AGRI20044 · Microbiology in AgricultureAGRI20044 · 农业微生物学（Microbiology in Agriculture）
An introduction to the microbes that shape agriculture — bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites across plant, animal and soil systems.一门带你认识农业中微生物世界的入门课 —— 细菌、病毒、真菌与寄生虫，贯穿植物、动物与土壤系统。AGRI20044 runs across six themes over the semester: introduction to microbiology, microbial genetics and parasitology, plant microbiology, animal microbiology and drug resistance, food safety and biotechnology, and soil microbiology and bioinformatics. You will cover microbial structure and detection, molecular biology and horizontal gene transfer, pathogenic/symbiotic/commensal lifestyles, antimicrobial resistance, microbes in food and beverage production, and bioinformatics — with hands-on wet-lab practicals (aseptic technique, streak plating, Gram stain, LAMP) and case-based workshops alongside the lectures. This page is built from 44 real AGRI20044 course materials in the AskSia Library.
AGRI20044 一学期分六大主题推进：微生物学导论、微生物遗传学与寄生虫学、植物微生物学、动物微生物学与耐药性、食品安全与生物技术、土壤微生物学与生物信息学。你会学到微生物的结构与检测、分子生物学与水平基因转移、致病/共生/共栖三种生活方式、抗微生物耐药性、微生物在食品与饮料生产中的应用，以及生物信息学 —— 讲座之外还有动手的湿实验课（无菌操作、划线分离、革兰氏染色、LAMP）与案例式 workshop。本页基于AskSia Library 中的 44 份 AGRI20044 课程资料整理而成。
What AGRI20044 is aboutAGRI20044 讲什么
AGRI20044 Microbiology in Agriculture is a Level 2, 12.5-credit-point undergraduate subject at the University of Melbourne, offered in Semester 1 at Parkville by the School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences (Faculty of Science). It introduces the diverse world of microbiology and the roles microorganisms play across animal, plant and soil science. The subject is taught by a team of specialists and is organised into six themes: it opens with microbial structure, detection and microbiological safety, then microbial genetics (including horizontal gene transfer and regulation of gene expression) and the fundamentals of parasitology and virology. It then works system by system — plant microbiology (mycology, nematology, plant bacteriology/virology, host–microbe interactions), animal microbiology (host–microbe interactions, gastrointestinal flora, detecting infectious agents), drug resistance (anthelmintic and antimicrobial resistance, controlling disease), food safety and biotechnology (food safety/quality, biotechnology in food, beer and wine), and finally soil microbiology and bioinformatics. Alongside lectures, students complete wet-lab practicals (basic microbiological techniques, post-harvest spoilage, soil microbiology) and case-based workshops, learning aseptic technique, streak-plate dilution, Gram staining, oil-immersion microscopy, micropipetting and LAMP molecular detection.
AGRI20044《农业微生物学》是墨尔本大学一门 2 字头、12.5 学分的本科课程，由理学院下属的农业、食品与生态系统科学学院在第一学期于 Parkville 校区开设。课程带学生走进多样的微生物世界，理解微生物在动物、植物与土壤科学中扮演的角色。课程由多位专家共同授课，按六大主题组织：先讲微生物的结构、检测与微生物安全，再到微生物遗传学（含水平基因转移与基因表达调控）以及寄生虫学与病毒学基础；随后逐个系统展开 —— 植物微生物学（真菌学、线虫学、植物细菌/病毒、宿主–微生物互作）、动物微生物学（宿主–微生物互作、胃肠道菌群、感染性病原检测）、耐药性（驱虫药耐药与抗微生物耐药、疾病防控）、食品安全与生物技术（食品安全/质量、食品及啤酒葡萄酒中的生物技术），最后是土壤微生物学与生物信息学。讲座之外，学生还会完成湿实验课（基础微生物技术、采后腐败、土壤微生物学）与案例式 workshop，掌握无菌操作、划线稀释分离、革兰氏染色、油镜显微观察、微量移液与 LAMP 分子检测。
The AGRI20044 syllabus, topic by topicAGRI20044 大纲 · 逐个主题
Introduction to microbiology, detection and safety微生物学导论、检测与安全
Theme 1 (weeks 1-2). What microorganisms are and how microbiology underpins agriculture; the fundamental differences between bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions and protozoa; how microbes are detected and cultivated; and microbiological safety and disinfection.
主题一（第 1-2 周）。什么是微生物、微生物学如何支撑农业；细菌、病毒、真菌、朊病毒与原生动物之间的根本差异；如何检测与培养微生物；以及微生物安全与消毒。
Bacterial structure, nomenclature and classification细菌的结构、命名与分类
Why and how bacteria are named and classified; major bacterial structures (cell wall, flagella, capsule); phenotypic vs genetic classification; and the concepts of species and strain, including why strain differences matter (e.g. for virulence).
细菌为何以及如何被命名与分类；细菌的主要结构（细胞壁、鞭毛、荚膜）；表型分类与基因分类的区别；以及种（species）与株（strain）的概念，包括株间差异为何重要（如影响毒力）。
Microbial genetics and horizontal gene transfer微生物遗传学与水平基因转移
Three lectures on microbial genetics: how the bacterial genome is arranged and replicated, regulation of gene expression, and how pathogens evolve rapidly via horizontal gene transfer — conjugation, transformation and transduction — and how mobile genetic elements such as plasmids are inherited and maintained.
三讲微生物遗传学：细菌基因组的排布与复制、基因表达调控，以及病原如何通过水平基因转移（接合、转化、转导）快速演化，质粒等可移动遗传元件如何被遗传与维持。
Fundamentals of parasitology寄生虫学基础
Parasitism vs mutualism vs commensalism; the key elements of parasite life cycles; the major parasite groups; and the three-pronged approach to parasite control summarised as C = M + E + T (management + environment + treatment).
寄生（parasitism）、互利共生（mutualism）与共栖（commensalism）的区别；寄生虫生活史的关键环节；主要寄生虫类群；以及概括为 C = M + E + T（管理 + 环境 + 治疗）的三管齐下寄生虫防控策略。
Fundamentals of virology病毒学基础
The fundamental concepts of virus structure and replication — how viruses are organised, how they enter and hijack host cells, and how viral replication differs from cellular life — as background for plant and animal viral disease.
病毒结构与复制的基本概念 —— 病毒如何组织、如何进入并劫持宿主细胞、病毒复制与细胞生命方式有何不同 —— 作为植物与动物病毒病的基础。
Plant microbiology: mycology, nematology and host-microbe interactions植物微生物学：真菌学、线虫学与宿主-微生物互作
Theme 3. Plant mycology (fungal structure and function), plant nematology, plant bacteriology and virology, and plant host-microbe interactions — the microbes that cause plant disease and how plants respond.
主题三。植物真菌学（真菌的结构与功能）、植物线虫学、植物细菌学与病毒学，以及植物宿主-微生物互作 —— 导致植物病害的微生物及植物的应答。
Animal microbiology and host-microbe interactions动物微生物学与宿主-微生物互作
Theme 4. Three lectures on animal host-microbe interactions, plus normal gastrointestinal flora — the gut microbiota, its role in ruminant digestion, the organisms present in the rumen, and the effect of diet — and how infectious agents in animals are detected.
主题四。三讲动物宿主-微生物互作，外加正常胃肠道菌群 —— 肠道微生物群、它在反刍动物消化中的作用、瘤胃中存在的微生物种类、以及日粮的影响 —— 还有动物体内感染性病原的检测。
Anthelmintic and antimicrobial resistance驱虫药耐药与抗微生物耐药
How antimicrobial drugs act on bacteria and how bacteria acquire resistance; the factors that drive resistance and the measures that reduce it; anthelmintic (anti-parasite) resistance; and controlling bacterial disease in animals — a major One Health theme.
抗微生物药物如何作用于细菌、细菌如何获得耐药；驱动耐药的因素与减缓耐药的措施；驱虫药（抗寄生虫）耐药；以及动物细菌性疾病的防控 —— 一个重要的 One Health 主题。
Food safety, quality and biotechnology食品安全、质量与生物技术
Theme 5. Quality control vs quality assurance; how food becomes contaminated; the principles behind food-safety practices and HACCP; and biotechnology in food production, including microbial fermentation in beer and wine.
主题五。质量控制与质量保证的区别；食品如何被污染；食品安全实践与 HACCP 背后的原理；以及食品生产中的生物技术，包括啤酒与葡萄酒中的微生物发酵。
Soil microbiology土壤微生物学
Theme 6 — five lectures plus two practicals on soil microorganisms and their roles in soil health, nutrient cycling and agricultural ecosystems; the most heavily weighted single topic in the back half of the subject.
主题六 —— 五讲外加两次实验课，讲土壤微生物及其在土壤健康、养分循环与农业生态系统中的作用；是课程后半段权重最大的单一专题。
Bioinformatics in agricultural microbiology生物信息学在农业微生物学中的应用
How bioinformatics is used in agricultural microbiology — analysing and interpreting microbial sequence and identification data to characterise communities and identify organisms.
生物信息学如何应用于农业微生物学 —— 分析与解读微生物的序列与鉴定数据，用于刻画群落与鉴定微生物。
Wet-lab practicals and case-based workshops湿实验课与案例式 workshop
Hands-on skills across five practicals and two workshops: aseptic technique, streak-plate dilution to single colonies, Gram staining and oil-immersion microscopy, micropipetting, and LAMP molecular detection; plus post-harvest spoilage, soil microbiology practicals, and disease workshops (virology; mastitis).
贯穿五次实验课与两次 workshop 的动手技能：无菌操作、划线稀释至单菌落、革兰氏染色与油镜显微观察、微量移液、LAMP 分子检测；外加采后腐败、土壤微生物实验，以及疾病 workshop（病毒学；乳腺炎）。
How AGRI20044 is assessedAGRI20044 怎么考核
Final exam: Yes期末考试：有| Component考核项 | Weight占比 | Note说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 4 × written assessment tasks (~200 words each, during practicals/workshops)4 次书面作业（每次约 200 词，在实验课/workshop 期间完成） | 20% | 5% each, spread throughout the teaching period.每次 5%，分布在整个教学期内。 |
| Intra-semester test学期中测验 | 20% | 1 hour, held in week 6.时长 1 小时，于第 6 周进行。 |
| Examination (end of semester)期末考试 | 60% | 2 hours, end of semester.时长 2 小时，学期末进行。 |
| Hurdle: minimum 80% attendance at scheduled workshops / practical classes及格门槛（hurdle）：scheduled workshop / 实验课出勤率不低于 80% | Hurdle | A hurdle requirement — must be satisfied to pass, carries no marks of its own.门槛性要求 —— 必须满足才能通过本课，本身不计分。 |
Final exam 60% (2 hours) + intra-semester test 20% (1 hour, week 6) + 4 written tasks 20% (5% each), with an 80%-attendance hurdle on workshops/practicals.
期末考试 60%（2 小时）+ 学期中测验 20%（1 小时，第 6 周）+ 4 次书面作业共 20%（每次 5%），另有 workshop/实验课 80% 出勤的及格门槛。
When each AGRI20044 task is dueAGRI20044 各项考核时间
Test yourself: AGRI20044 practice questions自测一下：AGRI20044 练习题
- The sample is positive for S. agalactiae and the run is valid because the negative control did not change colour
- The run is invalid because the negative control should have turned yellow
- The colour change proves the cow has clinical (not subclinical) mastitis
- LAMP cannot detect S. agalactiae, so the result must be a contaminant
- 样品为无乳链球菌阳性，且因阴性对照未变色，本次反应有效
- 本次反应无效，因为阴性对照本应变黄
- 颜色变化证明该牛患的是临床型（而非亚临床型）乳腺炎
- LAMP 无法检测无乳链球菌，故该结果必为污染所致
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- Mutualism (a symbiotic relationship — both host and microbe benefit)
- Parasitism (the microbe benefits at the host's expense)
- Commensalism (the microbe benefits, the host is unaffected)
- Pathogenicity (the microbe causes disease in the host)
- 互利共生 mutualism（一种共生关系 —— 宿主与微生物均获益）
- 寄生 parasitism（微生物获益，以宿主为代价）
- 共栖 commensalism（微生物获益，宿主不受影响）
- 致病性 pathogenicity（微生物使宿主患病）
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- Conjugation — a form of horizontal gene transfer
- Binary fission — vertical (parent-to-offspring) inheritance
- Transduction by a bacteriophage — vertical inheritance
- Spontaneous point mutation — not a gene-transfer process at all
- 接合（conjugation）—— 水平基因转移的一种形式
- 二分裂（binary fission）—— 垂直（亲代到子代）遗传
- 由噬菌体介导的转导（transduction）—— 垂直遗传
- 自发点突变 —— 根本不是基因转移过程
Show answer查看答案
High-value exam questions in AGRI20044AGRI20044 高频考点 · 考试风格题
A worked AGRI20044 problemAGRI20044 例题
Reading a bulk milk somatic cell count (mastitis workshop)解读散装奶体细胞数（乳腺炎 workshop）
You take over management of a 1,000-cow dairy herd whose bulk milk cell count (BMCC) has sat around 300,000 cells/mL for the past year. (a) What does a BMCC of 300,000 cells/mL tell you about the herd? (b) Which microbe-host relationship is driving it, and (c) what management levers would you examine to bring the count down toward 200,000 and then 100,000 cells/mL?
你接手一座 1,000 头规模的奶牛场，过去一年其散装奶体细胞数（BMCC）一直在 300,000 cells/mL 上下。(a) BMCC 为 300,000 cells/mL 说明牛群处于什么状态？(b) 背后是哪种微生物-宿主关系在起作用？(c) 你会从哪些管理环节入手，把细胞数压到 200,000 乃至 100,000 cells/mL？
(a) Somatic cells in milk are mostly white blood cells (neutrophils) recruited to the udder in response to intramammary infection. A bulk-tank average of 300,000 cells/mL indicates a meaningful prevalence of subclinical mastitis across the herd — milk that looks normal but comes from infected quarters — and signals lost yield and milk-quality penalties. (b) The driver is a pathogenic host-microbe relationship: bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus or environmental Streptococcus/coliforms colonising the mammary gland and triggering the inflammatory cell influx. (c) Because BMCC scales with infection prevalence, the goal is to break the cycle of new infections AND cure or cull existing ones: milking-time hygiene and teat disinfection, correct and serviced milking machinery, dry-cow therapy, clean/dry housing and bedding, prompt detection and treatment of clinical cases, and culling of chronic high-cell-count cows. Each step down (300k -> 200k -> 100k) reflects a lower infection prevalence, which is why a lower count translates directly into recovered yield and premium payments — the economic argument for the intervention.
(a) 奶中的体细胞主要是被招募到乳腺、用以应对乳腺内感染的白细胞（中性粒细胞）。散装奶罐平均 300,000 cells/mL 意味着牛群中存在相当比例的隐性（亚临床）乳腺炎 —— 奶看起来正常，却来自受感染的乳区 —— 同时预示着产量下降与奶品质罚款。(b) 背后是一种致病性的宿主-微生物关系：金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）或环境型链球菌/大肠菌群等细菌定植于乳腺，触发炎症细胞涌入。(c) 由于 BMCC 与感染率成正比，目标是既切断新发感染、又治愈或淘汰已有感染：挤奶时卫生与乳头消毒、正确且经过保养的挤奶设备、干奶期治疗、清洁干燥的圈舍与垫料、临床病例的及时发现与治疗、以及淘汰长期高细胞数的牛。每下一个台阶（300k -> 200k -> 100k）都对应更低的感染率，这正是为什么更低的细胞数能直接转化为产量回升与溢价收入 —— 也就是采取干预措施的经济理由。
AGRI20044 glossaryAGRI20044 术语表
- Microorganism微生物
- A microscopic organism — bacterium, virus, fungus, prion or protozoan — too small to see with the naked eye.
- 肉眼无法看到的微小生物 —— 细菌、病毒、真菌、朊病毒或原生动物。
- Pathogenic致病（性）
- A microbe-host relationship in which the microorganism causes disease in its plant, animal or human host.
- 一种微生物与宿主的关系，微生物会使其植物、动物或人类宿主患病。
- Symbiotic共生
- A close, often mutually beneficial association between a microorganism and its host or environment.
- 微生物与宿主或环境之间紧密、通常互利的关系。
- Commensal共栖
- A relationship in which a microorganism lives on or in a host without harming or benefiting it significantly.
- 微生物寄居在宿主体表或体内，但既不明显损害也不明显有益于宿主的关系。
- Prion朊病毒（朊粒）
- An infectious misfolded protein with no nucleic acid; one of the microbial categories distinguished in this subject.
- 一种不含核酸的、具传染性的错误折叠蛋白；本课区分的微生物类别之一。
- Protozoan原生动物
- A single-celled eukaryotic microorganism; contrasted in the subject with bacteria, viruses, fungi and prions.
- 单细胞真核微生物；本课中与细菌、病毒、真菌和朊病毒相区分。
- Bioinformatics生物信息学
- The use of computational tools to analyse biological (e.g. microbial sequence) data, applied here to agricultural microbiology.
- 利用计算工具分析生物学数据（如微生物序列）的学科，本课中应用于农业微生物学。
- Soil microbiology土壤微生物学
- The study of microorganisms in soil and their roles in soil health and agricultural ecosystems.
- 研究土壤中的微生物及其在土壤健康与农业生态系统中作用的领域。
- Horizontal gene transfer (HGT)水平基因转移（HGT）
- The movement of genetic material between organisms other than by parent-to-offspring inheritance — via conjugation, transformation or transduction. A key route by which bacteria rapidly acquire traits such as antimicrobial resistance.
- 遗传物质在非亲子遗传方式下、在生物体之间的转移 —— 通过接合、转化或转导实现。是细菌快速获得抗微生物耐药等性状的关键途径。
- Conjugative plasmid接合质粒
- A mobile genetic element (extrachromosomal DNA) that can transfer a copy of itself from a donor to a recipient bacterium during conjugation; often carries resistance or virulence genes.
- 一种可移动遗传元件（染色体外 DNA），能在接合过程中把自身的拷贝从供体细菌转移到受体细菌；常携带耐药或毒力基因。
- Virulence factor毒力因子
- A molecule or structure (e.g. toxin, adhesin, capsule) that enables a pathogen to colonise a host, evade defences and cause disease; central to why strain differences matter.
- 使病原能够定植宿主、逃避防御并致病的分子或结构（如毒素、黏附素、荚膜）；这正是株间差异为何重要的核心原因。
- Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)抗微生物耐药（AMR）
- The ability of microorganisms to survive exposure to drugs that would normally kill or inhibit them. The subject covers how it arises, what drives it, and the measures that reduce it.
- 微生物在面对本应杀灭或抑制它们的药物时仍能存活的能力。本课讲它如何产生、被什么驱动，以及减缓它的措施。
- Anthelmintic resistance驱虫药耐药
- The reduced efficacy of anthelmintic (anti-worm) drugs against parasitic helminths, an analogue of antibiotic resistance and a major problem in livestock parasite control.
- 驱虫（抗蠕虫）药物对寄生蠕虫疗效下降，是抗生素耐药的对应概念，也是家畜寄生虫防控中的重大难题。
- Aseptic technique无菌操作技术
- Laboratory practice for manipulating cultures without introducing contaminating microorganisms; a core practical skill assessed in the wet-lab classes.
- 在不引入污染微生物的前提下操作培养物的实验室规范；是湿实验课中考核的核心实操技能。
- Gram stain革兰氏染色
- A differential staining technique that separates bacteria into Gram-positive and Gram-negative based on cell-wall structure; practised in the lab with oil-immersion microscopy.
- 一种依据细胞壁结构把细菌区分为革兰氏阳性与革兰氏阴性的鉴别染色法；在实验课中配合油镜显微观察练习。
- Streak-plate dilution划线稀释分离
- A plating method that progressively dilutes a sample across an agar surface to isolate single, well-separated colonies arising from individual cells.
- 一种在琼脂表面逐步稀释样品、从而分离出由单个细胞长成的彼此分开的单菌落的接种方法。
- LAMP (loop-mediated isothermal amplification)LAMP（环介导等温扩增）
- A DNA detection assay used in the practicals; amplifies target sequences at a constant temperature, compared against conventional culture as a method of detecting microorganisms.
- 实验课中使用的一种 DNA 检测方法；在恒温下扩增目标序列，作为检测微生物的手段与传统培养法相比较。
- Gut microbiota (gastrointestinal flora)肠道微生物群（胃肠道菌群）
- The community of microorganisms normally resident in the gut; in ruminants it is essential to digestion, varies with the organisms present in the rumen, and shifts with diet.
- 正常定居于肠道的微生物群落；在反刍动物中对消化至关重要，随瘤胃中存在的微生物种类而不同，并随日粮变化。
- HACCPHACCP（危害分析与关键控制点）
- Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points — a systematic, preventive framework for food safety covered in the food-safety lecture, distinguished from broader quality assurance.
- Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points（危害分析与关键控制点）—— 食品安全讲座中讲到的一套系统性、预防性的食品安全框架，与更宽泛的质量保证相区别。
AGRI20044 — common questionsAGRI20044 常见问题
How is AGRI20044 assessed?AGRI20044 是怎么考核的？
Does AGRI20044 have a final exam?AGRI20044 有期末考吗？
What does AGRI20044 actually cover?AGRI20044 到底学什么？
What are the prerequisites for AGRI20044?AGRI20044 的先修要求是什么？
Is there a practical/lab component, and is attendance compulsory?有实验课吗？出勤是强制的吗？
Other UniMelb course guides墨大 其他课程指南
AskSia is an independent study aid and is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by The University of Melbourne. Course details may change — always confirm against the official handbook. Read about how this guide is built. AskSia 是独立的学习辅助工具，与墨尔本大学没有任何隶属、背书或赞助关系。课程信息可能变动，请始终以官方 handbook 为准。了解本指南的编写方法。