PPMN90056 · Business and GovernmentPPMN90056 · 商业与政府关系（公共政策）
A graduate public-policy elective on how business and government shape each other — assessed entirely by coursework, no final exam.一门关于「商业如何塑造政府、政府如何塑造商业」的研究生公共政策选修课 · 全程作业评估 · 无期末考试PPMN90056 (Melbourne School of Government) asks three cross-cutting questions about the roles, power and practical implications of business in the work of government, worked through three thematic clusters: business in public policy making, in public service delivery, and in public interest regulation. Across eight weekly modules it moves from lobbying and structural and ideational power, through privatised service delivery and business–community partnerships, to business self-regulation and multi-stakeholder regulation. This page summarises what the subject actually covers and exactly how it is assessed — built from 96 real PPMN90056 course materials in the AskSia Library.
PPMN90056（墨尔本政府学院开设）围绕三个贯穿全程的核心问题展开——商业在政府工作中扮演的角色、所凭借的权力、以及由此带来的实践意义——并组织为三个主题板块：商业与公共政策制定、商业与公共服务供给、商业与公共利益监管。八周模块依次涵盖游说、结构性权力与观念性权力，私有化的公共服务供给与商业—社区伙伴关系，以及商业自我监管与多方利益相关者监管。本页梳理这门课真正讲什么、具体如何评分——内容基于 AskSia Library 中 96 份真实 PPMN90056 课程资料整理而成。
Built from 96 real PPMN90056 course materials in the AskSia Library.
基于AskSia Library 中 96 份真实 PPMN90056 课程资料整理而成。
What PPMN90056 is aboutPPMN90056 讲什么
PPMN90056 Business and Government is a 12.5-point graduate subject in the Master of Public Policy and Management at the Melbourne School of Government. Its central aim is to build a strong critical understanding of how contemporary business influences and directly participates in the traditional work of government. The subject is built around three cross-cutting questions — what roles business plays in policy and political processes, what sources of power it draws on, and what the practical implications are for facilitating and regulating those roles — and works them through three thematic clusters: business in public policy making (lobbying, structural power, the power of ideas), business in public service delivery (privatised delivery and business–community partnerships), and business in public interest regulation (self-regulation and multi-stakeholder regulation). Throughout, it examines how these roles and power relations vary across countries, economic sectors and over time, and interrogates from a normative perspective how they enable or constrain fair, democratic and public-interest policy making. By the end, students should be able to explain the theoretical, practical and normative implications of business–government relationships, compare them across contexts, and design public policy proposals to solve real regulatory dilemmas. It is assessed entirely through coursework — a class-preparation stream plus a cumulative case study → policy report → oral defence sequence — with no final examination.
PPMN90056《商业与政府关系》是墨尔本政府学院「公共政策与管理硕士」项目下的一门 12.5 学分研究生课程。课程的核心目标是建立对「当代商业如何影响并直接参与政府传统职能」的深刻批判性理解。课程围绕三个贯穿全程的核心问题展开——商业在政策与政治过程中扮演什么角色、凭借哪些权力来源、以及对如何促成和规制这些角色有何实践意义——并落实为三个主题板块：商业与公共政策制定（游说、结构性权力、观念的力量）、商业与公共服务供给（私有化供给与商业—社区伙伴关系）、商业与公共利益监管（自我监管与多方利益相关者监管）。课程始终关注这些角色与权力关系如何因国家、经济部门和时期而不同，并从规范性视角审视它们如何促进或制约公平、民主、合乎公共利益的政策制定。修读完成后，学生应能阐释商业—政府关系的理论、实践与规范性意涵，跨情境进行比较，并设计公共政策方案以解决真实的监管难题。课程完全以作业评估——一条课堂准备主线，加上案例分析→政策报告→口头答辩这一层层递进的链条——没有期末考试。
The PPMN90056 syllabus, topic by topicPPMN90056 大纲 · 逐个主题
Week 1 — Business and the work of government (the three thematic clusters)第 1 周 — 商业与政府的工作（三大主题板块总览）
The framing week. Introduces the subject's three cross-cutting questions (roles, power, practical implications) and the three thematic clusters that follow: business in public policy making, in public service delivery, and in public interest regulation.
搭框架的一周。引入课程三个贯穿全程的核心问题（角色、权力、实践意义），以及随后展开的三大主题板块：商业与公共政策制定、与公共服务供给、与公共利益监管。
Week 2 — The power of business lobbying (instrumental power)第 2 周 — 商业游说的力量（工具性权力）
What lobbying is, the concrete strategies business uses, and when lobbying succeeds or fails across different governance environments. Anchored by the Australian Mining Tax case — the campaign against the Rudd government's proposed resource rent tax — and questions about regulating lobbying to protect the public interest.
游说是什么、商业使用哪些具体策略、以及在不同治理环境下游说何时成功或失败。以澳大利亚矿业税案为锚——矿业公司针对陆克文政府拟议资源租金税的反对运动——并探讨如何规制游说以保护公共利益。
Week 3 — Policy influence and structural power第 3 周 — 政策影响与结构性权力
Structural power as the ability of firms to 'get their own way' without overt lobbying, because the rules of the game are loaded in their favour. Concepts and evolving debates (from Lindblom onward), and how structural and instrumental power interact, illustrated by a banking-and-finance case study.
结构性权力——企业无需公开游说也能「如愿以偿」，因为博弈规则本就对其有利。梳理相关概念与不断演进的争论（自林德布洛姆以降），以及结构性权力与工具性权力如何相互作用，并以银行与金融业案例加以说明。
Week 4 — Policy influence and the power of ideas (ideational/discursive power)第 4 周 — 政策影响与观念的力量（观念性／话语性权力）
The 'softer' power exercised through the strategic mobilisation of information, ideas and perceived expertise — from corporate advertising on tax, health and the environment to technical economic and scientific regulation. How ideational power interacts with instrumental and structural power, and how it can be kept proportionate.
通过对信息、观念与所谓专业性的策略性动员而行使的「更柔性」权力——从企业在税收、健康、环境议题上的公关广告，到技术性的经济与科学监管。观念性权力如何与工具性、结构性权力相互作用，以及如何使其保持适度。
Week 5 — Private business and public service delivery第 5 周 — 私营企业与公共服务供给
The role of for-profit business in delivering public services and infrastructure — e.g. private prisons, privatised water, private immigration detention — and how such arrangements can be enabled, limited and regulated to protect the public interest, service equity and democratic accountability.
营利性企业在公共服务与基础设施供给中的角色——如私营监狱、私有化水务、私营移民拘留——以及如何促成、约束并规制这类安排，以保护公共利益、服务公平与民主问责。
Week 6 — Business–community partnerships and corporate social responsibility第 6 周 — 商业—社区伙伴关系与企业社会责任
Mapping business social responsibility and community partnerships: how CSR programs and business–community partnerships are designed, implemented and regulated, and what they mean for the public interest and democratic accountability.
梳理企业社会责任与社区伙伴关系：CSR 项目和商业—社区伙伴关系如何设计、实施与规制，以及它们对公共利益与民主问责意味着什么。
Week 7 — Business as a regulator (self-regulation and co-regulation)第 7 周 — 作为监管者的商业（自我监管与共同监管）
Varieties of business self-regulation across sectors (clothing and electronics, agricultural commodities, junk-food and pharmaceutical marketing, banking, chemical safety), the rationales for it, and debates over its effectiveness — plus how government 'co-regulation' or 'meta-regulation' can strengthen it.
跨行业的企业自我监管类型（服装与电子产品、农产品、垃圾食品与药品营销、银行业、化工安全）、其背后的动因，以及关于其有效性的争论——并探讨政府如何通过「共同监管」或「元监管」加以强化。
Week 8 — Collaborative / multi-stakeholder business regulation第 8 周 — 协作式／多方利益相关者的商业监管
Multi-stakeholder regulatory systems in which government, business and NGOs jointly tackle cross-border problems (labour rights, environmental protection, anti-corruption). Debating their regulatory effectiveness and procedural legitimacy amid conflicting interests and power imbalances — the capstone topic.
由政府、商业与 NGO 共同应对跨境问题（劳工权利、环境保护、反腐败）的多方利益相关者监管体系。在利益冲突与权力失衡之下，辩论其监管有效性与程序正当性——本课的收尾主题。
Cross-cutting — Roles, power and practical implications贯穿主题 — 角色、权力与实践意义
The three questions revisited in every topic: what roles business plays in the work of government, what sources of power (instrumental, structural, ideational) it draws on, and the practical implications for facilitating and regulating those roles in the public interest.
在每个主题中反复回到的三个问题：商业在政府工作中扮演什么角色、凭借哪些权力来源（工具性、结构性、观念性），以及在保护公共利益的前提下促成与规制这些角色的实践意义。
Cross-cutting — Comparative and international variation贯穿主题 — 比较与国际差异
Why business–government relations differ across countries, economic sectors and over time, and across local, national and international levels — including countries with different political and economic systems of governance and social power.
为什么商业—政府关系会因国家、经济部门和时期而不同，并在地方、国家与国际层面之间存在差异——包括拥有不同政治与经济治理体系、不同社会权力结构的国家。
Cross-cutting — Normative evaluation and the public interest贯穿主题 — 规范性评估与公共利益
Interrogating, from a normative perspective, how varying dynamics of power and responsibility enable or constrain fair and democratic policy-making processes and public-interest regulation — the evaluative lens the assessment tasks are built around.
从规范性视角审视：不同的权力与责任格局如何促进或制约公平、民主的政策制定过程和公共利益监管——这也是课程作业所围绕的评价视角。
How PPMN90056 is assessedPPMN90056 怎么考核
Final exam: No期末考试：无| Component考核项 | Weight占比 | Note说明 |
|---|---|---|
| Class preparation activities课堂准备活动 | 10% | Weekly, equivalent to 500 words across the teaching period.每周进行，整个教学期合计相当于 500 字的工作量。 |
| Case study analysis案例研究分析 | 30% | 1500 words, due around 5 weeks from the start of the teaching period.1500 字，约在教学期开始后第 5 周提交。 |
| Policy report政策报告 | 40% | 2000 words, due about 2 weeks after the teaching period ends. The largest single component.2000 字，约在教学期结束后 2 周提交，是占比最大的单项作业。 |
| Oral defence of policy report政策报告口头答辩 | 20% | Equivalent to 1000 words, around 4 weeks after the teaching period ends. An interactive oral task defending your policy report.工作量相当于 1000 字，约在教学期结束后 4 周进行——这是一项就你的政策报告进行的互动式口头答辩。 |
100% coursework — no final exam. Class preparation 10% + Case study analysis 30% + Policy report 40% + Oral defence of the policy report 20%.
100% 平时作业，无期末考试。课堂准备 10% + 案例分析 30% + 政策报告 40% + 政策报告口头答辩 20%。
When each PPMN90056 task is duePPMN90056 各项考核时间
Test yourself: PPMN90056 practice questions自测一下：PPMN90056 练习题
- Its structural power — power flowing from the firm's economic position in the economy
- Its instrumental power — lobbyists, donations and advertising spend
- Its legal right to challenge policy in court
- Its formal voting rights in parliament
- 它的结构性权力——源于企业在经济中所处经济地位的权力
- 它的工具性权力——说客、政治献金与广告投入
- 它在法院挑战政策的法律权利
- 它在议会中的正式投票权
Show answer查看答案
- Revolving doors and personnel exchanges between government and industry
- Anticipated disinvestment that makes policymakers soften policy on their own
- A firm's share of national GDP
- Multi-stakeholder NGO monitoring of labour standards
- 政府与产业之间的「旋转门」与人员交流
- 对撤资的预期使政策制定者自行软化政策
- 企业在国民 GDP 中所占的份额
- 多方利益相关者 NGO 对劳工标准的监督
Show answer查看答案
- Whether the initiative's governance, monitoring and enforcement deliver effective AND procedurally legitimate regulation
- How much the firm spent on political advertising
- Whether the firm holds a structural-power advantage in the economy
- Whether the case has a final-exam question attached to it
- 该倡议的治理、监督与执行能否实现既有效又在程序上正当的监管
- 该企业在政治广告上花了多少钱
- 该企业是否在经济中拥有结构性权力优势
- 该案例是否附带一道期末考试题
Show answer查看答案
Key assessment-style questions in PPMN90056PPMN90056 核心考核风格题
A worked PPMN90056 problemPPMN90056 例题
Diagnosing business power in a lobbying episode (the resource-rent-tax pattern)诊断一次游说事件中的商业权力（资源租金税式的分析范式）
A national government announces a new tax on a highly profitable extractive industry. The industry responds with a large, coordinated public-advertising and lobbying campaign, and within months the proposal is heavily watered down. A classmate concludes simply that 'the companies bought the outcome with lobbying spend.' Using the subject's framework, give a fuller account: which sources of power are at work, and how would you weigh them?
某国政府宣布对一个利润极高的采掘业征收新税。该行业以大规模、协调一致的公关广告与游说运动回应，数月内提案被大幅削弱。一位同学简单地断言「这些公司是用游说支出买下了结果」。请用本课的分析框架给出更完整的解释：其中起作用的是哪些权力来源，又该如何权衡？
Separate the sources of power before judging the outcome. (1) Instrumental power — the deliberate, resource-based strategies: the advertising spend, paid lobbyists, and access to ministers and committees (Week 2). (2) Structural power — the firms' position in the economy means government anticipates that disinvestment or capital flight would hurt growth, revenue and jobs, so it may soften the policy even before any campaign; the rules of the game are already tilted (Week 3). (3) Ideational/discursive power — the campaign also reshapes how the issue is framed (e.g. 'a tax that kills investment and jobs'), shifting the terms of debate (Week 4). The mature view (Culpepper & Reinke's poker analogy) is that these interact: structural power is the cards in the firm's hand, instrumental power is how those cards are played. Lindblom's Politics and Markets supports treating business as more than just another interest group, but the negotiated-politics view stresses that outcomes are not pre-determined — government retains strategic resources. A strong answer therefore (a) names each power type with concrete evidence from the case, (b) shows how they amplify one another rather than treating lobbying spend alone as causal, and (c) closes with a normative judgement and a practical implication — e.g. what lobbying-transparency or co-regulation reform would make the process more democratic and public-interest-serving. That move from diagnosis to normative judgement to a designed policy response is exactly the case-study-to-policy-report logic the assessments reward.
在评判结果之前，先把权力来源拆开。(1) 工具性权力——刻意的、依赖资源的策略：广告投放、雇佣的说客、对部长与委员会的接触渠道（第 2 周）。(2) 结构性权力——这些企业在经济中的地位使政府预期撤资或资本外流会损害增长、税收与就业，因此即便没有任何运动，政府也可能先行软化政策；博弈规则本就倾斜（第 3 周）。(3) 观念性／话语性权力——运动还重塑了议题的框定方式（如「一项扼杀投资与就业的税」），改变了辩论的基调（第 4 周）。成熟的观点（Culpepper 与 Reinke 的扑克类比）认为三者相互作用：结构性权力是企业手中的牌，工具性权力是如何出这手牌。林德布洛姆《政治与市场》支持把商业视为不止是众多利益集团中的一个，但「协商式政治」的观点强调结果并非注定——政府仍保有战略性资源。因此，高分答案应当：(a) 用案例中的具体证据指出每一种权力类型，(b) 说明它们如何相互放大，而不是把游说支出单独当作因果，(c) 以规范性判断与实践意义收尾——例如何种游说透明度改革或共同监管能让过程更民主、更合乎公共利益。这一从诊断到规范性判断、再到设计政策回应的推进，正是课程作业所奖励的「案例分析→政策报告」逻辑。
PPMN90056 glossaryPPMN90056 术语表
- Business–government relations商业—政府关系
- The interactions, roles and power dynamics between firms and the state that shape policy and regulation — the core subject of PPMN90056.
- 企业与国家之间影响政策与监管的互动、角色与权力关系，是 PPMN90056 的核心主题。
- Public policy formation公共政策形成
- The process by which issues become policy, including how business interests enter and shape that process.
- 议题转化为政策的过程，包括商业利益如何进入并影响这一过程。
- Regulation监管
- Government rules constraining or guiding business conduct, here especially in the social and environmental domains.
- 政府约束或引导企业行为的规则，本课尤其关注社会与环境领域的监管。
- Policy report政策报告
- A structured 2000-word document recommending and justifying a course of policy action — the 40% assessment task.
- 一份结构化的 2000 字文件，提出并论证某项政策行动方案，对应占 40% 的作业。
- Oral defence口头答辩
- An interactive task in which you verbally justify and answer questions on your policy report.
- 一项互动任务，你需要口头为自己的政策报告辩护并回答提问。
- Comparative policy analysis比较政策分析
- Comparing business–government relationships across countries, sectors and time using shared conceptual tools.
- 运用共同的概念工具，比较不同国家、行业与时期的商业—政府关系。
- Normative analysis规范性分析
- Evaluating what business–government relationships ought to be, as distinct from describing what they are.
- 评估商业与政府关系「应当」如何，区别于单纯描述它「实际」如何。
- Public services and infrastructure delivery公共服务与基础设施供给
- The provision of public services and infrastructure, often involving business, including public–private arrangements.
- 公共服务与基础设施的供给，常涉及企业参与，包括公私合作安排。
- Instrumental power工具性权力
- Power exercised through deliberate, resource-based strategies such as lobbying, campaign contributions, advertising and access to officials. In Culpepper & Reinke's analogy, it is how a firm 'plays its cards'.
- 通过游说、政治献金、广告、接触官员等刻意的、依赖资源的策略所行使的权力。在 Culpepper 与 Reinke 的类比中，它指企业「如何出牌」。
- Structural power结构性权力
- The ability of firms to obtain favourable policy without overt lobbying, because their position in the economy means government anticipates harm (e.g. disinvestment) and adjusts policy in their favour — the 'cards in the firm's hand'.
- 企业无需公开游说便能获得有利政策的能力——因其在经济中的地位使政府预期受损（如撤资）而主动让步，即「企业手中的牌」。
- Ideational / discursive power观念性／话语性权力
- Softer influence wielded by strategically mobilising information, ideas and perceived expertise to reframe how a policy issue is understood — distinct from, but interacting with, instrumental and structural power.
- 通过策略性地动员信息、观念与所谓专业性来重塑议题理解方式而行使的较柔性影响——区别于工具性与结构性权力，但与之相互作用。
- Business lobbying商业游说
- Business efforts to influence government decisions, from corporate political advertising to participation in expert committees; whether it succeeds varies across governance environments.
- 商业为影响政府决策所做的努力，从企业政治广告到参与专家委员会；其成败因治理环境而异。
- Self-regulation自我监管
- Programs through which firms or industries regulate their own social and environmental conduct (e.g. voluntary standards, ethical labelling), with debated effectiveness and legitimacy.
- 企业或行业自行规范其社会与环境行为的方案（如自愿标准、伦理标签），其有效性与正当性存在争议。
- Co-regulation / meta-regulation共同监管／元监管
- Arrangements in which government intervention amplifies and strengthens business self-regulation, rather than replacing it with purely coercive rules.
- 政府介入以放大并强化企业自我监管的安排，而非以纯粹强制性的规则取而代之。
- Multi-stakeholder regulation多方利益相关者监管
- Collaborative regulatory systems in which government, business and NGOs jointly address cross-border public-interest problems (labour rights, environment, anti-corruption); evaluated on effectiveness and procedural legitimacy.
- 由政府、商业与 NGO 共同应对跨境公共利益问题（劳工权利、环境、反腐败）的协作式监管体系；以有效性与程序正当性加以评估。
- Public interest公共利益
- The normative benchmark used throughout the subject to judge whether business roles, power and regulation support fair, democratic and accountable outcomes.
- 贯穿全课的规范性基准，用以判断商业的角色、权力与监管是否促成公平、民主、可问责的结果。
PPMN90056 — common questionsPPMN90056 常见问题
How is PPMN90056 assessed?PPMN90056 是怎么评分的？
Is there a final exam in PPMN90056?PPMN90056 有期末考试吗？
What does PPMN90056 actually cover?PPMN90056 到底讲什么？
What are the prerequisites for PPMN90056?PPMN90056 有先修要求吗？
Who offers PPMN90056 and at what level?PPMN90056 由谁开设、是什么层级？
Other UniMelb course guides墨大 其他课程指南
AskSia is an independent study aid and is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by The University of Melbourne. Course details may change — always confirm against the official handbook. Read about how this guide is built. AskSia 是独立的学习辅助工具，与墨尔本大学没有任何隶属、背书或赞助关系。课程信息可能变动，请始终以官方 handbook 为准。了解本指南的编写方法。