BEO6600

BEO6600 · Business EconomicsBEO6600 · 商业经济学（管理者经济学）

A 12-credit-point postgraduate economics unit at VU — assessed 100% by coursework, no final exam.VU 的 12 学分研究生经济学课 · 全部由作业评分 · 没有期末考试

BEO6600 teaches an evidence-based approach to economic decision-making for managers, covering both microeconomics (firms, pricing, market structure, market failure) and macroeconomics (business cycles, inflation, unemployment, policy). This page maps the real syllabus, the exact assessment split, and the key terms — built from 83 real BEO6600 course materials in the AskSia Library and cross-checked against the official VU unit handbook.

BEO6600 教管理者如何用证据驱动的方式做经济决策 · 同时覆盖微观经济学（企业、定价、市场结构、市场失灵）与宏观经济学（经济周期、通胀、失业、政策）。本页基于 AskSia Library 中的 83 份真实 BEO6600 课程材料整理而成 · 并与 VU 官方课程手册逐一核对 · 还原真实大纲、精确的评分构成与核心术语。

Built from 83 real BEO6600 course materials in the AskSia Library.

由 AskSia Library 中的 83 份真实 BEO6600 课程材料整理而成。

Faculty院系VU Business (College of Business and Law)Level层级postgraduateCredit学分12 ptsSemester学期2026 Semester 1Prereq先修NoneCampus校区VU City Campus (Melbourne); the unit is also offered at VU's Sydney and Brisbane campuses and online — confirm the offering on the official VU unit page.
📚 AskSia Library data·83 AskSia Library resources·8 topics·100% coursework — no final exam. Assignment 20% + Group report with individual Q&A 30% + Short-answer test 50%.Built from 83 real BEO6600 materials in the AskSia Library — 13 session slide decks, the in/before/after-class activity pages, and the three real assessment briefs. No standalone past-exam papers were in the pull; exam-style items below are grounded in the real activity drills and the examined syllabus (Sessions 1-8), not in any frequency claim.
📚 AskSia Library 数据·83 份 AskSia Library 资料·8 个主题·100% 平时作业 · 没有期末考试。个人作业 20% + 小组报告（含个人问答）30% + 简答测验 50%。基于 AskSia Library 中 83 份真实 BEO6600 材料整理——13 套课时幻灯片、课前/课中/课后活动页，以及三份真实评估说明。本次拉取中没有独立的历年考试卷；下方的考试风格题目以真实课堂活动训练与可考大纲（第 1-8 节课）为依据，不包含任何出现频率的说法。
Overview课程概览

What BEO6600 is aboutBEO6600 讲什么

BEO6600 Business Economics is a 12-credit-point postgraduate unit at Victoria University (VU Business). It develops an evidence-based approach to economic decision-making in a dynamic market environment and examines the effectiveness of government policy. The microeconomic half covers firm competition, pricing, market structure and market failure; the macroeconomic half covers business cycles, inflation, unemployment and international competitiveness through government stabilisation and productivity policies. There are no prerequisites. The unit is assessed entirely by coursework — an individual assignment, a group research report with individual Q&A, and a short-answer test — with no final exam. The set text is Mankiw's Principles of Economics.

BEO6600《商业经济学》是维多利亚大学（VU 商学院）的一门 12 学分研究生课程。它培养在动态市场环境中以证据为基础做经济决策的能力 · 并考察政府政策的有效性。微观部分覆盖企业竞争、定价、市场结构与市场失灵；宏观部分通过政府稳定政策与生产率政策的视角 · 覆盖经济周期、通胀、失业与国际竞争力。本课无先修要求。评分完全由平时作业构成——一份个人作业、一份小组研究报告（含个人问答）和一份简答测验——没有期末考试。指定教材为 Mankiw《经济学原理》。

Topic map知识地图

The BEO6600 syllabus, topic by topicBEO6600 大纲 · 逐个主题

1

Markets, demand and supply市场、需求与供给

How prices and quantities are set by demand and supply, and how shifts in either move the market equilibrium. The foundation model the rest of the unit builds on.

价格与数量如何由供求决定 · 以及供给或需求的移动如何改变市场均衡。这是全课其余内容的基础模型。

2

Firm behaviour, costs and pricing企业行为、成本与定价

How firms set output and prices given their cost structure, and the profit-maximising logic behind managerial pricing decisions. The universal rule the unit drills is produce where marginal revenue equals marginal cost (MR = MC): make the next unit while MR > MC, stop when MR < MC. Before this, elasticity is taught by the midpoint (arc) method — each %-change is taken over the average of the two values, so $8→$10 gives the same elasticity as $10→$8 — and tied to the total-revenue test (raise price if demand is inelastic, cut it if elastic).

企业如何根据成本结构决定产量与价格 · 以及管理者定价决策背后的利润最大化逻辑。本课反复强调的通用法则是：在边际收益等于边际成本（MR = MC）处生产——只要 MR > MC 就继续生产下一单位 · MR < MC 时停止。在此之前 · 弹性用中点（弧）法计算——每个百分比变化都以两个数值的平均数为分母 · 因此 $8→$10 与 $10→$8 得到相同弹性——并与总收益检验挂钩（需求缺乏弹性时提价 · 富有弹性时降价）。

3

Market structure and competition市场结构与竞争

Comparing perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly and monopolistic competition along one spectrum from price taker to price maker. A perfectly competitive firm faces P = MR = MC, while firms with market power set P > MC, creating a markup and a deadweight loss. The examined skills are the four-structure comparison table (number of firms, product, barriers, P vs MC, long-run profit) plus finding the dominant strategy in a single 2×2 payoff grid for oligopoly — cost schedules are read off diagrams, not rebuilt from tables.

在从价格接受者到价格制定者的同一光谱上比较完全竞争、垄断、寡头与垄断竞争。完全竞争企业面对 P = MR = MC · 而拥有市场势力的企业设定 P > MC · 由此产生加成与无谓损失。考核重点是四种市场结构的对比表（企业数量、产品、进入壁垒、P 与 MC 关系、长期利润）· 以及在寡头的单个 2×2 收益矩阵中找出占优策略——成本曲线从图上读取 · 不需从表格重建。

4

Market failure and government policy市场失灵与政府政策

Externalities, public goods and information problems that prevent markets from delivering efficient outcomes, and the policy tools governments use to respond. Welfare is scored with surplus: consumer surplus is the area under demand above price, producer surplus the area above supply below price, and the competitive equilibrium maximises their sum. A per-unit tax drives a wedge between the price buyers pay and the price sellers receive — the tax revenue (t × Q) is merely transferred, while the deadweight-loss triangle is surplus destroyed, and the burden falls on whichever side is less elastic. Negative externalities are corrected with a Pigovian tax, positive ones with a subsidy.

外部性、公共物品与信息问题如何使市场无法达到有效结果 · 以及政府用以应对的政策工具。福利用剩余来衡量：消费者剩余是需求曲线下、价格之上的面积 · 生产者剩余是供给曲线上、价格之下的面积 · 竞争性均衡使两者之和最大。单位税在买方支付价与卖方收到价之间打入一个楔子——税收（t × Q）只是被转移 · 而无谓损失三角形是被彻底毁掉的剩余 · 税负落在弹性较小的一方。负外部性用庇古税校正 · 正外部性用补贴校正。

5

Macroeconomic measurement and the business cycle宏观经济度量与经济周期

Measuring the economy through GDP and related indicators, and understanding why output expands and contracts over the business cycle.

通过 GDP 及相关指标度量经济 · 理解产出为何在经济周期中扩张与收缩。

6

Inflation and unemployment通货膨胀与失业

What drives inflation and unemployment, how they are measured, and the trade-offs policymakers face when targeting them.

通胀与失业的成因、度量方式 · 以及政策制定者在调控它们时面临的权衡。

7

Government stabilisation policy政府稳定政策

How monetary and fiscal policy are used to stabilise the economy, and how to assess whether a given policy intervention is effective.

货币政策与财政政策如何被用来稳定经济 · 以及如何评估某项政策干预是否有效。

8

International competitiveness and productivity国际竞争力与生产率

Open-economy issues including trade and competitiveness, and how productivity-enhancing policy raises long-run living standards.

包含贸易与竞争力在内的开放经济议题 · 以及提升生产率的政策如何提高长期生活水平。

Assessment考核方式

How BEO6600 is assessedBEO6600 怎么考核

Final exam: No期末考试：无
Component考核项 Weight占比 Note说明
Assignment — Application of economic principles and concepts (Individual)作业——经济原理与概念的应用（个人） 20% Individual task applying core economic concepts to a problem.个人任务 · 将核心经济概念应用于一个具体问题。
Report — Research report and presentation of an economic scenario (Group, with Individual Q&A)报告——经济情景的研究报告与展示（小组 · 含个人问答） 30% Group research report plus presentation; an individual Q&A component assesses each student personally.小组研究报告加展示；个人问答环节对每位学生单独评估。
Test — Short answer questions测验——简答题 50% Short-answer test; this is the largest single component but is NOT a centrally-scheduled final exam.简答测验；这是占比最大的单项 · 但并不是统一安排的期末考试。

100% coursework — no final exam. Assignment 20% + Group report with individual Q&A 30% + Short-answer test 50%.

100% 平时作业 · 没有期末考试。个人作业 20% + 小组报告（含个人问答）30% + 简答测验 50%。

Assessment timeline考核时间线

When each BEO6600 task is dueBEO6600 各项考核时间

Assignment — Application of economic principles and concepts (Individual)作业——经济原理与概念的应用（个人）
Within semester学期内
20%
Report — Research report and presentation of an economic scenario (Group, with Individual Q&A)报告——经济情景的研究报告与展示（小组 · 含个人问答）
Within semester学期内
30%
Test — Short answer questions测验——简答题
Within semester学期内
50%
Self-test自测练习

Test yourself: BEO6600 practice questions自测一下：BEO6600 练习题

Question 1第 1 题
A supplier raises the price of an artisan muffin from $8 to $10 and weekly quantity sold falls from 200 to 180. Using the midpoint (arc) method the course drills, is demand elastic, unit elastic, or inelastic — and what should the seller do to raise total revenue?某商家把手工松饼价格从 $8 提到 $10，每周销量从 200 降到 180。用本课强调的中点（弧）法计算，需求是富有弹性、单位弹性还是缺乏弹性——商家该如何做才能提高总收益？
  1. Elastic (|PED| > 1); cut the price
  2. Inelastic (|PED| < 1); raise the price further
  3. Unit elastic (|PED| = 1); revenue is unchanged either way
  4. Perfectly inelastic (PED = 0); price has no effect on quantity
  1. 富有弹性（|PED| > 1）；应降价
  2. 缺乏弹性（|PED| < 1）；可继续提价
  3. 单位弹性（|PED| = 1）；提价降价对收益没有影响
  4. 完全无弹性（PED = 0）；价格不影响销量
Show answer查看答案
Answer: B. Inelastic (|PED| < 1); raise the price furtherMidpoint PED = [(180−200)/190] ÷ [(10−8)/9] ≈ (−0.105)/(0.222) ≈ 0.47, so |PED| < 1 = inelastic. With inelastic demand the total-revenue test says price ↑ raises TR (the price effect beats the quantity effect): TR goes $1,600 → $1,800. So to lift revenue the seller raises price.
答案：B. 缺乏弹性（|PED| < 1）；可继续提价中点法 PED = [(180−200)/190] ÷ [(10−8)/9] ≈ (−0.105)/(0.222) ≈ 0.47，故 |PED| < 1 = 缺乏弹性。在需求缺乏弹性时，总收益检验表明提价会提高总收益（价格效应大于数量效应）：TR 从 $1,600 升到 $1,800。所以要提高收益就应提价。
Question 2第 2 题
A market is in equilibrium at $3.00 / 100 units. The government imposes a $0.60 per-unit tax; buyers end up paying $3.40, sellers receive $2.80, and quantity traded falls to 90. What are the tax revenue and the deadweight loss?某市场在 $3.00、数量 100 处均衡。政府征收每单位 $0.60 的税；最终买方支付 $3.40，卖方收到 $2.80，成交量降至 90。求税收收入与无谓损失。
  1. Tax revenue = $60; deadweight loss = $30
  2. Tax revenue = $54; deadweight loss = $3
  3. Tax revenue = $54; deadweight loss = $30
  4. Tax revenue = $60; deadweight loss = $0 (a tax only transfers surplus)
  1. 税收收入 = $60；无谓损失 = $30
  2. 税收收入 = $54；无谓损失 = $3
  3. 税收收入 = $54；无谓损失 = $30
  4. 税收收入 = $60；无谓损失 = $0（税收只是转移剩余）
Show answer查看答案
Answer: B. Tax revenue = $54; deadweight loss = $3Tax revenue is the rectangle t × Q_after = $0.60 × 90 = $54 — surplus transferred to government, not lost. Deadweight loss is the triangle over the lost trades: ½ × t × ΔQ = ½ × $0.60 × (100 − 90) = $3. The classic dropped mark is calling the $54 revenue 'the loss'; the loss is only the triangle beyond the new quantity.
答案：B. 税收收入 = $54；无谓损失 = $3税收收入是矩形 t × 税后数量 = $0.60 × 90 = $54——这部分剩余被转移给政府，并未损失。无谓损失是失去的交易所构成的三角形：½ × t × ΔQ = ½ × $0.60 × (100 − 90) = $3。最常见的失分是把 $54 收入当成『损失』；真正的损失只是新数量之外的那个三角形。
Question 3第 3 题
Two firms in an oligopoly each choose High or Low output. Payoffs (Firm A, Firm B): both Low → ($1,800, $1,800); both High → ($1,600, $1,600); A High / B Low → ($2,000, $1,500); A Low / B High → ($1,500, $2,000). What is the Nash equilibrium, and why does it differ from the best joint outcome?寡头市场中两家企业各自选择高产量或低产量。收益（企业 A，企业 B）：都低 → ($1,800, $1,800)；都高 → ($1,600, $1,600)；A 高 / B 低 → ($2,000, $1,500)；A 低 / B 高 → ($1,500, $2,000)。纳什均衡是什么，为什么它与最优联合结果不同？
  1. (Low, Low) — both firms cooperate because it maximises joint profit
  2. (High, High) — High is each firm's dominant strategy, so both defect even though (Low, Low) pays more
  3. (High, Low) — Firm A always wins the price war
  4. There is no equilibrium; the game cycles forever
  1. （低, 低）——两家合作，因为这使联合利润最大
  2. （高, 高）——高产量是每家的占优策略，故双方都背叛，尽管（低, 低）收益更高
  3. （高, 低）——企业 A 总能赢得价格战
  4. 没有均衡；博弈会无限循环
Show answer查看答案
Answer: B. (High, High) — High is each firm's dominant strategy, so both defect even though (Low, Low) pays moreWhatever the rival does, each firm earns more by choosing High (2,000 > 1,800 if rival is Low; 1,600 > 1,500 if rival is High), so High is a dominant strategy and the Nash equilibrium is (High, High) = $1,600 each. Yet (Low, Low) would pay $1,800 each — this prisoner's-dilemma structure is exactly why cartels are unstable.
答案：B. （高, 高）——高产量是每家的占优策略，故双方都背叛，尽管（低, 低）收益更高无论对手如何选择，每家选高产量都赚得更多（对手选低时 2,000 > 1,800；对手选高时 1,600 > 1,500），故高产量是占优策略，纳什均衡为（高, 高）= 每家 $1,600。然而（低, 低）本可让每家得 $1,800——这种囚徒困境结构正是卡特尔不稳定的原因。
Assessment-style questions考核题型

Key assessment-style questions in BEO6600BEO6600 核心考核风格题

Supply & demand — three-step shift analysis供求——三步移动分析
Given an isolated ceteris-paribus event in a named real market, decide (1) whether supply or demand shifts, (2) the direction, and (3) the effect on equilibrium price and quantity — with a self-drawn, fully labelled S/D diagram. This is the spine of the unit and the whole of the individual assignment.给定某个真实市场中一个孤立的、其他条件不变的事件，判断（1）是供给还是需求移动，（2）移动方向，（3）对均衡价格与数量的影响——并自行画出完整标注的供求图。这是全课的主线，也是个人作业的全部内容。
Test-style on a heavily-drilled topic (Session 2). Practise the 'event → curve → new equilibrium' recipe until it is automatic.
考试风格题，针对反复训练的主题（第 2 节课）。把『事件 → 曲线 → 新均衡』的套路练到自动化。
Elasticity — midpoint PED & total-revenue test弹性——中点法 PED 与总收益检验
Compute price elasticity of demand with the midpoint formula, classify it on the five-category ladder (0 / <1 / 1 / >1 / ∞), then state whether a firm should raise or cut price to grow total revenue.用中点公式计算需求价格弹性，在五级阶梯（0 / <1 / 1 / >1 / ∞）上分类，再说明企业应提价还是降价以提高总收益。
Test-style on the most numeric micro session (Session 3). Non-programmable calculator allowed; arithmetic is light.
考试风格题，针对最计算密集的微观课时（第 3 节课）。可用非可编程计算器；运算量不大。
Price controls — binding ceiling / floor价格管制——有约束力的上限/下限
Given an equilibrium price and a legislated ceiling or floor, decide whether it binds and compute the resulting shortage or surplus (minimum wage is the textbook binding-floor case).给定均衡价格与法定上限或下限，判断它是否有约束力，并计算由此产生的短缺或过剩（最低工资是有约束力下限的教科书案例）。
Test-style on Session 3 price controls. Watch the direction: ceiling below equilibrium binds → shortage; floor above binds → surplus.
考试风格题，针对第 3 节课的价格管制。注意方向：低于均衡的上限有约束力 → 短缺；高于均衡的下限有约束力 → 过剩。
Tax incidence & relative elasticity税负归宿与相对弹性
Show a per-unit tax drives a wedge between the buyer and seller price (taxing buyers vs sellers gives the same outcome), then determine which side bears more of the burden from the relative elasticities.说明单位税在买方价与卖方价之间打入楔子（对买方征税与对卖方征税结果相同），再根据相对弹性判断哪一方承担更多税负。
Test-style on Session 4 welfare. Rule: the more inelastic side bears the heavier burden, regardless of who legally pays.
考试风格题，针对第 4 节课的福利分析。法则：弹性越小的一方承担越重的税负，与法律上由谁缴纳无关。
Consumer & producer surplus from a WTP / cost table由支付意愿/成本表求消费者与生产者剩余
From a willingness-to-pay table (buyers) or a cost table (sellers), build the demand/supply steps, find the clearing price, and compute consumer or producer surplus directly.由支付意愿表（买方）或成本表（卖方）构建需求/供给阶梯，找出成交价格，直接计算消费者或生产者剩余。
Test-style on Session 4. Remember CS = WTP − price paid; PS = price received − cost.
考试风格题，针对第 4 节课。记住 CS = 支付意愿 − 实付价格；PS = 收到价格 − 成本。
Deadweight loss of a tax & the Laffer curve税收的无谓损失与拉弗曲线
Identify the lettered areas on the tax diagram to separate tax revenue (transferred) from deadweight loss (destroyed), explain how DWL grows with the tax (≈ square of the tax) and why revenue first rises then falls.在税收图上识别字母标注的面积，区分税收收入（被转移）与无谓损失（被毁掉），解释 DWL 如何随税额增长（约与税额平方成正比）以及收入为何先升后降。
Test-style on Session 5, the heaviest welfare topic. The signature trap is shading the revenue rectangle as the loss.
考试风格题，针对第 5 节课这一最重的福利主题。标志性陷阱是把收入矩形当作损失来标注。
Externalities — Pigovian tax / corrective subsidy外部性——庇古税/校正性补贴
For a negative externality (pollution) show the social-cost curve above supply and set a corrective tax equal to the external cost to restore the optimum; for a positive externality use a subsidy equal to the external benefit. Permits-vs-tax equivalence may be asked.对负外部性（污染），画出位于供给之上的社会成本曲线，设定等于外部成本的校正税以恢复最优；对正外部性，用等于外部收益的补贴。可能考排污许可与税收的等价性。
Test-style on Session 5. Ideal Pigovian tax = marginal external cost; permits fix quantity, taxes fix price.
考试风格题，针对第 5 节课。理想庇古税 = 边际外部成本；许可固定数量，税收固定价格。
Market structures & MR = MC市场结构与 MR = MC
Compare perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly across a matrix (number of firms, product, barriers, P vs MC), apply the MR = MC profit-max rule, and find the dominant strategy in a single 2×2 oligopoly payoff grid.在矩阵中比较完全竞争、垄断竞争、寡头与垄断（企业数量、产品、壁垒、P 与 MC），运用 MR = MC 利润最大化法则，并在单个 2×2 寡头收益矩阵中找出占优策略。
Test-style on Session 6. PC: P = MR = MC; firms with power: P > MC → markup + DWL.
考试风格题，针对第 6 节课。完全竞争：P = MR = MC；有市场势力的企业：P > MC → 加成 + 无谓损失。
GDP, real-vs-nominal & CPI inflation arithmeticGDP、实际与名义、CPI 通胀计算
Apply Y = C + I + G + NX (or back out a component), compute real vs nominal GDP and the GDP deflator from a multi-year table, and work the five-step CPI to get an inflation rate. Value-added vs double-counting may be tested.运用 Y = C + I + G + NX（或反推某一分量），从多年表格计算实际与名义 GDP 及 GDP 平减指数，用五步法算 CPI 得出通胀率。可能考增加值与重复计算。
Test-style on Session 7, the calculation-rich macro session. Deflator = (Nominal ÷ Real) × 100; inflation = ΔCPI / CPI₁ × 100.
考试风格题，针对第 7 节课这一计算密集的宏观课时。平减指数 = （名义 ÷ 实际）× 100；通胀 = ΔCPI / CPI₁ × 100。
Loanable funds, crowding-out & unemployment-rate arithmetic可贷资金、挤出效应与失业率计算
Shift supply or demand in the loanable-funds market (saving incentive, investment incentive, or budget deficit) and read the new real interest rate — deficit borrowing crowds out private investment; separately, compute the unemployment and participation rates from employed/unemployed/adult-population figures.在可贷资金市场移动供给或需求（储蓄激励、投资激励或预算赤字）并读出新的实际利率——赤字借款挤出私人投资；另外，由就业/失业/成年人口数据计算失业率与劳动参与率。
Test-style on Session 8.
考试风格题，针对第 8 节课。考试只覆盖第 1-8 节课；AD-AS、货币/财政政策与国际贸易（第 10-13 节课）在小组报告中评估，不在考试范围。
Worked example例题精解

A worked BEO6600 problemBEO6600 例题

The tax wedge & deadweight loss — the signature BEO6600 exam drawing税收楔子与无谓损失——BEO6600 标志性考题图

Problem题目

A market is in equilibrium at price $3.00 and quantity 100. The government imposes a $0.60 per-unit tax. The wedge splits roughly evenly, so the price buyers pay rises to $3.40, the price sellers receive falls to $2.80, and quantity traded falls to 90. Find the tax revenue and the deadweight loss.

某市场在价格 $3.00、数量 100 处达到均衡。政府征收每单位 $0.60 的税。楔子大致对半分摊 · 于是买方支付价升至 $3.40 · 卖方收到价降至 $2.80 · 成交量降至 90。求税收收入与无谓损失。

Approach解题思路

First check the wedge: P_buyer − P_seller = $3.40 − $2.80 = $0.60, exactly the tax. Tax revenue is the rectangle t × Q_after = $0.60 × 90 = $54 — surplus merely transferred to government, not lost. The deadweight loss is the triangle from the trades that no longer happen: ½ × t × ΔQ = ½ × $0.60 × (100 − 90) = ½ × $0.60 × 10 = $3 — surplus destroyed, captured by no one. The classic dropped mark is shading the revenue rectangle as 'the loss'; the loss is only the triangle beyond the new quantity.

先核对楔子：买方价 − 卖方价 = $3.40 − $2.80 = $0.60 · 正好等于税额。税收收入是矩形 t × 税后数量 = $0.60 × 90 = $54——这部分剩余只是被转移给政府 · 并未损失。无谓损失是那些不再发生的交易所构成的三角形：½ × t × ΔQ = ½ × $0.60 × (100 − 90) = ½ × $0.60 × 10 = $3——这部分剩余被彻底毁掉 · 无人获得。最常见的失分是把收入矩形当作『损失』；真正的损失只是新数量之外的那个三角形。

Key terms核心术语

BEO6600 glossaryBEO6600 术语表

Market equilibrium市场均衡
The price and quantity at which the amount buyers want to buy equals the amount sellers want to sell.
买方愿意购买的数量等于卖方愿意出售的数量时所对应的价格与数量。
Elasticity弹性
A measure of how responsive quantity demanded or supplied is to a change in price.
衡量需求量或供给量对价格变化反应程度的指标。
Market structure市场结构
The competitive setting a firm operates in — from perfect competition to monopoly — which shapes its pricing power.
企业所处的竞争环境——从完全竞争到垄断——它决定了企业的定价能力。
Market failure市场失灵
A situation where free markets do not allocate resources efficiently, e.g. due to externalities or public goods.
自由市场无法有效配置资源的情形 · 例如由外部性或公共物品引起。
Externality外部性
A cost or benefit of an activity that falls on third parties who are not part of the transaction.
某项活动对未参与交易的第三方所产生的成本或收益。
GDP (Gross Domestic Product)国内生产总值（GDP）
The total market value of all final goods and services produced in an economy over a period.
一段时期内一个经济体生产的所有最终产品与服务的市场总价值。
Business cycle经济周期
The recurring expansion and contraction of economic activity around its long-run trend.
经济活动围绕长期趋势反复出现的扩张与收缩。
Fiscal policy财政政策
Government use of spending and taxation to influence the level of economic activity.
政府运用支出与税收来影响经济活动水平的政策。
Monetary policy货币政策
Central-bank management of interest rates and the money supply to stabilise inflation and output.
央行通过管理利率与货币供给来稳定通胀与产出的政策。
Productivity生产率
Output produced per unit of input; rising productivity is the main driver of long-run living standards.
每单位投入所产出的量；生产率上升是长期生活水平提升的主要驱动力。
Consumer & producer surplus消费者剩余与生产者剩余
Consumer surplus = willingness to pay minus price paid (area under demand, above price); producer surplus = price received minus cost (area above supply, below price). Their sum is total surplus.
消费者剩余 = 支付意愿减去实付价格（需求曲线下、价格之上的面积）；生产者剩余 = 收到价格减去成本（供给曲线上、价格之下的面积）。两者之和为总剩余。
Deadweight loss无谓损失
The total surplus destroyed when a tax, subsidy or market failure pushes the market off its efficient equilibrium — the triangle of mutually beneficial trades that no longer happen.
当税收、补贴或市场失灵使市场偏离有效均衡时被毁掉的总剩余——即那些不再发生的互利交易所构成的三角形。
Marginal revenue = marginal cost (MR = MC)边际收益等于边际成本（MR = MC）
The universal profit-maximising rule for any firm: produce the next unit while MR > MC, stop where MR = MC.
适用于任何企业的通用利润最大化法则：只要 MR > MC 就生产下一单位 · 在 MR = MC 处停止。
Tax incidence税负归宿
Who actually bears a tax. Independent of who legally pays it — the burden falls more heavily on whichever side of the market is less elastic.
税收实际由谁承担。与法律上由谁缴纳无关——税负更多落在市场中弹性较小的一方。
FAQ

BEO6600 — common questionsBEO6600 常见问题

How is BEO6600 assessed?BEO6600 怎么评分？
BEO6600 is assessed 100% by coursework with no final exam. The marks are: an individual assignment applying economic principles (20%), a group research report and presentation with an individual Q&A (30%), and a short-answer test (50%). The 50% test is the largest single piece but is not a centrally-scheduled final exam.
BEO6600 完全由平时作业评分 · 没有期末考试。构成为：应用经济原理的个人作业（20%）、小组研究报告与展示（含个人问答，30%）、以及简答测验（50%）。50% 的测验是占比最大的单项 · 但不是统一安排的期末考。
Does BEO6600 have a final exam?BEO6600 有期末考试吗？
No. Per the official VU unit handbook, BEO6600 has no final exam. The heaviest single component is a short-answer test worth 50%, but it sits within the coursework assessment rather than being an end-of-semester exam.
没有。根据 VU 官方课程手册 · BEO6600 没有期末考试。占比最大的单项是 50% 的简答测验 · 但它属于平时评分 · 而非学期末的统一考试。
What are the prerequisites for BEO6600?BEO6600 有先修要求吗？
None. The VU handbook lists no prerequisite units for BEO6600. It is a 12-credit-point postgraduate unit, so it assumes you are enrolled in a relevant postgraduate business course but requires no prior economics study.
没有。VU 手册中 BEO6600 不列任何先修课。它是一门 12 学分的研究生课程 · 因此默认你已就读相关研究生商科项目 · 但不要求事先学过经济学。
What topics does BEO6600 cover?BEO6600 学哪些内容？
BEO6600 spans both microeconomics and macroeconomics. The micro side covers markets, firm pricing and costs, market structure, and market failure; the macro side covers GDP and the business cycle, inflation and unemployment, government stabilisation policy, and international competitiveness and productivity. The set text is Mankiw's Principles of Economics.
BEO6600 同时覆盖微观与宏观经济学。微观部分包括市场、企业定价与成本、市场结构、市场失灵；宏观部分包括 GDP 与经济周期、通胀与失业、政府稳定政策、国际竞争力与生产率。指定教材为 Mankiw《经济学原理》。
Where and at what level is BEO6600 offered?BEO6600 在哪里开设、属于什么层次？
BEO6600 is a postgraduate unit offered by VU Business. It runs at VU's City Campus in Melbourne and is also offered at VU Sydney and VU Brisbane. It carries 12 credit points.
BEO6600 是 VU 商学院开设的研究生课程 · 在墨尔本的 City Campus 校区授课 · 同时在 VU 悉尼与 VU 布里斯班校区开设 · 学分为 12。
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