含选择题、判断题、简答与计算题。通过 Respondus LockDown Browser 加摄像头监考完成。覆盖全部学习目标（a–e）。这是课内在线测验，而非正式期末考试。 |
100% coursework — Case Study Report (35%, individual, Week 5), Group Report (40%, Week 10) and an Online Test (25%, individual, Wednesday Week 12). The 30-minute online test may include MCQ, true/false, short answer and calculations, sat under Respondus LockDown Browser + webcam — but there is no formal end-of-term exam (the Master of Public Health states 'There are no formal exams').
100% 课程作业 —— 案例研究报告（35%，个人，第 5 周）、小组报告（40%，第 10 周）与在线测验（25%，个人，第 12 周周三）。30 分钟的在线测验可能包含选择题、判断题、简答与计算题，需通过 Respondus LockDown Browser 加摄像头监考 —— 但没有正式期末考试（公共卫生硕士明确说明「没有正式考试」）。
When each PUBH6003 task is duePUBH6003 各项考核时间
Test yourself: PUBH6003 practice questions自测一下：PUBH6003 练习题
- Service delivery; health workforce; information; medical products, vaccines & technologies; financing; leadership/governance
- Hospitals; doctors; nurses; medicines; insurance; ministers
- Prevention; diagnosis; treatment; rehabilitation; palliation; research
- Equity; efficiency; access; quality; safety; sustainability
- 服务提供；卫生人力；信息；医药产品、疫苗与技术；筹资；领导与治理
- 医院；医生；护士；药品；保险；部长
- 预防；诊断；治疗；康复；姑息；研究
- 公平；效率；可及性；质量；安全；可持续性
Show answer查看答案
- Accumulating prepaid funds on behalf of a population so financial risk is shared, not borne by individuals at the point of use
- Charging patients out-of-pocket fees each time they use a service
- Negotiating the price the government pays providers for services
- Deciding which health services a country chooses to cover
- 代表人群积累预付资金，使财务风险被共担，而非在使用时由个人独自承担
- 每次使用服务时向患者收取自付费用
- 就政府向服务方支付的价格进行谈判
- 决定一个国家选择覆盖哪些卫生服务
Show answer查看答案
- $10,000 per additional life-year
- $6,250 per life-year
- $5,000 per life-year
- $200,000 per life-year
- 每多挽回一个生命年 10,000 美元
- 每生命年 6,250 美元
- 每生命年 5,000 美元
- 每生命年 200,000 美元
Show answer查看答案
Key assessment-style questions in PUBH6003PUBH6003 核心考核风格题
A worked PUBH6003 problemPUBH6003 例题
Cost-effectiveness: deriving an Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER)成本效果：推导增量成本效果比（ICER）
A health department must choose between two interventions to reduce premature deaths from a disease. Programme A costs $400,000 and gains 80 life-years. Programme B (a newer alternative) costs $600,000 and gains 120 life-years. (i) Find the average cost-effectiveness ratio (ACER) for each programme. (ii) Treating A as the comparator, find the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of switching to B. (iii) If the decision-maker's willingness-to-pay threshold is $6,000 per life-year gained, which programme should be funded?
某卫生部门需在两项可减少某疾病过早死亡的干预之间作选择。方案 A 成本 40 万美元，挽回 80 个生命年；方案 B（较新的备选）成本 60 万美元，挽回 120 个生命年。(i) 分别求两个方案的平均成本效果比（ACER）。(ii) 以 A 为比较对象，求改用 B 的增量成本效果比（ICER）。(iii) 若决策者的支付意愿阈值为每挽回一个生命年 6,000 美元，应资助哪个方案？
ACER = total cost / total health outcome. Programme A: $400,000 / 80 = $5,000 per life-year. Programme B: $600,000 / 120 = $5,000 per life-year — identical on average, so an ACER comparison alone cannot separate them. The decision turns on the *incremental* analysis. ICER = (Cost_B − Cost_A) / (Effect_B − Effect_A) = ($600,000 − $400,000) / (120 − 80) = $200,000 / 40 = $5,000 per additional life-year gained. Because the incremental cost of moving from A to B ($5,000/life-year) is below the $6,000 threshold, the extra 40 life-years that B delivers are 'worth buying': Programme B is the cost-effective choice. The worked logic mirrors the module's point that economic evaluation is comparative — you never judge an option in isolation, and you weigh the *extra* cost against the *extra* benefit, not just the cheapest sticker price. (Note: this is cost-effectiveness analysis, with outcomes in natural units (life-years); had outcomes been in QALYs it would be cost-utility analysis.)
ACER = 总成本 / 总健康产出。方案 A：400,000 / 80 = 每生命年 5,000 美元。方案 B：600,000 / 120 = 每生命年 5,000 美元 —— 两者平均值相同，因此仅靠 ACER 比较无法区分。决策取决于*增量*分析。ICER =（成本_B − 成本_A）/（效果_B − 效果_A）=（600,000 − 400,000）/（120 − 80）= 200,000 / 40 = 每多挽回一个生命年 5,000 美元。由于从 A 改为 B 的增量成本（每生命年 5,000 美元）低于 6,000 美元阈值，B 多带来的 40 个生命年「值得购买」：方案 B 是具成本效果的选择。此推导呼应本模块要点 —— 经济评价是比较性的：永远不孤立评判单一方案，而是权衡*增量*成本与*增量*收益，而非只看最低标价。（注：此为成本效果分析，产出以自然单位（生命年）计；若产出以 QALY 计，则属成本效用分析。）
PUBH6003 glossaryPUBH6003 术语表
- Health system卫生系统
- The organisations, people and resources whose primary purpose is to promote, restore or maintain health within a population.
- 以促进、恢复或维护人群健康为首要目的机构、人员与资源的总体。
- Health economics卫生经济学
- The branch of economics concerned with how scarce resources are allocated to and within the health sector.
- 研究稀缺资源如何配置到卫生部门以及在其内部分配的经济学分支。
- Health expenditure卫生支出
- Total spending on health goods and services by governments, insurers and individuals over a period.
- 政府、保险机构与个人在一定时期内用于卫生商品和服务的总支出。
- Health financing卫生筹资
- The function of raising, pooling and allocating funds to pay for health services.
- 为支付卫生服务而筹集、汇集（pooling）与分配资金的职能。
- Health policy卫生政策
- Decisions, plans and actions undertaken to achieve specific health-care goals within a society.
- 为实现社会内特定卫生目标而采取的决策、计划与行动。
- Stewardship治理 / 监管职能（stewardship）
- Government's oversight role in setting direction, regulation and accountability for the whole health system.
- 政府对整个卫生系统设定方向、进行监管并问责的统筹监督角色。
- Resource allocation资源配置
- The process of deciding how limited health resources are distributed across competing needs and programs.
- 决定如何在相互竞争的需求与项目之间分配有限卫生资源的过程。
- Public health program公共卫生项目
- An organised set of activities designed to improve health outcomes for a defined population.
- 为改善特定人群健康结果而设计的一套有组织的活动。
- Equity公平性
- Fairness in the distribution of health resources and access across different population groups.
- 卫生资源分配与获取在不同人群之间的公平程度。
- Universal Health Coverage (UHC)全民健康覆盖（UHC）
- Ensuring all people can access needed health services without suffering financial hardship.
- 确保所有人都能获得所需卫生服务，且不因此遭受经济困难。
- WHO six building blocksWHO 六大模块
- The WHO framework describing a health system as six components: service delivery; health workforce; information; medical products, vaccines & technologies; financing; and leadership/governance.
- WHO 将卫生系统描述为六个组成部分的框架：服务提供；卫生人力；信息；医药产品、疫苗与技术；筹资；领导与治理。
- Pooling (of funds)资金汇集（pooling）
- The accumulation of prepaid health funds on behalf of a population so that financial risk is shared rather than borne by individuals at the point of use.
- 代表人群积累预付卫生资金，使财务风险被共担，而非在使用时由个人独自承担。
- Opportunity cost机会成本
- The value of the next-best alternative forgone when scarce resources are committed to one use — the core economic reason evaluation is needed.
- 当稀缺资源投入某一用途时所放弃的次优备选方案的价值 —— 这正是需要经济评价的核心经济学理由。
- Supplier-induced demand供方诱导需求
- Demand for health services created by providers (who hold superior information) beyond what an informed patient would have chosen — a reason standard demand-supply analysis is problematic in health care.
- 由（掌握信息优势的）服务提供方制造的、超出知情患者本会选择的卫生服务需求 —— 标准供需分析在卫生领域失灵的原因之一。
- Economic evaluation (CBA / CEA / CUA)经济评价（CBA / CEA / CUA）
- Comparative analysis weighing the costs of two or more alternatives against their consequences. Cost-benefit (CBA) values outcomes in money (benefit-cost ratio); cost-effectiveness (CEA) uses natural units like life-years; cost-utility (CUA) uses QALYs/DALYs.
- 权衡两个或更多备选方案的成本与产出的比较分析。成本效益（CBA）以货币衡量产出（效益成本比）；成本效果（CEA）使用生命年等自然单位；成本效用（CUA）使用 QALY/DALY。
- Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER)增量成本效果比（ICER）
- The difference in cost between two alternatives divided by the difference in effect: (Cost_B − Cost_A) / (Effect_B − Effect_A). Compared against a willingness-to-pay threshold to judge value for money.
- 两个备选方案的成本之差除以效果之差：（成本_B − 成本_A）/（效果_B − 效果_A）。与支付意愿阈值比较，以判断其性价比。
- QALY / DALYQALY / DALY
- Summary measures of health. A Quality-Adjusted Life Year weights life-years by quality (0 = death, 1 = full health). A Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY = Years of Life Lost + Years Lived with Disability) measures healthy time lost (0 = full health, 1 = death).
- 健康的综合衡量指标。质量调整生命年（QALY）按生活质量对生命年加权（0 = 死亡，1 = 完全健康）。失能调整生命年（DALY = 寿命损失年 + 失能生存年）衡量损失的健康时间（0 = 完全健康，1 = 死亡）。
PUBH6003 — common questionsPUBH6003 常见问题
How is PUBH6003 assessed?PUBH6003 怎么考核？
Does PUBH6003 have a final exam?PUBH6003 有期末考试吗？
What does PUBH6003 actually cover?PUBH6003 到底学什么？
Where does PUBH6003 sit in the Master of Public Health?PUBH6003 在公共卫生硕士里属于什么位置？
Is AskSia allowed under Torrens University's academic integrity policy?托伦斯大学的学术诚信政策允许使用 AskSia 吗？
Other Torrens course guides托伦斯 其他课程指南
AskSia is an independent study aid and is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Torrens University Australia. Course details may change — always confirm against the official handbook. Read about how this guide is built. AskSia 是独立的学习辅助工具，与托伦斯大学没有任何隶属、背书或赞助关系。课程信息可能变动，请始终以官方 handbook 为准。了解本指南的编写方法。